Is the first international building in Zizhong County inclined?

Hakka earth building, also known as Fujian Round Building, is a pearl of Chinese civilization, a unique mythical mountain village residential building in the world, and a wonderful flower of ancient architecture in China. With its long history, unique style, huge scale and exquisite structure, it is independent of the world residential architecture art forest. The caste social characteristics and architectural characteristics of Tulou folk houses are closely related to the history of Hakka people. Wherever Hakkas go, their surnames always live together. Besides, most Hakkas live in remote mountainous areas or dense mountainous areas. At that time, not only building materials were scarce, wolves, tigers and leopards were noisy, but also they were afraid of local people's harassment, so Hakka people created "defensive" castle-style building houses. In this way, the unique architectural form of Hakka dwellings-tulou was formed. Tulou is mainly distributed in Longyan, Zhangzhou and other areas in Fujian Province.

Historical background

The climax of this type of architecture, represented by Hakka tulou, was when China was in turmoil and Hakka people migrated from the Central Plains to the south. These periods include the Huang Chao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the southward migration in the Southern Song Dynasty and the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. /kloc-After the 7th century, not only the Hakkas finally settled in the southeast coast of China, but also the earth buildings were mainly distributed in Fujian and Guangdong in China. This special building is designed to resist wild animals and robbers in the mountains, and embodies the ideal of a big family living together under Confucianism.

The origin of Tulou can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, when Chen Yuanguang was stationed in Zhangzhou, and the surname of 58 settled in southern Fujian. Many domes in southern Fujian still retain the remains of ancient military camps. Round hills are naturally not suitable for building square huts, so the remains of huts are mostly round. These round farmhouses are the prototype of round earth buildings. At first, the circular barracks had only one floor, and later it gradually evolved into a residential building. In order to save arable land, it develops to high-rise buildings and becomes a multi-storey round earth building. Hakka people moved from the Central Plains to southern Fujian, bringing the quadrangle form of the Central Plains, and built thick earth walls for defense, which is the original source of Wufeng Building and Fangtu Building. Because it is a round earth building, the largest public courtyard can be surrounded by external walls of the same length, and the view from the high-rise observation point is wide, for example, so it is also adopted by Hakkas.

1986 A survey team of more than 0 people led by Professor Yoshiro Maomu of Tokyo University of the Arts in Japan visited Fujian, and published a monograph [5] and held an exhibition after returning to China. He reported: "In the valley covered with terraced fields, buildings with round earth walls are scattered among the mountains. Like a black flying saucer falling from the sky, the circular roof floats and ripples in the smoke. " [6]。 The mysterious Fujian tulou is known to the outside world.

1986 China Post issued the "Fujian Folk Houses" special stamp with the design of tulou.

From 65438 to 0999, Neville agnew, director of the American Getty Conservation Institute, visited Fujian Tulou in Nanjing. He said: "This is the most harmonious residential building I have ever seen with the surrounding environment" [7].

On June 365438+1October 3 1 day, 2002, the Cultural Heritage Committee of the State Council, China declared to UNESCO and included it in the United Nations World Cultural Heritage Protection List # 1689 "Fujian Tulou".

On July 6th, 2008, at the 32nd World Heritage Conference held in Quebec City, China Fujian Tulou was officially listed in the World Heritage List.

Classification of earth buildings

According to the internal structure of the building

Inner Corridor Earth Building (Hakka Earth Building): Residents in the Earth Building have units from bottom to top, each unit starts from the second floor or above, there is a circular corridor in front of each room, and there are four or five public stairs on each floor. Neilang Tulou is mainly distributed in Yongding County, Fujian Province, where Hakka people live in compact communities, also known as Hakka Tulou, represented by the tower of Hukeng Town, Yongding County.

Modular earth building (Minnan earth building). There is no corridor connecting all households on each floor of modular earth building; The earth building is divided into several groups of vertical units, and each unit has an independent portal, an independent courtyard and an independent staircase [8]. Modular earth buildings are mainly distributed in the areas where Fulao people live in southwest Fujian, also known as Minnan earth buildings, represented by Eryi Building in Hua 'an County.

