What is the difference between Yi language and Yi language about ethnic minorities? All belong to Yi language, right?

The population of Wa nationality is 634,965,438+02.

General situation of nationalities

Yi nationality is an ancient member of our national family. Mainly distributed in Nujiang Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, the rest are distributed in Lijiang, Diqing, Dali, Baoshan, Dehong, Chuxiong, Lincang and other counties. Yanyuan, Yanbian, Muli and Dechang counties in Sichuan Province are also distributed. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Yi nationality is 6349 12. It is a branch of Yi language of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Three scripts have been used successively, one is phonography created by western missionaries, the other is syllable script created by Wang Renbo, a Yi farmer in Weixi County, and the third is a new Latin alphabet script created after the founding of New China, which has been implemented in Nujiang Yi Autonomous Prefecture.

The name of the Yi nationality was first seen in the works of the Tang Dynasty, and Schumann of Fan Chuo called it "chestnut millet", which was considered as a part of "Wu Man" at that time. It has close ethnic origin with Yi and Naxi nationalities. According to folklore and historical records, in the 8th century A.D., Yi ancestors lived on both sides of Jinsha River and were once ruled by two powerful tribes, Biedeng and Erlin. /kloc-After the 0/2nd century, Bo people were ruled by the military and civilian headquarters of Lijiang Road in the Yuan Dynasty and Mu, the local magistrate of Lijiang in the Ming Dynasty. /kloc-In the mid-6th century, due to the war and opposition to the oppression and plunder of the wooden toast, a large number of Bo people, led by Mubiba, crossed the Lancang River, crossed the Robbie Snow Mountain and entered the Nujiang area. In the next two centuries, a large number of Yi people migrated from west to south to Dehong, Lincang and Gengma. Others went south along the Jinsha River and entered Luquan and Dayao. 1In the 1920s, the Qing Dynasty carried out "returning home" in Lijiang, Yongsheng, Huaping and other places close to the distribution of Yi people in the mainland. Some hereditary Naxi and Bai Tusi were replaced by Liu Guan.

1908, the governor of Yunnan, Guizhou and Lijiang sent Fox Xia, a member of the Adunzi (Deqin) Department, to inspect the Nujiang River and the Nujiang River, and Fox Xia appointed the female crown and Yuan Yucai to manage the affairs of the Nujiang River and Tuojiang River (Dulong River) respectively, and ordered the banning of the original chieftains of CommScope, Ye Zhi and ChaHuarong.

19 1 1 year, the British colonialists occupied the territory of China, such as Piama, Fish Cave and Fanggang. After the Revolution of 1911, Cai E, Commander-in-Chief of Yunnan Army, appointed Li Genyuan, Commander-in-Chief of the Western Defence Army and Commander of the First Division, to form three border guards to enter the Nujiang River area, thus preventing the British colonial forces from spying on the Nujiang River. Since then, Yunnan local government has set up four administrative committee offices in Nujiang, namely, Zhiziluo (Bijiang), Shangpa (Fugong), Acorus calamus (Gongshan) and Lushui. After 1928, it was changed to the executive board, and a public security bureau was set up in Maodang, Danjiang to manage the affairs of Dulong River.

socioeconomics

Before the founding of New China, the social and economic development of Yi people was unbalanced. The Yi people living in Lijiang, Weixi, Yongsheng, Yunlong, Lanping, Baoshan and Sichuan have entered the feudal landlord economy society. Yi people living around Liangshan, large and small, have been divided into some small and medium-sized slave owners engaged in agriculture or semi-farming and semi-hunting. The Yi people living in Nujiang River have a low level of productivity, and their iron tools are used together with bamboo, wood, fruit and vegetables, with slash-and-burn primitive agriculture as the mainstay, supplemented by hunting and gathering. The social division of labor is not obvious, and handicrafts and commerce have not yet separated from agriculture. The implementation of barter exchange, Bijiang, Fugong and other counties have some primary markets for barter. The private ownership of land in Nujiang Wa nationality area has been established, and the rural class has been divided, but there are still remnants of primitive public ownership and parental slavery. The land system is divided into three forms: individual private ownership, family * * * partnership system, village community and family public ownership. There is also a common * * * farming system, "Hamibele", which is an original form of cooperation between land ownership and farming from public ownership to private ownership. From 16 to the beginning of the 20th century, the Wa nationality in Nujiang still had paternal slavery. Slaves are treated as family members or adopted sons, and their daily life is slightly different from their masters, so their social status is low. Some slaves can be redeemed and become free men. By 1949, the patriarchal slavery in Nujiang area basically collapsed.

Until the 1950s, the Yi people still preserved obvious clan remnants. The group composed of descendants of the same ancestor is "early Russia", that is, clan. The ethnic names of the Yi people in Nujiang area are tiger, bear, monkey, snake, sheep, chicken, bird, fish, mouse, bee, buckwheat, bamboo, vegetable, hemp, teak, plow and frost. Eight ethnic names are also symbols of totem worship of various clans. Under the same clan, the kinship group composed of the second generation to the fourth generation of the father is called "TiRussia", which means family. Family also plays a certain role in real life. A village composed of several different clans and families is called "Kang". Some village leaders are naturally formed, and some old people recommend each other, which is called "rubbing me"; The person in charge appointed by the government is called "Shipa". Chiefs are not allowed to inherit, and their duties are: leading production internally, mediating disputes, presiding over sacrifices, paying tribute to foreign countries, distributing labor, leading blood clan to take revenge, and concluding covenants.

