Xiangyang, a piece of cultivated land, competes for cultivated land and leads to controversy.

Xiangyang, Hubei Province has been competing with Nanyang, Henan Province for Zhuge Liang's hard work. Nanyang attaches great importance to cultural and historical resources and prefers to investigate, study, collect and sort out historical documents, documents and cultural relics. Xiangyang, on the other hand, prefers public relations propaganda and publicity, confusing "living in Longzhong" with "farming Nanyang" with advertising effect.

The historical struggle between the two places is full of coincidental interest. During the Daoguang period, Gu Jiaheng, a native of Hubei, went to Nanyang as a magistrate. At that time, Xiangyang people and Nanyang people went to court for Zhuge Liang. Gu Zhifu is inconvenient to offend Xiangyang and doesn't want to offend Nanyang. In desperation, he wrote a couplet:

"The heart is in the court, regardless of the original home; Famous in the world, how to distinguish Xiangyang Nanyang? "

This couplet is placed in Wuhou Temple. However, Gu Zhifu and Mud did not resolve the dispute, but made the two places compete for Zhuge Liang more confident, and the bad feelings between the two places became deeper and deeper after the "couplet door".

1990, China Post issued the second set of special stamps on Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and one of them, "Visiting the Caotang", touched an old grudge in Xiangyang, Nanyang. The two places competed for the starting place of this group of stamps, and a "stamp gate" broke out. Finally, we had to hold the launching ceremony in two places.

In 2003, People's Education Publishing House re-included Longzhong Dui in junior middle school Chinese textbooks, with the following remarks: "Longzhong Dui, the name of the mountain, is located in Xiangyang, Hubei.

The word "Nanyang" in the Teacher's Watch is annotated as: "Nanyang, county name, now Xiangyang, Hubei." This annotation obviously violated the most basic historical facts and angered Nanyang and the domestic literary and historical circles. The "textbook door" broke out and Nanyang also held a protest signed by 10,000 people. People's Education Society has apologized to Nanyang for this matter.

On June 8th, 2008, a CCTV column inserted a city advertisement in Xiangyang, Hubei Province-"Zhuge plows fields, mountains and rivers are Xiangyang City", which aroused the protest of Nanyang people and called it "advertising door". Shortly thereafter, the advertisement stopped broadcasting.

On August 28th, 20 14, the stamp Zhuge Liang was first issued in Nanyang, and it was held in Wuhou Temple, Wolonggang, Nanyang, where it was first issued, which once again clarified Zhuge Liang's historical position in Nanyang's cultivated land. Wolonggang in Nanyang is Zhuge Liang's real training place, Zhuge Cao Lu in Nanyang is the real place to visit the thatched cottage, and Nanyang is an important inheritance place of Zhuge Liang culture. It is more meaningful and special to issue Zhuge Liang stamps and hold the first event in Nanyang. It can not only further carry forward and inherit Zhuge Liang culture, but also further enhance the popularity of Nanyang Zhuge Liang brand and expand Nanyang's influence.

Some historical materials agree that Zhuge Liang once lived in Xiangyang Longzhong, such as Zi Tongzhi Jian, "Zhuge Liang first lived in Xiangyang Longzhong." Historians believe that Longzhong was in Xiangyang and had no direct connection with Zhuge Liang's cultivation of Nanyang. However, it is obvious why Xiangyang should strive for "Zhuge Liang's ploughing", which will expand its influence for Xiangyang's tourism development and facilitate investment attraction. On the other hand, Nanyang attaches great importance to the protection of cultural and historical resources. In the consciousness of Nanyang people, Zhuge Liang has been working in Nanyang for more than 1800 years, and Xiangyang can no longer rewrite history, so it is not active enough. Perhaps there are too many celebrity resources in Nanyang, and Nanyang people despise arguing with Xiangyang people. After all, a large number of cultural and historical records and cultural relics prove that Zhuge Liang was indeed cultivated in Nanyang. The executive editor of Henan Dictionary and the history of Henan scholars have devoted themselves to studying the history and folk customs of Henan for many years. He began to pay attention to the secret of Zhuge Liang's "ploughing Nanyang" in 2003. He believes that under the premise that both sides in the dispute acknowledge the historical fact that Zhuge Liang cultivated Nanyang, only by returning to the cognition of the historical geographical term Nanyang from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty can Zhuge Liang's cultivated land be truly determined. Our reporter "Six Questions" Shi intends to uncover the secret of the word "Nanyang".

