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Diary of a Madman is Lu Xun's short story and the first vernacular novel. 19 18 was published in New Youth magazine in May. Included in Lu Xun's collection of short stories "Scream". It consists of 13 diaries, which records the mental state and psychological activities of the "madman", profoundly exposes the "cannibalism" essence of feudalism, and shows a thorough anti-feudal fighting spirit. The combination of realism and symbolism in art is the first vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China.

Diary of a madman

A gentleman, Kun Zhong, whose real name is Yin Jin, was a good friend in middle school. After years of separation, the news gradually disappeared. I occasionally heard of a serious illness the other day; When you go back to your hometown to visit, you will only meet one person, saying that the brother of the sick person is also. The old gentleman came all the way to see you, but he has recovered. He went to a place where he stood by and watched. Because I laughed, I published two diaries with the symptoms of the day. I might as well give them to my old friend. After reading it, I realized that I was suffering from "persecution mania" and so on. The language is quite incoherent, with many absurd words; It's not the month and date, but the ink font is different, so it's not a temporary handwriting. There are also some people who have a little contact with each other. Today I will summarize one for doctors to study. It is not easy for a word to remember Chinese mistakes; However, although people's names are all villagers, they are unknown to the world and it doesn't matter, but they are also easy to walk. As for the title, I will never change it again. I met on April 2, 1977.

one

Tonight, the moonlight is good.

I haven't seen you for more than thirty years; Seeing you today is very refreshing. Only then did I know that I was dizzy for more than 30 years before; However, you must be very careful. Why else would Zhao's dog look at me?

I feel horrible.

two

There is no moonlight today. I know it's not good. When he went out carefully in the morning, Zhao Guiweng's eyes were strange: he seemed afraid of me and wanted to hurt me. There are seven or eight people whispering about me and smiling at me with their mouths open; I was cold from head to toe until they had arranged everything.

I'm not afraid. I'm still going my way. A group of children in front were also talking about me there; The expression in his eyes was as blue as Zhao Guiweng's. I think I have a grudge against my child, and so does he. I can't help but say loudly, "You tell me!" They just ran away.

I thought: What's my enmity with Zhao Guiweng and the people on the road? Only twenty years ago, I kicked Mr. Gu Jiu's old running script (3), and Mr. Gu Jiu was very unhappy. Although Zhao Guiweng didn't know him, he must have heard the wind and felt very wronged. I agree that people on the road will be right with me. But what about the baby? At that time, they were not born. Why are their eyes strange today? They seem afraid of me and want to hurt me. This really scares me, surprises me and makes me sad.

I see. Their mother taught me this!

three

Can't sleep at night. Everything needs to be studied to understand.

They-some lashed the magistrate of a county, some slapped the gentleman's mouth, some were robbed of their wives by the chief executive, and some were forced to death by the creditors; Their expressions at that time were not so fearful or so fierce as yesterday.

The strangest thing is that the woman in the street beat her son yesterday and said, "Lao Zi! I want to bite you and vent my anger! " He looked at me with his eyes. I was surprised and couldn't hide it; The people with blue faces and fangs all burst into laughter. Chen Laowu dragged me home to catch up.

Dragging me home, my family pretended not to know me; Their faces are the same as others. I locked the door when I entered the study, but now I have closed a chicken and duck. The more I teach this matter, the more I can't guess the details.

A few days ago, the tenants of the prodigal village complained about the famine and told my eldest brother that a villain in their village had been killed by everyone. A few people will cut out his heart and eat it in oil, which will make him more emboldened. I interjected that both the tenant and the eldest brother looked at me. I just learned today that their eyes are exactly the same as those outside.

Come to think of it, I am cold from head to toe.

If they can eat people, they may not eat me.

Look at the woman's words of "biting you a few times", laughing with a group of people with green faces and fangs, and the words of the tenant the day before yesterday, which are obviously code words. I can see that his words are full of poison and his smile is full of knives. Their teeth are all white and complete, and this is the guy who eats people.

According to my own thinking, although I'm not a villain, it's hard to say since I kicked the ancient books. They seem to have ulterior motives, and I can't even guess. And when you turn your face, you say that people are wicked. I still remember my big brother teaching me how to do theory. No matter how good I am, I turn him over and he will play a few rounds. Forgive the bad guy a few words, and he will say, "Be wonderful and different." I can guess what their thoughts are there; Besides, it's time to eat.

