Understanding of drama

The question is a bit general, I don’t know what aspect you want to know

The first Chinese people to come into contact with Western drama were diplomats who went to the West. Either because of diplomatic etiquette or out of curiosity, they watched the performance of Western dramas. Obviously, they are curious about this, and what interests them the most is: first, they enjoy talking about the beauty of Western theater architecture, which is "more magnificent than the palace"; second, they are surprised by the noble status of Western artists, the so-called "British theater" The dramatists are artists, not as cheap as the Chinese actors." "The reputation of the actors is so important that they compete with the princes." Third, he laments the realistic scenery of Western dramas, which "make the viewer feel that they are not human if they are immersed in the scene." ; Fourth, they value or exaggerate the social function of Western drama. Taking France as an example, after the Franco-German War, France was defeated, so it raised a huge sum of money to build a theater "to encourage the people of the country to bravely take revenge."

Later, with the opening of China's coastal ports to the outside world, some Western missionaries and foreign expatriates poured into China, and Shanghai became their main gathering place. Here they entertained themselves by performing some Western plays. In 1866, expats established the first Western-style theater in Shanghai, the Lyceum Theater. It was run by foreigners and regularly performed plays written by the amateur theater troupe ADC.

Some Chinese people who have studied abroad or are interested in Western dramas often go to the Lyceum Theater. They are lucky enough to watch Western dramas in China, and gradually become familiar with this new artistic style. More specific understanding.

It should be pointed out that at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, when Western dramas poured into China, traditional Chinese operas were also experiencing the impact of changing thoughts. At that time, some people in the opera industry were very dissatisfied that the old plays could not reflect the reality of Chinese society, so they set off a wave of opera improvement and created "new operas based on current affairs".

The reference for improving opera is Western realistic drama in the eyes of Chinese people. Wang Xiaonong (1858-1918), a famous opera artist at that time, created and adapted many operas that referenced the past and present, in order to satirize the corruption of the Qing government and promote the "reform". In the performance of this new current affairs drama, the professions of raw, dan, net, mo, and ugliness are no longer so clearly divided, and the stage settings tend to be realistic. As a result, we saw the contemporary people in "He Fan, Flower Feathers and Yellow Mandarins" shuttle across the stage with realistic scenery. Even some foreign stories have been compiled into new dramas about current affairs, with some "foreigners" in suits performing the routine actions of Chinese operas. For example, in the play "The Tragedy of the Fall of Poland", it just added some dialogues and reduced some singing.

In China, another force promoting the reform of opera comes from new schools. At that time, some schools followed the example of Western student dramas and used holidays to allow students to hold dramatic benefit performances aimed at praising gods or relieving disasters. Obviously, the difficult Chinese opera Kung Fu is not easy for students to master, but Western drama, which uses dialogue and movement expressions to express ideas, is easy for them to imitate. Therefore, it is reasonable for them to abandon opera and adopt Western drama in their performances.

In 1899, Chinese students at St. John's College in Shanghai wrote and performed a new play called "Official History." The play describes a wealthy country man who visited a wealthy gentleman's house in the city. He was at a loss when he saw the luxurious scene. He made many jokes and was very embarrassed. After returning home, this man determined to become an official, but he actually donated a gift to become a county magistrate. Although he also learned some official etiquette, he couldn't solve the case. Later, he was finally dismissed from his post. He took off his official uniform on the spot, but what was still exposed underneath was the homespun clothes of a countryman.

This play has "neither singing nor workmanship". The performance method is completely different from traditional opera, but some of the plots are adapted from traditional opera. The development of student acting activities broke the limitation of Chinese people's traditional consciousness that acting was a lowly profession, and laid the foundation for later overseas students' acting activities and literati acting activities. In addition, the actors in this type of performance are Chinese, and the audiences they attract are mostly ordinary Chinese people. This makes Western dramas no longer exclusive to a few foreigners, but begins to slowly reach the Chinese people. Therefore, people regard students' new current affairs dramas as the pioneers of early Chinese dramas.