To understand history, we must start with "farming and studying in Nanyang"

Q: How did the sunny view come into being?

Shi Xiaosheng: More than 100 years after the publication of The History of the Three Kingdoms, the main points of Xiangyang theory were put forward in Hanshu Chunqiu written by Xiangyang people in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was misinformed and formed. This is also the main reason for the dispute between Xiangyang and Nanyang.

It should be pointed out that another reason for the "Xiangyang theory" is that "the records of Zhuge Liang's dedication to Xiangyang Longzhong in the past dynasties" are not accurate, and there has never been a record of Zhuge Liang's dedication to Xiangyang Longzhong in the later Han Dynasty and the annals of the Three Kingdoms.

But the History of the Three Kingdoms only tells us the phrase "plowing Nanyang". Therefore, we can only begin with this sentence when we interpret Zhuge Liang's Plowing Fields today.

When we re-examine this issue today, we should rule out all controversial views on this matter after the Han and Jin Dynasties, let history return to the undisputed official history of the Han and Jin Dynasties, the history of the Three Kingdoms themselves, the original historical materials before and the historical materials recognized by the latter two theories, and determine where Nanyang is according to the evolution of its administrative divisions.

Twenty-four years after Xiangyang County was upgraded to Nanyang County, Zhuge Liang began to write "Farming Nanyang"

The second question: Xiangyang County was established when Zhuge Liang wrote "A Model". What is the relationship between Longzhong and Nanyang today?

Stone: Due to the change of dynasties, administrative divisions often change. Since ancient times, people have a habit that when tracing back to history, in addition to quoting ancient place names when necessary, the place names recorded in writing are generally used to indicate the place where historical events occurred, and the author of The History of the Three Kingdoms is no exception.

In the 13th year of Jian 'an (203), Cao Cao established Xiangyang County, which has jurisdiction over Xiangyang, Zhonglu, Ganxian, Yicheng, Ganxian and Linzhou in the south, and also over Du Shan and Dengxian in the former Nanyang County. Xiangyang was upgraded to a position parallel to Nanyang County. More than 20 years later, in 227, the Three Kingdoms were established in Shu, and Zhuge Liang wrote "a model" with the words "plowing Nanyang". "Nanyang" in this sentence should have nothing to do with Xiangyang. Just like people in Qingfeng and Nanle County no longer say they are from Hebei, while people in Wu 'an and Linzhang say they are from Henan (before the founding of New China, Qingfeng and Nanle belonged to Hebei Province, while Wu 'an and Linzhang belonged to Henan Province).

This expression is very clear in the History of the Three Kingdoms: for example, the biography of Shu Shuqi Pang Tong: "Pang Tong is a scholar, and Xiangyang people are also." "Shu Shu Jiu Ma Liang Biography": "Ma Liang's ci is often in season, and Xiangyang Yicheng people are also." At the same time, Nanyang people Huang Zhong, Wen Pin and Han Ji marked it as: "The word han sheng is also from Nanyang." "The word Zhong Ye, Nanyang Wan Ren people also." "The word Gong, Nanyang also blocks people."

The birthplace of the ancients has always been based on the county, that is, the county is in front and the county is behind. The county seat can also be called the county seat. The above biographies show that in this period, Xiangyang and Nanyang were equally matched and both were counties. At the same time, Deng County at this time belongs to Xiangyang County. Whether it belongs to Dengjun in Longzhong today or not, at this stage, in the eyes of Zhuge Liang and Chen Shou, Xiangyang, which governs Longzhong area, must not be confused with Nanyang, which is also a county. It is even more impossible to equate Nanyang in Longzhong today.

Chen Shou believes that "Nanyang" is Nanyang, not anywhere else, and there is no need to comment.

Question 3: When was the place name used by Chen Shou when he wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms divided?