Everything must be studied to understand. I remember eating people in ancient times, but I don't know. I looked at the history and found that it has no age, and the words "benevolence, righteousness and morality" are written on every crooked leaf. I can't sleep anyway. I read it carefully in the middle of the night before I saw the words through the gap. The book is full of "cannibalism"!

There were so many words written in the book and so did the tenants, but they all looked at me with strange smiles.

I'm human too. They want to eat me!

four

In the morning, I sat quietly for a while. Chen Laowu sent a meal, a bowl of vegetables and a bowl of steamed fish. Fish's eyes are white and hard, and their mouths are open, just like those who want to eat people. After eating a few chopsticks, I didn't know if it was a fish or a person, so I spit him out.

I said, "Old Five, tell Big Brother that I am bored and want to go for a walk in the garden." Old five refused and left; After a pause, I opened the door.

I don't move, study how they manipulate me; Knowing they won't relax. Sure enough! My eldest brother led an old man and walked slowly; He was full of fierce eyes, afraid that I would see him, but he lowered his head to the ground and secretly looked at me from the side of his glasses. Big brother said, "You seem to be fine today." I said, "Yes." The eldest brother said, "Please ask Mr. He to come today and give you a diagnosis." I said, "Yes!" In fact, I didn't know the old man was dressed as an executioner! It is nothing more than speculating about fatness in the name of pulse-cutting: because of this credit, I also shared a piece of meat. I'm not afraid; Although not cannibal, he is braver than them. Hold out two fists and see what he does. The old man sat with his eyes closed, touched for a long time and stayed for a long time; He opened his eyes and said, "Forget it. Just keep it quiet for a few days. "

Don't think about it, raise it quietly! After gaining weight, they can naturally eat more; What's good for me? How can I be "good"? They are a group of people who want to eat people, sneak around, want to hide, and dare not do it directly. It really makes me laugh to death. I couldn't help it. I laughed and was very happy. I know there is kindness in this laughter. The old man's face was bloodless and was suppressed by my courage and loyalty.

But I have courage. The more they want to eat me, the braver they are. The old man stepped out of the door and didn't go far. He whispered to his eldest brother, "Eat quickly!" " Eldest brother nodded. It's you! This is a great idea. Although it seems to be an accident, I also care: the person who eats me in partnership is my brother!

It is my brother who eats people!

I am the brother of a cannibal!

I was eaten by myself, but I am still the brother of a cannibal!

five

These days, I took a step back and thought: if the old man doesn't dress up as an executioner, he is really a doctor, and he is still a man-eater. In Materia Medica (4) written by their ancestor Li Shizhen, it is clearly written that human flesh can be fried and eaten; Can he still say not to eat people?

As for my eldest brother, I have never wronged him. When he told me a book, he personally said that he could "eat easily" (5); Once again, I happened to talk about a bad guy, who said that he would not only be killed, but also make "meat bedding" [6]. I was young and my heart was beating for a long time. Not surprisingly, a few days ago, the tenants of the prodigal village came to eat their hearts and kept nodding. It can be seen that the mind is as cruel as before. Since you can "eat for a change", everything is easy to get and everyone can eat. I used to listen to his reasoning alone and use it indiscriminately; Now we know that when he makes sense, not only is his mouth smeared with human oil, but his heart is also full of cannibalism.

six

It's getting dark, I don't know whether it's day or night. Zhao's dog barked again.

A heart as fierce as a lion, as cowardly as a rabbit, as cunning as a fox, ...

seven

I know their methods. I won't kill them at once, nor dare I, for fear of getting into trouble. So I contacted them all, and they were full of traps, forcing me to commit suicide. Look at what the men and women in the street and my eldest brother have done in the past few days, and you can realize eight or nine points. It is best to take off your belt, hang it on the beam and strangle yourself; They didn't kill anyone, but they realized their wishes. Naturally, they all gave a happy laugh. Otherwise, I will be scared to death. Although I'm a little thinner, I can still nod my head a few times.