Classification by building shape

Fuyu Building in Hukeng Town is a typical Wufeng Building. Earth buildings can be divided into circular buildings, square buildings and Wufeng buildings according to their shapes. There are also deformed concave fonts, semicircles and gossip. Among them, circular buildings and square buildings are the most common, and they often coexist. Thousands of square meters long, gregarious round buildings and square buildings are built between mountains and valleys with simple geometric buildings, and man-made buildings are in sharp contrast with the surrounding green natural landscape. /kloc-After China's economic opening in the 1980s, the landscape of earth buildings in southern Fujian and Guangdong, which are mainly round and square, attracted the attention of the world tourism industry. Among them, if you look down from above, you can better show the sense of strength of the architectural pattern.

The round building is a round earth building, which is called the round stockade earth building in southern Fujian. Its use is more important than prevention, so its name is embedded in the name of "Zhai". Although this shape of earth buildings is not the most, the area is usually the largest. The largest area can even reach more than 72 bays.

Usually, the bottom floor of a circular building is the dining room and kitchen, the second floor is the warehouse, and the place above the third floor is the bedroom at home. Each small family or individual's room is independent, and the rooms are connected by a circle of public corridors. These designs usually focus on defense functions.

Square buildings are the most popular among earth buildings. The characteristic of this type of building is that a square or nearly square high fence is rammed first, and then other buildings in the building expand along this fence. The standard specifications for expansion are usually open patios and cloisters around patios. These floors with the same architectural style are piled together, and the highest can even reach six floors. Finally, the use of wooden floors and beams, together with tile roofs, has become the most common square building in earth buildings.

Wufeng Pagoda is also called Doctor Pagoda, Wufeng Pagoda, Mansion-style, Palace-style or Pen-rack-style architecture. Although their names are the same, there are some differences. From the outside, this kind of tulou, which consists of two wings and a gatehouse, has the characteristics of three concavities and two convexities, just like the penholder in ancient China. Wufenglou is mainly distributed in counties of western Fujian and Zhangzhou. Among them, Zhangzhou Hakkas who immigrated to Taiwan Province Province also brought the architectural style of Wufeng Pagoda to Taiwan Province Province.

In addition to the round building, there are also square buildings and Wufeng buildings. There are other types of earth buildings classified according to their shapes, such as concave, semi-circular and bagua. The concave earth buildings are mainly distributed in Nanjing and Zhaoan in southern Fujian. Pinghe and Yongding are semi-circular, and there are occasional gossip-shaped earth buildings in Yongding, Zhangpu, Hua 'an, Zhao 'an, Nanjing and eastern Guangdong. Among them, Daoyun Building is the largest Bagua Tulou in China.

appear

Tulou is a collective building built with soil as the wall, which is round, semi-circular, square, quadrilateral, pentagonal, chair-shaped and dustpan-shaped. , and has its own characteristics. Tulou was square at first, with palace style, mansion style and different postures. It is not only strange, but also full of mystery, solid and firm. Accumulate food and raise livestock in the building; If there is a well and you need to guard against the enemy, you just need to close the gate and keep a few young people guarding it. Tulou is like a solid fortress, and women, children, old and young can sit back and relax. Because the square earth building is directional, the corner is dark, and the ventilation and lighting are different, Hakka people have designed a round earth building with good ventilation and lighting, which has no beginning and no end. Among the existing earth buildings, the round one is the most striking, and the locals call it round building or round village.

function

Tulou is a collective building, and its biggest feature lies in its large shape. No matter from a distance or in front of us, the earth building is shocking with its huge single building, and its volume is the largest among the residential buildings. The most common round building in the earth building we visited is about 50 meters in diameter and three or four stories high. There are more than 100 houses, which can accommodate 30 to 40 families and 200 to 300 people. The Dayuan Building can reach 70-80 meters in diameter, with five or six floors and four or five hundred houses, which can accommodate seven or eight hundred people. Earth buildings and residential buildings reflect the folk customs of Hakka people living in compact communities.

