The story of China's modern economic development need not be too long.

Four Models of Regional Economic Development in China

Namely, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, Wenzhou and southern Jiangsu.

Since entering 2 1 century, the vitality of regional economy is no less than that of any little dragon or tiger along the coast of Chinese mainland, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Zhejiang and Fujian. Has Wenzhou entered the Keynesian era? Wenzhou mode, which used to be the textbook mode of private economy development in China, is quietly changing. Wenzhou, a magical place, has produced 65,438+00% clothes, 20% shoes, 60% razors, 65% locks, 80% glasses, 90% metal box lighters and 90% watercolor pens, accounting for the national market share. Electrical appliances, water pumps, zippers, hardware products, auto parts, teaching AIDS and other industries also have a very important position in China. From 65438 to 0986, Professor Fei Xiaotong, a famous sociologist, summed up the "Wenzhou model" with the words "small commodities, big market", saying that its significance lies in activating a large market that is spontaneous by the people and spread all over the country, and directly establishing a circulation network between producers and consumers. In recent years, Wenzhou's reputation is really hard. "The pacesetter in front is getting farther and farther, and the pursuer behind is aggressive." The low technology content and low added value of traditional industries have become an important factor affecting Wenzhou's competitiveness and growth. The three "sharp weapons" of the world-famous "Wenzhou model" also showed signs of passivation: first, Wenzhou's light industrial products with good quality and low price frequently encountered international trade barriers, and their exports were blocked; Second, it is difficult for Wenzhou capital to find a way out; Third, the market spirit of the first generation of entrepreneurs in Wenzhou has been hard to trace among the second generation of successors. The administrative concept of Wenzhou municipal government in the early stage of economic development opened the way for the free development of Wenzhou private economy, but the government's public service function was weakened under the banner of "inaction". After 2005, Wenzhou experienced a great transformation of government functions, from "inaction" to "promising", from "regardless" to "strong management", attracting investment became the "No.1 Project" of this prefecture-level city. Wang Jianman, secretary of Wenzhou Municipal Party Committee, said: "Without foreign investment and the introduction of advanced equipment and intelligence, it is difficult for Wenzhou to achieve rapid and good development." The emergence of Keynesianism marks the end of the era of laissez-faire economy in the west. After more than 20 years of free development, has Wenzhou also entered a "Keynesian" era in a sense? What kind of road will a strong government take when it introduces "Wenzhou Model"? Suzhou model has only bones and no meat? "Only bones can't grow meat" is probably the most controversial evaluation of Suzhou, the most dazzling urban economic star in China for many years. The so-called "Suzhou model" is actually similar to the "government-led" economic development model of Japan and South Korea in earlier years, but it has its own characteristics. In addition to providing an institutional and policy environment, the government also attracts foreign investment by formulating very clear development plans and strategies. Some foreign businessmen laughed and said, "It's useless to find a factory director or manager when working in Suzhou. You have to find a director and a secretary. " In Suzhou economy, foreign capital has always been the main force of development. Driven by the demonstration of Suzhou Singapore Development Park, Suzhou has set off an economic boom in the park. There is a joke that is widely circulated in the local area. It is said that in Shenzhen, a coconut will hit four general managers, while in Suzhou, every place you look is a development zone. In the process of "dancing with wolves", Suzhou people's wings gradually hardened. Today, China obtained the controlling right of Sino-Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park Development Co., Ltd. and learned the basic experience of urban construction and public management. Suzhou's industry has also rapidly expanded its own strength. According to statistics, Suzhou's GDP reached 402.6 billion yuan in 2005, ranking fifth in the country. However, in sharp contrast to these high indicators that highlight political achievements, among many indicators that reflect the wealth of ordinary people, they are in a relatively backward embarrassing state. As a result, some people began to question the "Suzhou model". Regarding all kinds of questions from the outside world, Gu Weidong, director of the Economic Research Institute of Jiangsu Provincial Development and Reform Commission, said that the influx of foreign capital has played a very important role in Suzhou's economic growth, popularity accumulation, management concept and technical level improvement. The scientific and technological content of Suzhou's economy is significantly higher than that of many cities. It is unfair to say that Suzhou "only grows bones but not meat", but we should see that there are also "short legs" behind Suzhou's "myth": First, the private economy that starts its own business is obviously backward compared with Zhejiang and other places. For many years, Suzhou has been a typical collective economy in southern Jiangsu, and it is under greater pressure of "protecting the red flag" than other places. For a long time, it lacks the necessary nutrients and living space for the development of private economy. Second, the development of the tertiary industry obviously lags behind its industrialization process. The disadvantages of "Suzhou model" are inevitable, and the reform is imperative. In 2003, Suzhou established the policy of "three pillars" of export-oriented economy, private economy and scale economy with independent intellectual property rights. In the past two years, Suzhou's economic development has seen a new situation in which foreign capital and private capital are driven by two wheels. According to the statistics of Suzhou Municipal Bureau of Statistics, in the first half of this year, individual and private investment in Suzhou reached 354 1.2 billion yuan, surpassing foreign investment for the first time, ranking first among all investment types. Scientific and technological innovation has also made great progress in Suzhou. Suzhou Industrial Park has invested tens of billions of yuan in recent years to build international science