Shi Xiaosheng: Chen Shou (233~297) wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms around the tenth year of Taishi (274), nearly 70 years after Zhuge Liang devoted himself to Nanyang (two to ten years after Jian 'an, that is, 197-2007). If all the divisions were made 70 years ago, it would inevitably bring a lot of unnecessary trouble to the readers at that time, so

During the reign of Taikang in Jin Dynasty (280-289), after the Three Kingdoms returned to Jin, Emperor Wu of Jin established Yiyang County in Xinye, dengzhou city, Tanghe, Tongbai in the south of Nanyang County, Zaoyang in Hubei Province, Suizhou and other counties to govern Xinye. In addition, in the 13th year of Jian 'an, Deng Gu County was placed in Xiangyang County, and it was divided into Dengcheng County, which now governs Fancheng area and belongs to Xiangyang County. Dengxian county belongs to yiyang county. Nanxiang County is located in Xixia and Xichuan in the southwest of Nanyang County and Shiyan, Xunxian and Laohekou in Hubei Province.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xinye, which belonged to Nanyang County, was never labeled as "Nanyang New Savage" by the division of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period when marking the birthplace of characters. In the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Xinye people were all labeled as "Nanyang New Savage", such as Deng Yu, the ancestor of Deng Zhi, and Xiangyang people were all labeled as "Xiangyang people in Nanjun County", such as Pang Gongchuan in The Biography of Yimin. "Pang Gong, south county xiangyang people also. Juxian Mountain. " Pang Degong is Pang Tong's uncle.

Imagine, if Zhuge Liang really plowed in Longzhong, could Chen Shou turn a blind eye to the wrong description of "plowing Nanyang" in the model, which was obviously inconsistent with the administrative division at that time? It is the basic common sense of historians to make necessary comments on the place names whose names and ownership have changed due to changes in administrative divisions in the past. According to the standards of a famous historian like Chen Shou, he would not have made such an omission. There may be only one fact, that is, Chen Shou thinks that "Nanyang" is Nanyang, not anywhere else, and there is no need to comment.

The bizarre conclusion that "Nanyang is Longzhong" is either accepted by generations, speculated or perjured.

Four questions: During the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period, did Nanyang refer to Wancheng?

Stone: In the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms, Nanyang was the county name, such as "Biography of Wei Zhi and Yuan Shu": "There are millions of households in Nanyang". Therefore, in the History of the Three Kingdoms, most of the specific locations of events in Nanyang County are clearly marked, such as Wei: "In the first month of the second spring, Cao Cao went to Wan." Wait a minute. Wan governs Nanyang County here, which is today's Nanyang City.

"History of the Later Han Dynasty Geography" contains: "Wan's hometown, Shen, Qu Shencheng and Beishan are in the south of the county ... there are industrial officials and iron officials. Mangyue Nanyang. " Wang Mang was the first to be named Nanyang in Wancheng. Since then, Nanyang refers to Nanyang County and Wancheng.

The tenth history of the Han Dynasty: "In the first month of the following year, Emperor Guangwu set out to capture the mausoleum, and soldiers such as Xia Jiang, new city thief Zhang Yin, Wang Chang and Li Xingong also arrived, all of whom attacked Nanyang ... In June of four years, Han soldiers set out from Nanyang to Kunyang." Nanyang is used here, and Wancheng is used in the same books "Ji of Emperor Guangwu" and "Biography of Liu Xuan".

As can be seen from historical data, Nanyang, Jingzhou and Nanjun, as county names, are often used side by side with specific territorial county names such as Ye, Mao, Wuyin, Kunyang, Xiangyang and Gongan. Therefore, the county names widely used in history books do not refer to the whole county territory, but specifically to the county administrative location. As mentioned above, "Han soldiers set out from Nanyang and arrived in Kunyang." "From Nanyang, the road is sick, to falling leaves, collapse." These records, needless to say, everyone knows that they came to Kunyang and Yexian from Wancheng County. According to Xiangyang, "Nanyang" refers to the whole territory of Nanyang County, and Wancheng is the downtown area of Nanyang today. Only after the Sui Dynasty can the two replace each other, so the later Han Dynasty and the History of the Three Kingdoms can't go on studying. Is it necessary to research where Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops from Nanyang County? Therefore, Xiangyang said that it was the first time in the history of Wanxian that Wanxian was changed to Nanyang in Sui Dynasty.

In the above two history books, it is difficult for us to find an example of using the place name "Nanyang" to address places outside Wancheng. From this point of view, the conclusion that "Nanyang is Longzhong" has been accepted by generations, speculated or perjured.

Zhuge Liang also mentioned Nanyang in "The Example", which undoubtedly refers to Wancheng.