They only eat dead meat! -I remember that the book said that there was something called "Hai Yi Na". Once, the eyes and appearance were ugly. Often eat dead meat, even huge bones, chew it carefully and swallow it, which is also terrible to think of. "Hayina" is a relative of the wolf, and the wolf is the dog's family. Zhao's dog looked at me the day before yesterday, showing that he was also an accomplice and was close to him. The old man's eyes are on the ground, so he can't hide it from me.

The most pitiful is my eldest brother, who is also a human being. Why isn't he afraid? Partner to eat me? Or have you always been used to it, right? Or did you lose your conscience and knowingly commit a crime?

I curse the man who eats people, starting with him; If you want to convince a cannibal to turn around, start with him.

eight

In fact, they should understand this truth by now. ...

Suddenly a man came; He is only about twenty years old and his appearance is not very clear. He was smiling all over his face. When he nodded to me, his smile didn't look like a real smile. I asked him, "Eating people, right?" He still smiled and said, "If it wasn't a famine year, how could it eat people?" I knew at once that he was also a group and liked to eat people; He was very courageous and insisted on asking him.

"Right?"

"Ask him what such a thing. You are really good at telling jokes. ..... The weather is very good today. "

The weather is clear and the moonlight is bright. But I want to ask you, "Right?"

He doesn't think so. Hu and Hu replied, "No ..."

"No? Why do they eat? ! "

"No matter ..."

"No matter? The prodigal son village is eating now; There is also a book saying that it is red and new! "

He changed his face, a white and bloodless complexion. Open your eyes and say, "There are many, never like this ..."

"Never, right?"

"I won't tell you these truths; In short, you shouldn't say it. It is your fault to say it! "

I jumped up and opened my eyes, and the man was gone. I'm sweating all over. His age, much younger than my eldest brother, is actually a group; This must have been taught by his mother. I'm afraid I have taught it to his son; So even children look at me with malicious intent.

nine

I want to eat people, but I'm afraid of being eaten by others. They all looked at each other with great suspicion. ……

Considering this, walking, eating and sleeping are very comfortable. This is just a threshold, a pass. They are father, son, brother, husband, wife, friend, teacher, student, enemy and stranger. They all form a group, encouraging each other and pulling each other, and will never cross this step.

ten

Early in the morning, go to my eldest brother; He stood outside the hall looking at the sky, so I walked behind him, stopped the door, and said to him very silently and kindly:

"Eldest brother, I have something to tell you."

"Go ahead," he quickly turned to his face and nodded.

"I only have a few words, but I won't say it. Brother, they all ate a little about the savage at the beginning. Later, because of different minds, some people stopped eating people and just wanted to be better, so they became human beings and real people. Some are still eating-just like bugs, some have turned into fish, birds and monkeys until they become people. Some are not good, or bugs. This man who eats people is more shameful than a man who doesn't eat people. I'm afraid it's far worse than the shy monkey of the bug.

"Ya ya was steamed son, eat, or a thing of the past. Who knows that since Pangu opened the heavens and the earth, he has been eating the son of Yiya; From The Son of Elegance to The Sign of Xu Xilin: Since Xu Xilin, I have been eating people arrested by Langzi Village. Last year, criminals were killed in the city, and a man with consumption soaked steamed bread in blood.

"They want to eat me, you a person, the original also couldn't think of; But why do you want to join? People who eat people are powerless; They will eat me, they will eat you, and they will eat themselves in groups. But as long as you take a step and change immediately, everyone will live in peace. Although it has never been like this, we can be particularly good today and say no! Brother, I believe you can say that the tenant wanted to reduce the rent the day before yesterday, but you saidno. "

At first he just sneered, then his eyes became fierce. His face turned blue when he revealed their secret. Outside the gate stood a group of people, Zhao Guiweng and his dog, also inside, all poked around and got in. Some are invisible faces, which seem to be covered with cloth; Some are still green-faced and fangs, sipping their mouths and laughing. I know they are a group. They are all cannibals. However, I also know that their minds are very different. One is that they think they should eat like this. One is that he knows he shouldn't eat it, but he still wants to eat it for fear that others will tell him. So, after listening to my words, he became more and more angry, but he sneered.

At that time, the boss also suddenly appeared lost expression, loudly drink a way, "all out! What is there to see in a madman! "

At this time, I learned the other side of their cleverness. They not only refused to change, but also arranged it; Prepare the name of the next madman to cover me. After eating it, it will not only be peaceful, but also be afraid that someone will see it. The tenant said everyone ate the wicked, that's all. This is their old spectrum!