From the research of history and architecture, the architectural style of tulou is a self-defense living style for national security. At that time, under the situation of Japanese invasion and civil war every year, Hakkas who moved their families traveled thousands of miles to other places and chose an architectural way conducive to family reunion and defense against war. Descendants of the same ancestor form an independent society in a tulou, with honor and disgrace. Therefore, restraint from the outside and cohesion from the inside are probably the most appropriate induction of tulou.

wood tissue

The wall of tulou is thicker under the wall and thinner on the top, and some of them are as high as 1.5 meters. When tamping, first dig a deep and large wall ditch at the foundation of the wall, tamp it, bury it with stones as the foundation, and then build it with stones and mortar. Then tamp the wall with sandwich panels. The raw material of the earth wall is mainly local clay red soil, mixed with appropriate amount of pebbles and lime, repeatedly pounded and stirred evenly to make the so-called "cooked soil". Some key parts should be mixed with appropriate amount of glutinous rice and brown sugar to increase their viscosity. When tamping, Chinese fir branches or bamboo pieces should be buried in the middle of the earth wall as "wall bones" to increase its tension. In this way, after repeated ramming, a steel-concrete earth wall was built, and a layer of lime was coated outside to prevent wind and rain erosion, so it was strong and abnormal, with good wind and earthquake resistance. According to Yongding County Records, a major earthquake occurred in 19 18, which jingled during the day and lasted for 20 minutes, and continued to vibrate at night, but the earth building was intact.

general layout

The circular building is the most distinctive building in the local earth building. Generally speaking, it starts from a center and spreads out layer by layer according to different radii, just like water waves in a lake, which is very spectacular. Its center is family ancestral temple, followed by ancestral halls, verandahs and people living in the outermost ring. The whole earth building is the same size, with an area of about 10 square meter. The same staircase, no family has secrets.

There are many types of earth buildings, one of which is the system of upper, middle and lower halls arranged in depth along the central axis. This kind of earth building, the lower hall is generally the entrance and exit, placed in the front; The nave is in the center, which is a place for family gatherings and welcoming guests. Shangtang is the innermost place where ancestral tablets are enshrined.

In addition to the unique structure, the window sill, porch and cornice inside the earth building are also extremely gorgeous and exquisite, which is really a wonderful work in China residential buildings.

represent

1. Longyan Yongding:

Yongding County has 360 circular buildings and more than 4,000 square buildings. In particular, the strange round earth building is the most traditional Hakka color and the most shocking.

The round earth building is a model of Hakka folk houses and can be called the first building in the world. It is like a "mushroom" emerging from the ground and a "flying saucer" falling from the sky.

This circular building consists of two or three circles, nested from the inside out. The outer ring is more than ten meters high and has four floors. There are one or two hundred rooms, the first floor is the kitchen and dining room, the second floor is the warehouse, and the third and fourth floors are the bedrooms. There are thirty or fifty rooms on the second floor, which are generally guest rooms. One of them is the ancestral hall, which is a public place for hundreds of people living in the building to get married, mourn, celebrate and celebrate. There are also wells, bathrooms, mills and other facilities in the building. The earth building is rammed with local raw soil, without reinforced concrete. The width of the wall foundation is 3m, the thickness of the bottom wall is1.5m, which gradually decreases upwards, and the thickness of the top wall is not less than 0.9m.. Then it is divided into many rooms with wooden boards along the circular outer wall, and there is a corridor inside.

Earth buildings not only have the unique function of defending the enemy, but also have the characteristics of earthquake prevention, fire prevention, theft prevention, good ventilation and lighting. Because of the thick soil wall, it is warm in winter and cool in summer.

Hakka tulou sparkles with the wisdom of Hakka people, and its magnificent structure makes people respect. Hakka folk customs are even more intoxicating. Hakka people have been handed down from generation to generation, living together day and night, being United and friendly, living in harmony, with a unique lifestyle, simple, kind, hospitable and hardworking folk customs; The visibility, contact and perception of traditional culture have attracted more tourists' great interest.

2. Zhangzhou Tulou:

Zhangzhou Tulou is located in mountainous areas such as Nanjing, Hua 'an, Pinghe, Zhao 'an, Xiao Yun and Zhangpu in Zhangzhou City. Because of its peculiar shape and unique style, it is known as "the mythical mountain architecture".

Tulou, the barracks, castles and thatched cottages in Chen Yuanguang in the Tang Dynasty, is the product of the special social environment of "foreign bandits come in and out, thieves fight and kill" in southern Fujian. Zhangzhou tulou is made of raw soil as the main material, with lime, fine sand, glutinous rice, brown sugar, bamboo chips, wood strips and so on. And it is usually three to five stories high. The first floor is the kitchen, the second floor is the warehouse and the third floor is the living room, which can accommodate 200 to 700 people. It has the characteristics of gregarious, anti-theft, earthquake prevention and animal prevention.

