Proverbs and aphorisms in Hakka dialects

Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong have all kinds of characteristics of common proverbs. As a part of the folk literature in eastern Guangdong, they are considerable in quantity and high in value, which is worthy of our in-depth excavation and research. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are rich and colorful, with all-encompassing contents, which can be expressed in almost every field of social life. It often reflects sharp social contradictions and class struggles, exposes the darkness and injustice of the old society, lashes the ugly forces and phenomena in life, and laments the coldness of the world and the way of the world. Such as two famous proverbs lamenting the world: A. A man respects his rich friends, and a dog respects his shit friends. B. The wife died, and the general died, so there was no news. Under private ownership, mutual deception and the law of the jungle are common phenomena in society. In this regard, the Hakka folk proverb in eastern Guangdong is highly summarized as "the big worm eats the small worm (worm is another word), and the old crab in hamachi". The wicked can live a long life and be happy, while the good are poor and do not report good and evil. This is also a prominent manifestation of social injustice. The people call it "injustice" and have created a lot of proverbs to expose it, such as "hanging your stomach and tying your horse to the door." "The rectum is straight, and there is no rice in the pot." Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong often reflect the daily life and customs of local people, including people's daily necessities, weddings and funerals, birthday festivals and so on. Such proverbs account for a large proportion, such as: "Many families are married, many families are married, and many aunts and sisters are not in love", "One generation of relatives, two generations of representatives, three generations of leisure", "In-laws are in-laws, and the bed ends" and so on. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong also like to comment on personnel, convince people by reasoning, alert people and make people applaud. The following two cases are more influential: A. Needles have two advantages and knives have two advantages. B. Penny likes to lead by the nose. She can hit a snake seven inches. This kind of reasonable folk proverb often has obvious enlightenment color, teaching people how to stand on the world, how to learn to cultivate self-cultivation, how to make contributions, how to treat people and make friends, how to deal with family relations, and so on. This is a set of principles for being a man. "Not afraid of no ambition, not afraid of the long road." "People should be long, and the number should be short." Proverbs like this can be understood by women and children. According to the practical activities of local working people for generations, Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong comprehensively sum up the experiences in nature, production, medicine and health, and become an inexhaustible treasure house of knowledge and an art with great scientific and practical value. Natural phenomena such as seasons, phenology and weather are closely related to the production and life of the broad masses of the people. Related folk proverbs are like a walking dictionary, which enables people to grasp the changes of various natural phenomena in time, arrange various daily affairs and farm work reasonably and timely, and effectively avoid various natural disasters and their possible losses. There are too many natural proverbs to count. Give two examples: A. In October, the sun is shining, there is no rain and the temperature is warm. B: Two spring and one winter, ten cowsheds are empty. Production proverbs reveal the knowledge and experience related to agricultural and sideline production in rural areas, involving agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fisheries and gardening, and are particularly practical. Here are some examples for appreciation: a. Hay is cultivated for three times until it dies; In the evening, when the grain is three or three, it bursts. (Agriculture) B. When you are a hillock pine, you will fall into a nest. (Lin > C. The pig's tail is longer than the knee and eats the owner's juice for nothing. (animal husbandry) D. Don't let bees fly when it is windy, and it is easy to fish when it rains. (fishing) the peach meets the plum until it dies; Li, I missed nothing. There are also many proverbs about medicine and health, and they focus on daily hygiene and food hygiene, all of which are exquisite and lovely. Also listed a few treasures for appreciation: a. Eat without talking, sleep without talking. B) Eating ginger in Rachel in winter and summer won't make you find a prescription in the street. C) Washing feet before going to bed is better than taking tonic. D. if you don't eat green for three days, the road is heavy and light. As can be seen from the above description, the content of Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong has the characteristics of knowledge, expression, philosophy, education, discipline and locality. The expressive force of Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong lies not only in the fact that they widely reflect all aspects of social life and various customs and habits in Hakka areas in eastern Guangdong, but also fully reflect the values and moral concepts of Hakka people in eastern Guangdong, their scientific attitude and realistic spirit towards natural and objective things, their unique philosophy of life and health care thoughts, and so on. We can even see their unique creative psychology and way of thinking. It should be pointed out that in the past, the Hakkas in eastern Guangdong had a sense of integrity, kindness and conscientiousness, and they despised and hated those behaviors that only followed Nuo Nuo, bullied the weak and feared the hard, were treacherous and did harm to others. "Once the power is mastered, the egg becomes a bomb." Such famous proverbs focus on exposure and criticism, which are produced against all kinds of evil deeds in society. Of course, there are some evil spirits in folk proverbs, and the values and moral concepts of Hakka people in eastern Guangdong are not all healthy. Closely related to expressive force is the local characteristics of Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong. Because this proverb reflects all aspects of local social life and various customs and habits in the past, it is impossible not to be infected with strong Lingnan and Guangdong colors. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are deeply rooted in this fertile soil. People's life, social customs, history, anecdotes, and even local folk stories and folk songs are all the objects of their materials: "three rich people, three catties of dogs have no money" and "eyebrows match good looks" are all evolved from popular folk stories. Natural, agricultural production and medical folk sayings cannot go beyond locality. "Going to the Long Summer Festival, it's not advisable to go into the mountains to fight ferns", "It's yellow in the small summer, and it's time in the big summer", and "It's getting colder in July and autumn, the Double Ninth Festival in September and Koharu in October". These farming laws and climatic characteristics reflect the actual situation of early spring, long summer and short winter in Guangdong. Undoubtedly, it is inconceivable to see "Koharu in October" in the cold North China Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the Northeast Plain. Many Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are reasonable and full of rational interest. Here are two points to add: First, most proverbs can accurately reveal the contradictions in social life and the laws of objective things, which makes people feel that they hit the nail on the head and are top grade. A few proverbs are inferior because they are limited by people's world outlook and cognitive ability and distort the object. There are also some proverbs that are loyal to reality, but at the same time expose feudal dross such as superstition and discrimination against women, which are the products of China. For example, "I am not afraid of empty cabinets, but only love to marry a good husband." Second, proverbs that belong to the top grade are often tempered and are the product of dialectical thinking, and their level is quite high. Dialectics tells us that things contain major contradictions and minor contradictions. In all work, we should grasp the main contradictions and solve problems easily. In this regard, the Hakka folk proverb in eastern Guangdong says: "Petunia should lead by the nose and hit the snake seven inches." But "mud can't paste on the wall" vividly expresses the dialectical relationship between internal and external causes in philosophy. The development and change of things, of course, has a lot to do with external factors, but in the final analysis, it is internal factors that play a decisive role; If a person doesn't have good qualities ("mud"), he can't achieve anything ("paste on the wall") even with a lot of support and help. In addition, some proverbs reveal the relationship between universality and particularity of things. Some proverbs reveal the law that things are divided into two parts: A. No matter how good the grassland is, there are lean cows, and no matter how good the farmland is, there are corn. B. the egg is not full (in a word, the mouth is full), and people are not satisfied. The educational function of Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong has been briefly mentioned above. Another example is: "Don't light two lights when there is oil, lest there is no oil." "It is not good to waste water near the water, and it is not good to waste firewood near the mountain." Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong often admonish some people's unhealthy psychology and behavior, with the aim of making them lose their way, sometimes with serious tone and sometimes with well-meaning irony. Gambling and whoring are the most mocking behaviors in Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong. The so-called "bad gambling, sick whoring" hit the nail on the head. Proverbs do not easily let go of idle behavior and the mentality of getting something for nothing. On the issue of love and marriage, some people often lack a clear view, a clear purpose and a correct attitude. When choosing a spouse, they are choosy and change their minds. As a result, 100 pairs of 50 pairs were too many, and I was delayed myself. In this regard, Hakka proverbs are ridiculed as "picking a rotten lamp" and "picking the top and the bottom and picking a dazzling flower", which is very humorous and can make people wake up with laughter. It should be pointed out that Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong not only expose and attack those shameful evils, but also advise others to be kind. But this kind of exhortation is always accompanied by a warning, which makes people shake their souls and then turn over a new leaf. The proverb "Drive a dog into a poor alley, and a dog bites in a poor alley" warns people not to bully others too much and force them to do more. You know, even cowards will fight back when there is no way out, giving the oppressors a ruthless fight back. Some people in the society always like to play politics, calculate others and frame others, so the Hakka folk proverb in eastern Guangdong warns: "Don't talk about your mind (plan) and compete with the car for profit. Calculate, calculate yourself. " This reminds people of a famous saying in A Dream of Red Mansions: "The organs are exhausted, but your life is missed." It also reminds people of Mr. Lu Xun's famous saying: "Playing tricks is skillful and effective, but it is also limited, so there are no people who have achieved great things through this." As mentioned above, there are some dross in the feelings and reasons contained in Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong, so when they are educators, they do not all have the above positive effects. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are the most exquisite and compact works in Hakka folk literature in eastern Guangdong. Good proverbs often have rich meanings, vivid images, neatness and harmony, strong expressive force and other artistic characteristics. It is catchy to read and memorable after reading. Most Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong have been circulated for a long time and have been constantly revised and processed by people for a long time. So they can express rich ideological content with few words, which means that words are meaningful. First of all, it is incoherent, with words in the words and sounds outside the strings. Readers can experience many more profound and subtle things outside the sentence. "Yan Wang doesn't think ghosts are thin, and corrupt officials don't care if people are poor." This proverb is only twelve words, but it is very rich in content. It equates "corrupt officials" with "Rebecca", which implicitly reflects the love and hate of the working people and vividly depicts the ugly face of corrupt officials. Similar examples are: "It's hard to eat without wine, and it's hard to support a widow", "A scholar meets a soldier and can't figure it out" and so on. The same proverb, when used on different occasions, can produce different effects and express different ideas, which is the second meaning of words and deeds. We can at least understand the proverb "One pole does not make a bamboo shoot" from the following two angles. When it is used by the elders to teach the younger generation, it means: I once had a youthful and glittering youth like you, and I have experienced those things myself. From the mouth of the younger generation, it means: didn't your elders also have youth? Why can't we young people be understood? Two occasions, two feelings and two meanings. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are a mature art. When working people create proverbs, they pay great attention to the image of proverbs, including the essence of ideas in images, vivid and concrete images to explain truth, impart knowledge and express things. It is rare to see such a purely abstract example of reasoning as "bad time, good deeds are rewarded with good deeds" "Rat shit spoils a pot of soup." "Big bugs eat small bugs, toads eat old crabs." Both of the above cases are metaphorical ways to summarize a certain life phenomenon, which is extremely vivid. If "big bugs eat small bugs, toads eat old crabs" is said to be "the rich exploit the poor, and the nobles oppress the people", it will be inexplicable and artistic. In addition, as mentioned above, "hanging the abdomen across the intestine, tying the horse in front of the door, straightening the rectum and cooking in the pot" is also a very typical example of proverbs reflecting social life. Proverbs that impart knowledge are generally well compiled, such as "When the hillock is loose, the fir falls in the nest" and "Planting trees in winter and planting bamboo in spring", but some of them are very vivid: "Strange carp, clever goose (silly)" endows animals with human nature, and "Dressing up the fields before Qingming Festival and dressing up the beans after Qingming Festival" makes agricultural labor life. In order to be easy to recite and use, the creation of Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong pays great attention to the neatness of form and the harmony of phonology, making them beautiful, easy to remember and pleasant to listen to. It rarely has a single sentence, usually two or four sentences, and a few are six sentences. The sentence pattern is neat and symmetrical, and the four-sentence pattern with two short sentences and two volts is very common, and the antithesis is also very common, paying attention to the bright and beautiful rhythm and the harmony of rhythm. A. It was cold and miserable on March 3rd, and the quilt was covered on March 35th. Each sentence is seven neat words. Rhyme and the natural beat of 223 form a beautiful melody. B. One marriage, two marriages, clean hall and elegant house, three marriages and four marriages, and a thatched cottage. Four sentence patterns. Because the sentences are short and neat and rhyme everywhere, the works have a particularly obvious rhythmic beauty. C. Rich, virtuous wife, filial son, no money, snakes sound like ghosts. The four-sentence structure with short front and long back is easy to read and listen to. D. pine in the first month, fir in the second month and bamboo tail in the third month. Three sentences, two short and one long, the order changes. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong can use all kinds of rhetorical devices perfectly, thus greatly enhancing their artistic expression. In Hakka proverbs in eastern Guangdong, we can almost find one or several figures of speech, such as antithesis, metaphor, contrast, personification and exaggeration. Not to mention the combination and truth, it is very common. For example, "the tortoise can't laugh at the tortoise, but the tortoise can laugh at the tortoise." "Relatives have no money, and money has nothing to do with each other." "People wear cloth, and the cloth is covered with pulp." Many proverbs are the products of natural integration of several rhetorical devices, which are more vivid, vivid and beautiful. Such as: A. Many people gossip and many people are idle. B. Good human feelings and sweet water. C. Lei Gong sings first, and it doesn't rain much. D. It thunders and cries in the twelfth month, and the grain is in the jar. Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are created and spread in Hakka dialect, and a large number of extremely vivid spoken languages are used, which greatly enhances the expressive force of proverbs. If those outstanding Hakka folk proverbs in eastern Guangdong are translated into standard Mandarin, they will lose their luster and become unrecognizable. The word "Yan Yan" quoted in Hakka dialect refers to the gentle and charming fluttering of bamboo tails in the breeze. If you change it to "shake" and "swing" in Mandarin, it will be lifeless.