Chen Lao Wu also came in angrily. How can I keep my mouth shut? I have to say to these people, "you can change, from the heart!" You know, cannibals are not allowed in the world in the future.

"Don't change to eat. Even if there are many births, they will be destroyed by real people, just like hunters killing wolves! -like a bug! "

All those people were driven away by Chen Laowu. Big brother doesn't know where he has gone. Chen Laowu advised me to go back to the house. It was dark in the room. Beam rafters shaking on the head; I shook it for a while and then I grew up and piled it on me.

Extremely heavy, unable to move; He tried to kill me. I knew his heaviness was fake, so I struggled out and broke out in a sweat. Instead, he said firmly, "You changed immediately, from sincerity! You know, there is no room for eating people in the future, ... "

eleven

The sun does not rise, the door does not open, and there are two meals a day.

When I picked up chopsticks, I thought of my big brother. It's all his fault to know that my sister is dead. At that time, my sister was only five years old, and her lovely and pitiful appearance was still in sight. Mother kept crying, but he advised her not to cry. Probably because I ate it, I couldn't help crying. If I still feel bad, ... my sister was eaten by my big brother. Does my mother know? I don't know.

Mom wants to know; But I didn't explain when I cried, and I thought it was appropriate. I remember when I was four or five years old, I sat in front of the hall to enjoy the cool. My eldest brother said that my parents were ill, and a son was going to cut off a piece of meat and invite him to eat it when it was cooked. Only then can he be considered a good man. Mom didn't sayno. If you eat one piece, you can eat the whole piece naturally. But the way I cried that day, now that I think about it, it's really sad. This is really a strange thing!

twelve

I can't figure it out.

The place where people ate people for 4 thousand years, I didn't know until today that I had been in it for many years; Eldest brother is in charge of housework, and my sister just died. He may not be in the food, but he gave it to us secretly.

I accidentally ate a few pieces of my sister's meat, and now it's my turn ... I didn't know it at first, but now I understand that real people are hard to see!

thirteen

There are still children who haven't eaten anyone.

Save the children ...

191April 8.

Note (1) This article was first published in 19 18 May, the fifth issue of New Youth. The author adopted the pseudonym "Lu Xun" for the first time. This is the first novel in the history of modern literature in China that attacks the feudal ethics of "cannibalism". The author not only mentioned the reasons for its appearance in this book (Shout) and the preface, but also pointed out in the preface of two novels of China New Literature Series that it was "intended to expose the drawbacks of family system and ethics", which can be seen. (2) Alternate: In the official system of the Qing Dynasty, middle-and lower-level officials who obtained official titles through imperial examinations or donations, but had no actual posts, were selected by the official department, assigned to a certain department or province, and used by the committee, which was called alternate. (3) Mr. Gu Jiu's old running script: This is a metaphor for the long history of feudal rule in China. ⑷ "What is Materia Medica": It refers to the pharmaceutical work Compendium of Materia Medica written by Li Shizhen in Ming Dynasty (15 18- 1593), with a total of 52 volumes. The book once mentioned the record of treating tuberculosis with human flesh in Chen Zangqi's Herbal Supplement in the Tang Dynasty, and expressed disagreement. It is said here that Li Shizhen's book "clearly says that human flesh can be fried and eaten" was regarded as "the mistake of China people" by a "madman". 5. Ziyi and Eating: According to legend, Zuo Zhuan was published for fifteen years, and it was Song Huayuan who told Chu Jiangzi of the tragic situation when the capital of the Song State was besieged by the Chu army: "My city is easy to eat, and the bones are analyzed." [6] "Eating Meat and Bedding Skin": In the twenty-first year of Zuozhuan, the State of Jin aligned with Zhuang Gong and said, "However, the second son is like an animal, I eat its meat and sleep its skin." (Press: "Er Zi" refers to Zhi Chuo and Guo Zui of Qi who were once captured by Zhou Chuo. (7) "Haiyina": the transliteration of hyena in English, that is, hyena (also known as hyena), a carnivorous beast, often follows liger and other beasts and feeds on its remnants. (8) Yiya: Qi people in the Spring and Autumn Period were good at seasoning. According to the pipeline? Posthumous title: "Fu Yiya said,' Only steamed babies', so she steamed her eldest son and presented it to the public." Jie and Zhou were the last monarchs of Xia and Shang Dynasties in China, but Yi Ya was not their contemporaries. The phrase "Yi Ya steamed his son to eat for him" here is also the expression of "madman" and "his words are quite incoherent". (9) Xu Xilin: Xu Xilin (1873-1907), a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang, was an important member of the Guangfu Association, a revolutionary group in the late Qing Dynasty. 1907, together with Qiu Jin, they planned simultaneous uprisings in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces. On July 6th, he took advantage of the graduation ceremony held by the school to stab Enming, the governor of Anhui Province, and led the students to capture the Ordnance Bureau. He was arrested and killed that day, and his heart was dug out and blown up by Eun Ming's guards. ⑽ means "cut off your thigh to cure your parents' serious illness". This is an act of ignorance and filial piety in feudal society. Song Shi? Excerpt 1: "Take people with filial piety, the brave break their shares, and the fearful enter their graves. "