Information about Chinese drama art:

Drama is a traditional Chinese drama form.

It is a combination of various factors including literature, music, dance, art, martial arts, acrobatics and performing arts. Its origin has a long history. Song and dance have sprouted as early as in primitive society. In the long process of development, after more than 800 years of continuous enrichment, innovation and development, a relatively complete opera art system has gradually been formed. Although its origins come from three different art forms: folk singing and dancing, rapping, and burlesque, the biggest feature that distinguishes a type of opera is that it comes from different vocal systems. These musical tunes are based on the languages, folk songs, and folk music of the regions where they are produced, and incorporate music from other regions. Most of the characters in various dramas are played by different roles such as Sheng, Dan, Jing, Chou and so on. The performance focuses on the use of programmed movements based on life and virtual space processing. It pays attention to the art of singing, acting, reciting and finding, and the performance and transportation are rich in dance. It is highly technical and constitutes a complete opera art system that is different from other dramas.

According to incomplete statistics, there are about 360 kinds of operas in various ethnic regions in my country, and there are tens of thousands of traditional plays. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, many adapted traditional plays appeared. New historical plays and modern plays showing modern life themes were warmly welcomed by the audience. The more popular and famous opera types include: Peking Opera, Kun Opera, Yue Opera, Henan Opera, Hunan Opera, Cantonese Opera, Qin Opera, Sichuan Opera, Ping Opera, Jin Opera, Han Opera, Chao Opera, Fujian Opera, Qi Opera, Hebei Bangzi, Huangmei Opera, Hunan Flower Drum Opera... and more than fifty Among all opera types, Peking Opera is the most popular and can be seen all over the country without being restricted by region. According to art legend, there were four major opera types in Beijing in the early Qing Dynasty, namely Nankun, Beiyi, Dongliu and Xibang. According to records recorded in the eighth year of Jiaqing: "In the Ming Dynasty, Kun Opera was introduced, and it was full of music. Yiyang, Bangzi, Qin, and Liu operas were all popular in the north and south. Sheng and chime had the same sound. Songs and dances were prosperous, and there were many actors and actresses. I am not impressed by Beijing." It illustrates this historical event at that time. Among them, the so-called Nankun is the Kunshan tune popular in the Kunshan area in the south of the Yangtze River; the Yiyang tune in the Yiyang area of ??Jiangxi is a combination of Beiyi Nan Opera and Beiqu, which is the Gao tune that spread to the north and formed the Beijing tune; the East tune was popular in the capital at that time; Liu is the Liuzi tune popular in Shandong; Xibang is naturally the Bangzi tune popular in northwest my country, which is also the Qin tune. It illustrates the grand occasion of artists from all over the world gathering in Beijing.

From the current point of view, the above four major tunes have far exceeded their original scope. Some have already spread to many provinces across the country. Yiyang tune (ie Gao tune) is even more popular in Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Hunan. , Hubei, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Hebei are widely circulated. Therefore, relevant people believe that this statement is not scientific, but this historically formed statement still objectively reflects historical facts. Judging from the current distribution of opera types, Kun Opera still has a considerable audience base in Shanghai, Nanjing, Zhejiang, and Hunan. Yiyang tune not only took root in the north, but also played an important role in the formation of Peking Opera and some northern operas. Even in the Jiangnan area, it was mainly spread in many northern-language operas. area. Although Liuzi tune (including Liuqin Opera influenced by it) is popular in Henan, northern Jiangsu, southern Hebei, northern Anhui and other places, its important activities are still in Qufu, Tai'an and Linyi in Shandong. Although Qin Opera (i.e. Shanxi Bangzi) and the Bangzi Opera developed from it in Shanxi, Henan, Hebei and other places are still popular in the north, the Qin Opera we see in Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi and other places has a deeper and more profound With ancient roots and a wider audience, the saying "Nankun, Beiyi, Dongliu, and Xibang" has a historical basis.