Five questions: There is a dispute about the authenticity of The Teacher's Watch. Can it affect its definition of the word "Nanyang"?

Shi: That's all right.

This pattern first appeared in the Han, Jin and Chunqiu, written by Zhuge Qiao (204-229) and inspired by Zhuge Ke (203-253).

The Book of Classics says: "Cao Cao was resourceful, used his troops like Sun and Wu, but was trapped in Nanyang ..." Nanyang here refers to the fact that Cao Cao was defeated by Zhang Xiu in Wancheng and was shot in the face.

Zhuge Qiao and Zhuge Ke are Zhuge Liang's nephews, and they are both alive at the same time. Whether it is true or not, their cognition of Nanyang place names should be the same as Zhuge Liang's.

Therefore, "plowing Nanyang" in the former mode and "trapped Nanyang" in the latter mode refer to Wancheng.

According to "Xiangyang Theory", Nanyang in the "front model" is in the middle of Deng County, and Nanyang in the "back model" should also be in the middle of Deng County. Isn't that ridiculous?

Zhuge Liang used "Nanyang" and "Cao Lu" instead of "Xiangyang" and "Longzhong", not because he had no feelings for Xiangyang. After all, Xiangyang was the place where he lived, but the place where he farmed was really not there, but in Nanyang.

Six questions: What was Zhuge Liang's activity route before he came out of the mountain?

Stone: Longzhong is Zhuge Liang's hometown in Xiangyang, his hometown. Wollongong, Nanyang, is the cultivated land that Zhuge Liang and his brother did not want to rely on Liu Biao to find again after Zhuge Xuan's death.

In this regard, we can't help but mention that future generations learn to chisel teeth. Learn to cut your teeth (? ~ 383), Xiangyang. Generation is Jingchu Haozu, later than Hou Xiyu of Xiangyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His main works include the Spring and Autumn Period of Han and Jin Dynasties, Old Records of Xiangyang, Biography of Yi Junzi, and Collection of Tooth Cutting.

"Hanshu Jin Shu Chun Qiu" says: "The Liang family is in Dengxian County, Nanyang, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, and Longzhong, posthumous title." In addition, Book of Jin, Volume 82, Biography of Learning to Chisel Teeth, records that after he was appointed as the prefect of Xingyang, he wrote a secret letter to Huan Wen's younger brother: "Looking at Longzhong in the west, I miss the song of Wolong; Looking at the white sand in the east, thinking about the voice of Feng Chu ... The legacy still exists and the stars are everywhere. " It is these records that triggered the dispute between Xiangyang and Nanyang. Later, according to his records, Shui Jing Zhu and Romance of the Three Kingdoms gradually evolved into such viewpoints as "devoting to China" and "being in China".

However, if we carefully study the records of Zhuge Liang's former residence, we can find that there are no such keywords as "Caotang" and "Three Visits". He only mentioned that Longzhong was Zhuge Liang's old home and residence.

"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" said in the thirty-sixth chapter that "(Xu) said: Xuanzu, Liang and his younger brother Zhuge Jun plowed Nanyang and tasted the song". There is a place where I live, called Wolong, because my name is Mr. Wolong. ..... Feng Chu is Xiangyang Pang Tong. Long Fu is Zhu Gekongming. ..... Xuande woke up like a dream. Lead people (from Fancheng) back to Xinye, there must be thick coins, and Zhang Guan went to Wan to invite Zhuge Liang. "Just like Xiangyang in the play, Nanyang in Henan asked the crew to apologize.

In Zhuge Liang's Model, he wrote: "I am dressed in cloth and cultivated in Nanyang ..." But about Zhuge Liang's farming, Xiangyang in Hubei and Nanyang in Henan have been contending for thousands of years. The new "Three Kingdoms" lit a fire on this issue, because the cultivated land was "moved" to Xiangyang, which caused strong dissatisfaction in Nanyang.

The new Three Kingdoms is biased towards Xiangyang.

