What are the characteristics of yurts?

Mongolian yurt is a kind of house where Mongolian herders live. Convenient construction and relocation, suitable for students majoring in animal husbandry.

Mongolian yurts with nomadic characteristics (20 pieces) and nomadic life. Mongolian yurts are round, large and small, and large ones can accommodate more than 600 people; Small enough to hold 20 people. The construction of yurts is very simple. It is generally built in a place suitable for the growth of aquatic plants. Draw a circle according to the size of the yurt first, and then you can start building it according to the size of the circle. Although the yurt looks small in appearance, it has a large use area, good indoor air circulation, good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, and is not afraid of wind and rain. It is very suitable for people who often move to pasture to live and use. Mongolian yurt is the name of Mongolian herdsmen's housing. "Treasure" means "home" and "home".

Traditional folk houses of Mongolian and other ethnic groups. In ancient times, it was called vault, also called felt tent, tent and felt bag. Mongolian is called Geer and Manchu is called Mongolian yurt or Mongolian blog. The residence created by this nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life is easy to disassemble and assemble, which is convenient for nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu period and has been in use ever since. The yurt is circular, and the surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each of which is 130 ~ 160 cm high and about 230 cm long. It is a net made of wooden strips, and several pieces are connected to form a circle. The umbrella-shaped dome covers and is connected with the side wall. The top and four walls of the tent are covered or surrounded by felt and fixed with ropes. A wooden frame door panel is left on the southwest wall, and a circular skylight is left at the top of the tent, so that the Mongolian yurt-traditional Chinese painting Tan Yujing [1] can be lit and ventilated, and smoke can be exhausted, and it can be covered with felt at night or in stormy days. The smallest diameter of the yurt is more than 300 centimeters, and the big one can accommodate hundreds of people. During the Mongol khanate, Khan and the king's tent could accommodate 2000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and swimming. In semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, more fixed buildings will be built, surrounded by earth walls and covered with reeds; Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into detachable and non-detachable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is pulled by ox cart or carriage. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the number of Mongolian immigrants increased, and only in nomadic areas were there yurts, which were called "Geer" by the Mongols. Since there were Mongols, people began to use yurts. Long time no see. But when did you start using it? Nobody knows the exact time. Mongolian yurts have become the daily residence of Mongolians. Most Mongolians are nomadic tribes, and they drive their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels to find new pastures all year round. Mongolian yurts can be packed, carried by several humped camels, transported to the next station, and then pitched.

Edit this paragraph

brief introduction

Mongolian yurts were called vault, "felt bag" or "felt tent" in ancient times. According to "A Brief Introduction to Black Tatar", "There are two kinds of vaults: Yanjing's system, with Vitamin bone, just like southern thinking, can be rolled up, opened in front of the door, like umbrella bone, and opened at the top, which is called skylight. Both of them are made of felt and can be installed immediately. The grass is made of willow and the diameter is fixed with felt. Can't be rolled up and carried in the car. " With the development of animal husbandry economy and the improvement of herdsmen's living standards, domes or felt tents are gradually replaced by yurts. The yurt has a circular spire, and the top and periphery are covered with a thick layer or two of felt. Ordinary Mongolian yurt

Mongolian food (17 pieces), the top height is 10- 15 feet, the wall height is about 50 feet, and the door opens to the south or southeast. The four major structures in the bag are Hana (Mongolian yurt fence support), skylight (Mongolian "brain cover"), rafters and doors. Mongolian yurts are divided into four, six, eight, 10 and 12 hanas according to the number of hanas. 12 Hana's yurt is rare on the grassland, covering an area of more than 600 square meters, and looks like a castle from a distance. In the past, dozens of such big yurts got together, which was very spectacular.

Mongolian yurts began to appear in the Xiongnu period and have been in use ever since. The yurt has a round appearance, a conical top and a cylindrical wall. The surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each of which is about 160 cm high, and the cover is built with wooden strips. Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into separable and inseparable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is carried by ox carts. Herdsmen such as Kazakhs and Tajiks also lived in yurts when they were nomadic.

On the vast Mongolian plateau, the cold wind is howling, and the earth is dotted with many white tents, which are yurts.

Mongolian yurts are the daily residence of many Mongolians. Most Mongolians chase their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels all year round, looking for new pastures. Mongolian yurts can be packed into luggage, transported to the foothold by several camels, and tents can be set up again.

Mongolian traditional houses. Popular in pastoral areas such as Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A smoky round sky. The door is small and faces south or southeast. It has the characteristics of simple manufacture, convenient transportation, cold resistance and suitability for grazing. It is often used to mean "home" and "house" in Mongolian. In ancient times, yurts were called "vault", "felt tent" or "felt house".