After the founding of New China, the China * * * Production Party and the people's government adopted different ways in different areas according to the actual social and economic development of the Yi people, and successively completed social reforms in the Yi areas. In Lijiang, Yongping, Yongsheng, Yunlong and other counties, the landlord economy is relatively developed, and the land reform method similar to that of the Han nationality is adopted to abolish the feudal exploitation system; In central Yunnan province, Ninglang, Luxi, Baoshan, Xichang, Yanbian and other areas where Tibetans, Dai and Yi people live together, land reform is carried out in a relatively peaceful way. Four counties along the Nujiang River and some ethnic groups in the mountainous areas of Dehong Prefecture have gradually made a direct transition to socialism through mutual assistance and cooperation in developing production. 1In August, 954, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Region was established, including Lushui, Bijiang, Fugong and Gongshan counties. 1957 10, changed to Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, and Lanping County was incorporated into the organizational system to realize Lisu nationality. For more than 40 years, under the leadership of the Party and the government, the Yi people have vigorously carried out farmland capital construction with their own hands, and the grain output has increased year by year. At present, there are various enterprises such as power generation, auto repair, agricultural machinery, rare metals, sugar making, salt making, paper making, printing, pharmacy, wine making, oil pressing, brick and tile, ceramics, construction and food processing. It has been established in Yi area, and some industrial workers have been trained. Transportation has been greatly improved. The counties in the Autonomous Prefecture have basically realized highway connectivity, and the postal and telecommunications networks extend in all directions, greatly strengthening the ties between Bozhou and the fraternal nationalities. Great progress has also been made in culture, education and health. The Yi people have their own college students, teachers, doctors and scientific and technological talents, and have established hospitals, health clinics and epidemic prevention stations, which have greatly improved and improved the people's health level.

Culture and art

Yi people are good at singing and dancing. Whenever they get married, build houses or harvest, they always like singing and dancing. In the long-term productive labor, they created a large number of poetic tunes with national characteristics and life interest, which can be divided into production tunes, architectural tunes, harvest tunes and runaway tunes. Yi people's poems are usually seven-sentence poems with strict antithesis. Poetry and melody have formed a fixed form, and all poems can be sung. Common tunes include Mogua, Wandering in the Wild, Breaking History and so on. Some tunes are high-pitched and passionate, while others are low and sentimental. When singing, it is often accompanied by pipa, four strings and oral strings. Dance movements are vigorous, lively and rhythmic. There are rich and colorful oral literature works among the Yi people. There are countless folk stories, myths and legends, floods, the origin of human beings and the origin of mountains and rivers. For example, the legend of God squeezing the earth, the flood from heaven, the marriage of brothers and sisters, the dog eating the moon and so on. Reflect the struggle between kindness and integrity and cruelty and evil, such as the story of tortoise, the story of Apu and Arden, sisters and so on. In the story of praising national heroes and anti-imperialist struggle, the legend of "constant tension will bake wood" is widely known.

Social customs and habits

Yi people's clothing is similar everywhere, and most of them wear their own linen clothes. Men usually wear short shirts with knee-length trousers, some wrap their heads with green cloth, wear machetes on their left waist and hang quiver on their right waist. Women wear right-handed shorts and long skirts, red and white colored beads on their heads and collars with colored beads on their chests. Because of the different colors of clothes, different places are called "white", "black" or "flowers". "Huahua" is dressed in colorful clothes, while "Heihua" is elegant and generous, with its own characteristics. The Yi people take corn and adopted sons as their staple food, and because of hunting, they are also extremely rich in meat. Both men and women are good at drinking. Yi houses have two structures: one is wood structure, which is made of wood about one or two feet long and covered with boards. Most Yi people in mainland China live in such houses. The other is bamboo and wood structure. First, twenty or thirty wooden stakes are erected on the slope, covered with wooden boards, surrounded by bamboo fences, thatched roofs or large wooden boards, and a big fire pit is placed in the center of the house. This kind of house is very popular in Nujiang Wa area.

Yi people respect the elderly. Pass the first bowl of hand to the old man when eating, give the liver clip to the old man when eating chicken, and give the head of the chicken to the oldest. If pigs are killed, some old people will cut the liver into several pieces and keep their heads as gifts for their parents and in-laws. If you only kill one head, cut it in half. When you kill pigs and cows at the wedding ceremony, you should give the biggest cow head to your parents-in-law.

Marriage is monogamous. In the past, chiefs and wealthy families were polygamous. A man separated from his parents after marriage and formed a small family. Young men and women are free to fall in love before marriage, but marriage is often arranged by parents. Marriages between wives, brothers, wives, aunts, uncles, cousins and people with secondary blood relations are very common. People are buried in the soil after death, and there are graves of clans.

Religious beliefs and important festivals

Yi people once believed in primitive religion, nature and animism. At the beginning of the 20th century, some western missionaries entered Dehong and Nujiang areas and introduced Christianity and Catholicism.

1950 years ago, the Wa people used the natural calendar to divide a year into 10 seasons with the help of flowers and birds: flowering month, bird call month, volcano burning month, hunger month, harvest month, wine-making month, hunting month, Chinese New Year month and building month. The main festivals are bathhouse party, Harvest Festival and Spring Festival. Tengchong Yi people in Dehong Autonomous Prefecture celebrate the "Knife and Pole Festival" on February 17 of the lunar calendar every year. The activity is divided into two days. On the first day, I burned a lot of coal with chestnut wood. At the beginning of the performance, five people jumped out, danced barefoot around the charcoal fire, and then "struck a light and rolled", that is, rolled on the charcoal fire; "Wash your face with fire" means to lift your face with charcoal; Finally, the chain burned in charcoal goes around in your hand, called "zipper", and people dance together after the performance. The next day, when I arrived at Daoshan, I tied 32 sharpened long knives horizontally to two four-foot thick chestnut poles, forming a ladder shape with red flags and firecrackers hanging on it, and began to perform in the sound of firecrackers and gongs and drums.