"In a scene in the thirty-second episode of the New Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang, who was plowed in Nanyang, is said to live in Longzhong, Xiangyang, and Mr. Wolong, who lives in seclusion in Nanyang, also moved to Xiangyang." On the 6th, Zhang Xiaogang, vice president of Nanyang Zhuge Liang Research Association, told reporters about his incomprehension and anger. "This is just a fabrication. How can the new reflection be less serious? "

The reporter noticed that there was a scene in the 32nd episode of the new Three Kingdoms. Xu Shu recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei, saying, "Thirty miles outside Xiangyang, there is a Shan Ye named Longzhong, where there lived a contemporary wizard ... whose surname is Zhuge. Because I live in Wolong, I am also called Mr. Wolong. "

Zhang Xiaogang said that according to historical records, Xiangyang was a very small county during the Three Kingdoms period, and there was no place name Longzhong at that time. Longzhong was then called "Atou Mountain". In the new Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Xu Shu said that there was a chess piece named Long Zhongzhong in Shan Ye, which was an extremely "goofing off" joke. Zhang Xiaogang said: "The new History of the Three Kingdoms is based on Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which not only writes that Zhuge Liang once lived in Xiangyang, but also writes that Zhuge Liang devoted himself to Wollongong, Nanyang."

Nanyang netizens smashed TV in front of Wollongong

The plot that Zhuge Liang was moved to Xiangyang in the new "History of the Three Kingdoms" aroused strong dissatisfaction from Nanyang people. Nanyang netizens pulled up banners in front of the "Dragon of the Ages" archway in front of Wolonggang Mountain. Thirty pupils read the front model in unison, saying, "I'm dressed in cloth and I'm ploughing in Nanyang ...". After the activity, several people carried out a TV set and smashed it on the spot.

Nanyang asked the New Three Kingdoms to apologize.

Why is the New Three Kingdoms so? Zhang Xiaogang believes that when the new "Three Kingdoms" was broadcast, Xiangfan pushed its recorded propaganda film on CCTV, and combined with the incident that Xiangfan people changed their textbooks a few years ago, it was speculated that there should be some close connection between Xiangfan and the new "Three Kingdoms" crew behind the scenes.

Zhang Xiaogang said that the Zhuge Liang Research Association of Nanyang regarded the behavior of the New Three Kingdoms as a kind of plunder, and taking Zhuge Liang and Wollongong away from Nanyang actually robbed Nanyang of its culture and human resources. The directors and screenwriters of the new "Three Kingdoms" should respond to this matter, correct the wrong practices in time, and apologize to Nanyang and all the misled audiences. Otherwise, Nanyang Zhuge Liang Research Association will take necessary measures, even resort to the law, to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Nanyang's historical and cultural resources and human resources. Zhou, a famous writer and winner of the first national Lu Xun literature prize, said: Farming and former residence are two concepts. As long as you have lived there, you can call them former residences. Zhuge Liang once lived in Shandong, Yexian, Henan, Tongzhaibao, Tanghe and Xiangyang, Hubei. So it is feasible to say that Xiangyang is the former residence of Zhuge Liang. As for cultivated land, the model can explain everything. "Cultivated land" does not necessarily mean planting crops in the fields, but it may mean living in seclusion, but it is more important to discuss knowledge and care about the world.

Nanyang Wolonggang was founded in Wei and Jin Dynasties and flourished in Tang and Song Dynasties. It is the secluded place of Zhuge Liang, an outstanding politician and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period, the place where Emperor Han Zhaodi (Liu Bei) visited the thatched cottage, and the birthplace of "Three Points in the World". It is also the site of Zhuge Liang's "ploughing Nanyang" and the place where Zhuge Liang was sacrificed in previous dynasties. Liu Yuxi wrote "Humble Room Inscription": "Zhuge Lu in Nanyang, Ting Yun Pavilion in West Shu". Li Bai's "Journey to the South": "Who knows that Wolong guests sing long and worry about their temples". As early as the Tang Dynasty, Wollongong in Nanyang had become a famous cultural landscape, and was praised as "the first post in the world" by later generations. Nanyang is the land where Zhuge Liang, a famous politician and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period, cultivated for ten years and was the cradle of his success. Nanyang Wolonggang has been listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit, a national second-class cultural relics museum and a national AAAA-level tourist attraction. Located in the west of Nanyang, a famous historical and cultural city in China (Wolong District, Nanyang City), Nanyang Wolonggang is the first scenic spot in southwest Henan. Due to the seclusion of Zhuge Liang, a famous generation, domestic and foreign tourists come to Wuhou Temple in Wolonggang, Nanyang every year.