& lt Nanjing tulou >

1. Tianluokeng Tulou Group (four dishes and one soup)

The tulou group in Tianluokeng consists of five tulou buildings: 1 square, 3-round and 1 oval * *. The square Buyun Building in the middle and the round Hechang Building in the upper right were built in the first year of Jiaqing (65,438+0,796), and there are Zhenchang Building, Ruiyun Building and Wenchang Building around them. The five earth buildings, surrounded by mountains on all sides, look down from a height, like a blooming plum blossom dotted the earth, and like a flying saucer falling from the sky, which constitute a beautiful landscape of humanities, art and natural environment, and are a wonderful flower in the hundred gardens of residential buildings. In 2001May, it was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Tianluokeng Tulou Group is located in Tianluokeng, shang ban cun, Shuyang Town. It consists of 1 square building (Buyun Building), 3 circular buildings (Hechang Building, Zhenchang Building and Ruiyun Building) and 1 oval building (Wenchang Building). The Buyun Building in the square building is in the middle, and the other four floors are around, so it is called "four dishes and one soup".

Wenchang Building, an oval three-story earth building, has an outer diameter of 4 1.4m, an outer short diameter of 30.5m and an earth wall thickness of1m.. On each floor, the promenade was replaced by jumping out.

The buildings in Gaobei Village, Gaotou Town, Yongding County include:

The "King of Earth Buildings" Chengqi Building, a circular building with four rings, covers an area of 5,376 square meters and has 400 rooms. The outer ring is four stories high, with a diameter of 62.6 meters and a circumference of 229 meters. There are 72 ***288 rooms on each floor, and four groups of stairs are evenly distributed. The roof of the main ring extends more than two meters to prevent rain from damaging the external wall. The second to fourth floors of the promenade have tile eaves to keep out the rain. The Second Ring Road is two stories high, with 80 rooms and 40 rooms on each floor. The Third Ring Road is a one-story building with 32 rooms, which is used as a library. The Fourth Ring Road is a cloister around the ancestral hall. In the ancestral hall in the center of Chengqi Building, there is a plaque inscribed by Lin Sen in 31 years of the Republic of China. There are now 57 families living on the seventh floor of the city, and more than 300 people are surnamed Jiang.

Yuchang Building (the oldest existing earth building in Nanjing County)

The leaning tower of Pisa, built at 1350, is world-famous. It is famous for being inclined but not falling down. For more than 600 years, the tower has been slowly tilting to the south, and the speed of tilting seems to have accelerated in the past century, especially after the earthquake of 1972, and its tilt has now reached 8 degrees. The inclination of the leaning tower of Pisa is the inclination of the whole tower. From the tower body alone, every structure is horizontal and vertical, and it is quite satisfactory.

In Nanjing County, Fujian Province, China, there is an ancient building comparable to the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Known as "staggered buildings" in Yuchang Building. Yuchang Building is a round earth building, which was built in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties, only ten years later than the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Yuchang Building has five floors and 270 rooms. Starting from the third floor, the wooden pillars of the cloister in the building are inclined from left to right, and the maximum inclination reaches 15 degrees. The wooden columns in the corridor on the fourth floor are inclined from right to left, with the same slope and opposite direction. The wooden columns on the second floor look stagger. Although it is skewed, if the wooden column cloister with one to five floors is regarded as a whole, the wooden column at the bottom and the wooden column at the top are kept on the same axis. The inclination of Yuchang Building is the inclination of local structure, just like the new CCTV building today, which is near misses, but not dangerous.

3. He Jiong Building

He Jiong Building is located in Pushan Village, Meilin Town, Nanjing County, 53 kilometers away from Nanjing County. Built in the tenth year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, it covers an area of 1.547 square meters and is the tallest earth building in Nanjing. This earth building is built on a swamp and is made up of more than 200 pine trees. After more than 200 years, it is still strong and well preserved. In 2001May, it was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

4. Hekeng Tulou Group

Hekeng Tulou Formation is located in Hekeng Natural Village, Dianjiang Village, Shuyang Town, 58 kilometers away from Nanjing County. Including six square earth buildings such as Chaoshui Building, Zhaoyang Building, Yongsheng Building, Shengqing Building, Yongrong Building and Yonggui Building, six round earth buildings such as Yuchang Building Building, Chungui Building, Dongsheng Building, Xiaochun Building, Yongqing Building and Yuxing Building, and 13 pentagonal Nanxun Building. The earliest tidal building was built in 1549. There are Xianshan Pavilion and Big Dipper in Hekeng Tulou Group.