The so-called madman in the madman's diary is a deranged character, incoherent and his consciousness seems a little unclear. Lu Xun used a very reversed order to describe the true colors of China in the past: man eats man. Although the article is fictional, it is a little scary. The whole article will be depressing to read, revealing a bleak tone, but if you carefully "taste" such a profound novel, you may also feel sad: high night sky, hazy moonlight, and the appearance of "eating people" ... Lu Xun described the sadness and despair of children in old China with a godlike description, and with magical brushwork, there was a sigh that no one dared to say for thousands of years.

Yes, in this turbulent era, who can believe in superiority? Of course, who else but myself?

In the eyes of that "madman", he not only wants to protect himself, but also wants to protect the children who will be "eaten" by thousands of people in Qian Qian.

In the last paragraph, he wrote down his anxious hope: who doesn't want to save the child quickly? Only those who can read Lu Xun can understand what he wrote. In this strange writing, we can read the worries of our Chinese nation. Mr. Lu Xun once said that hope is created by the suffering working people.

I have never seen or been exposed to cannibalism, but as a materialistic person, such a thing must be shocking, and Mr. Lu Xun can observe this phenomenon from a brand-new angle-the essence of cannibalism in feudal society.

A madman who doesn't understand the world tells the essence of the world, while those who call "madman" "madman" pretend to be confused and do some cannibalism, but they become "gentlemen" without losing their dignity. This is precisely the distortion of facts in feudal society. The article writes that "people are evil when they turn their faces", and its "wonderful but different" truth vividly describes the feudal ruling class's ability to reverse black and white. They "want to eat people, and they are furtive, and their ideas are very hidden, and they dare not attack directly", which is the embodiment of their lack of courage. Therefore, as long as we have the courage to fight, we will certainly win. The article also directly reveals their complex personalities. Fierce as a lion, cowardly as a rabbit and cunning as a fox. But they "want to eat people themselves and are afraid of being eaten by others", just as the madman said to his brother in Persuasion: "People who eat people can't do anything!" Indeed, a man who eats people can do nothing! ! In order to eat people, even their own brothers will be killed. Therefore, in feudal society, there was no kinship, only killing, violence and cruelty. Therefore, "children", "dogs", "doctors", "Chen Laowu" and "my eldest brother" all looked at me with equal ferocity. They wanted to fatten me up, and then forced me to commit suicide, so that they "were not charged with murder and realized their wishes." How cunning and shameless! What's even sadder is our children. Why do they have such an idea? ! Nothing more than my mother taught me. Besides, the general environment is like this-"This history has no age, and the words' benevolence, righteousness and morality' are written on every page." I can see the words through the cracks, and the word "cannibalism" is written all over the book, but such an ignorant and kind "I" has inadvertently become a cannibal and an accomplice of cannibals. The madman once said, "there will be no place to eat in the future!" "Point out the inevitable fate of cannibals! Such a world is bound to be overthrown! So who is the savior? We pinned our hopes on the children, so "I" shouted at the end of the article: "Save the children! "

The revelation of freedom and the outbreak of justice are the charm of Mr. Lu Xun. He is using a voice similar to gibberish to awaken the sleeping person, the sleeping real person, and the whole world in the feudal society full of stench and bloody smell!