After the yurt was built, people decorated it. Spread a thick carpet and hang picture frames and posters around it. Now some furniture and electrical appliances have also entered the yurt, and life is very comfortable and happy. The biggest advantage of yurts is that they are easy to disassemble and move. When erected, "Hannah" will be opened to form a circular fence. When disassembled, Hana will be folded back to reduce its size and can also be used as a cow board. A yurt only needs 40 humped camels or 10 two-wheeled ox carts, and it can be built in 20 hours.

Edit this paragraph

culture

The vast grassland in yurts is a big stage for Mongolians to March on horseback and graze freely, and yurts are the most suitable for nomadic people to live in. As a unique cultural model of nomadic people, Mongolian yurts have gone through a long time with the Mongolian people.

Mongolian yurts have a process of development and evolution: ancient artificial caves, built with wood and stone along the cave walls, and capped with some cross bars. There should be an opening at the top of the cave for people to go in and out, smoke, ventilate, light and ventilate, and then it will be developed into the door and skylight of the yurt. At that time, this cave was called Ulvi, and the original meaning of Ur was "digging". In modern Mongolian, it has been specifically referred to the roof felt on the skylight of Mongolian yurts, and extended to "home" and "household". In the hunter-gatherer era, Mongols lived in shacks. This circular vault is supported by living trees and covered with birch bark, which is simple to make and easy to discard. With the transition from gathering to hunting, the range of primitive human activities has become wider and wider. At the same time, some herbivores were gradually domesticated into domestic animals, and embryos of animal husbandry appeared. This requires a room that is easy to move, so buildings like shacks came into being. During the transition from hunting age to nomadic age, its residence changed from shack to tent, which was covered with fur and supported by trees. Entering the animal husbandry yurt society, the bracket becomes Hana, and the skylight is combined with the ceiling mentioned above, and the prototype of yurt is formed. Felt tents also appeared. It looked like a canopy covered with wool rafters. According to the summary of Hulunbeier, "Ordinary Mongolians in Hulunbeier are confined to nomadism, living on aquatic plants, and their migration is impermanent, all of which stop at the vault. This kind of tent business can protect against snow, tigers and wolves. " The Manchu language of "vault" is called "Mongolian Bo", and the common pronunciation of "Bo" is "Bao". At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Liangsi, a Liao native, wrote a poem: "The north wind blows snow, the cock crows down, the candlelight is dark, and the night is cool." He sang Mongolian yurts.

Handel in ancient times. This is a Mongolian yurt used by ancient Mongolian nobles. Also known as "Wobaotuo", also known as "palace account". Compared with ordinary yurts, this kind of yurt has three characteristics:

First, it's huge. Ordinary yurts are about thirteen or four feet high and five or six feet wide. In ancient times, Handel was much taller. According to Guillaume de Rubru quis, "They made these tents very big, sometimes up to 30 feet wide. Once, the width between two tracks left by a car on the ground was twenty feet. The tent is placed on the car, with both sides protruding at least five feet from the wheels. There is such a situation that a car pulls the tent of twenty-two cows ... "This giant yurt pulled by twenty-two cows is a very expressive creation.

Secondly, the Handuo used by the ancient nobles was magnificent. Xu Huo recorded in "A Brief Account of the Black Tartars": "When you get to the grassland, set up a gold account. The system is a big felt tent on the grassland, with a wicker as a window in the middle, dragged by more than 1000 lines. The threshold and columns are all wrapped in gold, hence the name. " The Secret History of Mongolia says: "Wang Han has no idea to set up a gold account." The tent is made of fine wool cloth, and here is a gorgeous account made of fine wool cloth. This decorated palace account is also called "Golden Temple".

Third, the shape of the palace tent is slightly different from that of the yurt. The shelf of the palace tent was made by Wu Ni inserting into Harigas and erecting Hana. Shaped like a human neck. Guillaume de Rubru quis called Mongo Khan's palace a "hair room with a neck". The crystal guide says that "the account of the heavenly palace is called the palace account". The palace tent is gourd-shaped, and the gourd symbolizes the truth of Fulu; The bottom is peach-shaped, imitating the heavenly palace. Now Genghis Khan's tomb still has the shape of this palace account. The golden roof of the palace tent shines brightly, and the Mongolian yurts are covered with yellow silks and satins and covered with dark green tassels, which are extremely rich, showing the unique architectural art of the Mongolian nation.