What do the function words of "Jian" mean?

"Jian"-an easily overlooked function word

Li Baoguo

Everyone is familiar with the usage of "Zhi", "Hu", "Zhe" and "Ye". As a function word, "Jian" is rare in middle school Chinese textbooks and easily overlooked by teachers and students. Now its usage is classified.

First, before being used in a transitive verb, it has the function of acting as the patient of the action (called the prepositional object), and the agent (the initiative) of the action should appear in the sentence. For example, "When Lanzhi first returned, the officials saw Ding Ning." ("Peacock flies southeast")-When I first came home, the official told me. "See Ding Ning" means "Ding Ning me". Another example is: "When a child is born in June, a loving father sees his back." (Chen Qingbiao)-I was only six months old when my father left me to die. Here "seeing the back" means "carrying me".

Second, the agent who is used before the transitive verb to express passivity without any action in the sentence is equivalent to "Bei". "Bei" is a preposition. For example, "If you want to give it to Qin, Qin Cheng may not get it, but he will be bullied." (Biographies of Historical Records, Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)-If you want to give (and's Baoyu) to the State of Qin, I'm afraid you can't get the fifteen cities of Qin, and you'll be cheated in vain. "Seeing bullying" means "being bullied". Another example is: "Believe and see doubt, be loyal and be slandered." (Biography of Qu Yuan in Historical Records)-Honesty is doubted, but loyalty is slandered. "Seeing doubt" means "being suspected".

Third, in some sentences, "Jian" and "Yu" are used together, which is also passive. However, what plays a passive role is mainly "Yu", and "Jian" and "Yu" take care of each other. For example, "I am afraid that I will be bullied by the king and lose Zhao." (Biography of Historical Records, Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)-I'm really afraid of being cheated by the king and I'm sorry for the king of Zhao. Another example is: "My parents laugh at generous families." ("Zhuangzi Autumn Water")-I was laughed at by well-informed people.

fourthly, on the one hand, "Jian" expresses passivity, on the other hand, it refers to oneself, which is rare. Such as: "This is the case, it is actually a lie." ("Book of Jin, Book of the Prince's Legacy")-The fact and truth are like this. Actually, I was framed. Here, "seeing a false accusation" means "I was framed".

Fifth, "see" also means "be considered". This usage is also rare. For example, "if you say it for the sake of fame, but you say it for the sake of profit, you will abandon it when you meet meanness in the next section." ("Everything is done wrong")-(The lobbyist) wants to be famous, but you persuade him with rich money, you will be considered as low-minded and treat you as a person with low status, and you will be abandoned forever. "See" means "be considered".

Sixth, the word "Jian" is combined with "Jiao" and "Guai" to form a fixed structure. At this time, "Jian" is an auxiliary word, but this usage is even more rare. For example, "what my father-in-law has learned is." ("The Scholars")-My father-in-law taught me right. "Seeing and teaching" means "teaching".

source: tea tasting

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