park, Dushu Lake Higher Education Zone, venture capital fund and other scientific and technological innovation carriers, which is believed to have good results. From "Made in Dongguan" to "Created in Dongguan", "No matter where you place an order in the world, it is made in Dongguan", which once made Dongguan people quite complacent. Over the past 20 years, Dongguan has developed into a "global processing and manufacturing center" with an annual output value of more than 200 billion yuan, ranking third in large and medium-sized cities in China and first in prefecture-level cities in China, making it one of the fastest-growing regions in China. Dongguan's prosperity is the best version of the theory of "favorable weather, favorable geographical location and harmonious people". Dongguan is adjacent to Hong Kong, Macao, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. It is also a famous hometown of overseas Chinese, with nearly one million compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and overseas Chinese. In 1980s and 1990s, the labor-intensive industries in Hong Kong and Taiwan Province moved to the coastal areas of mainland China for the first time, and Dongguan became the first choice for foreign businessmen in the Pearl River Delta. Dongguan's success stems from "three supplies and one supplement": through the combination mode of providing land and factory buildings in Dongguan, providing cheap labor in China, Sichuan, Hunan and other provinces, and foreign capital providing funds, equipment, technology and management, it has undertaken international industrial transfer. This model has promoted the great development of Dongguan's economy under certain historical conditions, but now the growth energy released by this development model is close to the limit. Most of the exogenous economy in Dongguan is processing and manufacturing, which is at the downstream and end of the international vertical division of labor. The added value of products is very limited, and only a meager profit share can be obtained. For example, the price of a mouse in the American market is $24, the channel dealer can earn $8, the brand can earn 10, and the OEM can only earn $0.3. According to estimates, for every percentage point of GDP growth in Dongguan since the reform and opening up, it will consume about 1 0.2 million mu of land. If calculated at this rate, the land reserve resources in Dongguan will be exhausted within ten years. Dongguan's predicament is a universal problem faced by the Pearl River Delta and even the first-developed areas in China, and its transformation has undoubtedly attracted much attention. Jiang Ling, member of the Standing Committee of Dongguan Municipal Committee, said that in the past 20 years, foreign capital chose Dongguan, and Dongguan seized the opportunity. Now Dongguan has to choose its own foreign capital. The difference between "attracting foreign investment" and "selecting capital" shows that Dongguan now attaches importance to improving the level and quality of utilizing foreign capital. Dongguan also proposed to innovate the way of utilizing foreign capital. At the same time, technology is accelerating to replace capital and land and become the primary resource to support economic development. Gaobao Group, located in changping town, Dongguan, established the first town-level postdoctoral workstation in China, and invested nearly 100 million yuan to build a national first-class laboratory. Starting from this year, Dongguan will invest no less than 654.38+0 billion yuan every year and more than 5 billion yuan for five consecutive years to help and guide enterprises to establish R&D institutions and build a scientific and technological Dongguan. Jinjiang bid farewell to simple cluster mode 1994. At the seminar on rural development road in China, when Jinjiang, as a model of rural economic development in China, was juxtaposed with Wenzhou and Pearl River Delta, many people disagreed: What is the "specimen" significance of the economic development of a county-level city? 12 years passed, and Jinjiang handed in a satisfactory answer sheet. The core enterprises in the cluster are known as the first tree species. Once buried, a forest may grow. Xunxing zipper is such a "tree species". Twenty years ago, Xunxing Zipper started from RMB 6,543.8+0.6 million, and the group was established at RMB 654.38+0.995. In 2002, SBS Xunxing Zipper Technology Co., Ltd. was established and became a professional zipper company integrating mold development, zipper production, electroplating and dyeing. More than 200 enterprises support and form an industrial cluster. Today, the output value has reached 654.38 billion yuan. Realizing industrialization and promoting urbanization through the development of industrial clusters is a modern version of "Jinjiang Model" based on regional economic development. In Jinjiang, these clusters have gathered more than 6,000 enterprises with an annual output value of more than 60 billion yuan, accounting for more than 90% of the city's total industrial output value. The leading effect of "Jinjiang Model" once made the industrial cluster wind prevail in eastern China. Jinjiang Model is undoubtedly successful, but it is not perfect. Today's economy in Jinjiang mainly depends on private enterprises, but most private enterprises here still face three "soft spots": family-run operation, weak scientific and technological competitiveness and lack of brand protection awareness. Moreover, when the industry develops to a certain scale, the product quality and market scale will enter a stable period, that is, stop growing. This is the problem that Jinjiang people are facing now. So, the smart Jinjiang people began to take another road. Jinjiang entrepreneurs are well versed in the power of brands. From imitation processing to OEM production, and then to the launch of its own brand, Jinjiang has gradually shaped the prototype of the "brand capital". Jinjiang now has 37 well-known trademarks in China, 24 famous brand products in China and 63 national brands. Jinjiang enterprises are good at building brands with celebrity endorsements and media advertisements. In recent years, the annual advertising investment is as high as 700 million yuan. Some people jokingly call CCTV's sports channel "Jinjiang Station". At the same time, the government is also trying to promote new changes in the "Jinjiang Model". Yang Yimin, secretary of Jinjiang Municipal Party Committee, said that at present, many industrial clusters have bid farewell to the simple gathering stage and started to introduce new business models relying on their own superior brands. The government will also vigorously promote enterprises from family system to joint-stock cooperative system, and form new clusters through capital ties.