& lt Hua' an tulou >

There are a large number of earth buildings in Hua 'an, with more than 800 buildings. The first earthen building listed as a national cultural relic protection is Er Yi Building in Hua 'an Xiandu, which is known as the "king of earthen buildings" and is an outstanding representative of earthen buildings. It is large in scale and well-preserved, and has the reputation of "the king of round buildings" and "the treasure of the country". Its cultural connotation is the richest, and murals, paintings, wood carvings and couplets can be seen everywhere in the building, which can be called a treasure house of folk art1996165438+10. In October, Eryi Building was announced by the State Council as the fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. The earth building composed of Eryi Building, Nanyang Building and Dongyang Building is the representative of Hua 'an Earth Building, which is listed in the World Cultural Heritage List.

Nanyang Building is located in the southeast of Eryi Building, about150m away. Fujian Tulou Museum was built in Nanyang Building. Nanyang Building was built by Jiang Jingbang, the grandson of Jiang Shixiong, the founder of Eryi Building. Because it is based on Er Yi Lou, the advantages and characteristics of the architectural design of Er Yi Lou have been absorbed by it, which can be called the epitome of Er Yi Lou, and its wood carving and stone carving materials are better than Er Yi Lou. At present, there are well-preserved precious cultural relics such as furniture, stationery, Wan Wen and labor tools of the tulou owner on display in the building, which reproduces the original life of the tulou owner.

Dongyang Building, located on the west side of Nanyang Building, was built in the 22nd year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 17) and was built by Jiang Zongqi, the grandson of Jiang Shixiong, the builder of Eryi Building. Backed by Lion Mountain, it is a square earth building. According to China's traditional "Feng Shui" theory, it means "the lion steps on the seal". Sitting in the northwest facing southeast, it covers an area of 2200 square meters, with a plane height of 2 floors, a width of 45.8 1 m and a depth of 26 meters. The main building has 36 houses, 4 halls and an inner corridor. The whole building is low in front and high in back, with distinct grades, and the architectural design concept has changed from defense-oriented to the pursuit of comfort. In March 2000, Dongyang Building was announced as a county-level cultural relics protection unit in Hua 'an.

The oldest is Yun Qi Building in Shajian Town, Hua 'an County, which is the earliest earth building discovered so far. It was built in the fourth year of Ming Hongwu (137 1).

The largest earth building is the "Zai Tian Building" in Gongbei Township, Zhao 'an County, with a diameter of 94.5 meters, which is called "Super Earth Building". Tulou has various shapes, such as square, oval, half moon, vertex, umbrella, windmill and gossip. The most peculiar is the tulou in Tianluokeng, Shuyang Township, Nanjing County, which consists of five tulou with an ellipse, three circles. Magnificent and shocking.

Fujian Tulou successfully declared the World Cultural Heritage.

At the 32nd World Heritage Conference held in Quebec City, Canada, experts from all over the world had intense deliberations and discussions. Finally, 2 1 member countries, including China, unanimously stated that Fujian Tulou in China was officially listed in the World Cultural Heritage List.

Fujian Tulou is a unique large-scale residential building in the world, with unique shape, large scale and ingenious structure. It attracts worldwide attention for its rich cultural connotation, unique settlement mode, reasonable layout and site selection concept integrated with the natural environment. 1999, Fujian Tulou "World Heritage Application" started. In April, 2000, the Fujian provincial government officially recognized 46 tulou buildings in Yongding, Nanjing and Hua 'an counties, and officially declared the World Cultural Heritage Project in the name of "Fujian Tulou". In 2004, Fujian Tulou was included in the preparatory list of world cultural heritage. From June 5 to 10 last year, the International Council of Monuments and Sites conducted an on-site assessment and inspection of the Fujian Tulou Heritage Declaration Project. In the first half of this year, Fujian Tulou successfully passed the formal evaluation and became one of the 47 world heritage projects submitted to the 32nd World Heritage Conference for deliberation and voting, which is also the only cultural heritage evaluation project in China in 2008.