Characteristics of Chinese opera

1. It begins with separation and ends with harmony

Chinese opera is a comprehensive stage art style. Its characteristic is that many art forms are brought together under one standard to reflect their respective personalities in the same nature. These forms mainly include: poetry, music, and dance. Poetry refers to its literature, music refers to its musical accompaniment, and dance refers to its performance. In addition, it also includes stage art, costumes, makeup, etc.

These artistic factors in opera all serve one purpose, that is, to tell a story; they all follow one principle, that is, beauty

2. Operators use songs and dances to tell stories

Chinese opera Its characteristics can be summed up in one word: "It is called singing and dancing to tell stories" (Wu Guowei, a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty). Opera and drama are both types of drama, in which actors play characters and use dialogue and actions to express a storyline of a certain length. The difference is that opera uses musical dialogue and dance movements to express real life, that is, singing and dancing. It is also known as "singing, chanting, doing and playing".

3. Get the meaning from the form, get carried away with the form

Chinese opera uses a method of "taking the meaning and abandoning the form" to express life, just like in Chinese painting. Freehand landscapes use vertical and horizontal strokes to reflect all the beautiful things in life. Therefore, on the opera stage, there is a red-faced Guan Yu and a white-faced Cao Cao; there are long songs to cry, long sleeves to dance; there are spring colors without flowers and trees, and rivers without waves.

4. The stage is a small world, the world is a big stage

As a stage art, Chinese opera needs to face the contradiction between the narrowness of the stage and the breadth of life. Opera does not use the "three unities" principle to squeeze life to facilitate expression like drama. Instead, it uses virtual means to create flexible time and space, and relies on the actors' vivid performances and the audience's imagination and understanding to complete the depiction of the vast world. Therefore, opera can create the illusion of night under bright lights, and it can ride horses and boats on an empty stage.

Introduction to various opera types

1. Kun Opera

Kun Opera, also known as "Kun Opera" and "Kun Opera", is an ancient type of opera. It originated from Kunshan, Jiangsu Province and became popular after the mid-Ming Dynasty. At that time, most of the legendary plays were sung with Kun opera. In addition to Nan Kun Opera, which maintains the characteristics of early Kun Opera, many branches have also formed across the country, such as Kun Yi, Xiang Kun, Sichuan Kun, etc. in the north. Kun Opera's style is clear, soft, delicate and lyrical, with singing and dancing performances and rigorous routines. It is a representative of Chinese classical opera.

2. Gaoqiang

Gaoqiang is a general term for a system of opera tunes. It was originally called "Yiyang Tune" or "Yi Tune" because it originated in Yiyang, Jiangxi. It is characterized by simple performance, popular lyrics, high-pitched and exciting singing, one person sings while others sing along, and only golden drums are used to beat the music without orchestral accompaniment. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it began to spread from Jiangxi to all parts of the country, and different styles of Gaoqiang were formed in various places, such as Sichuan Opera Gaoqiang, Hunan Opera Gaoqiang, Gan Opera Gaoqiang, etc.

3. Bangzi tune

Bangzi tune is a general term for a system of opera tunes. It originated from the "Shanshan Bangzi" at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi. It is characterized by high-pitched and exciting singing and wooden bangs. Then, it developed eastward and southward, forming different forms of Bangzi tune in different regions, such as Shanxi Bangzi, Hebei Bangzi, Henan Bangzi, Shandong Bangzi, etc.

4. Peking Opera

Peking Opera, also known as "Pihuang", consists of two basic tones of "Xipi" and "Erhuang" as its musical material. It also sings some local operas. Tunes (such as Liuzi tune, blowing tune, etc.) and Kunqu opera tunes. It was formed in Beijing around 1840, became popular in the 1930s and 1940s, and was sometimes known as "national drama". It is still a major opera with national influence. With its comprehensive range of skills, mature performances and magnificent momentum, it is a representative of modern Chinese opera.

5. Pingju Opera

Pingju Opera was formed in the late Qing Dynasty on the basis of the ditty "Counterpart Lotus Falls" in Luanxian County, Hebei Province. It was first popular in rural areas of Hebei Province and then entered Tangshan, where it was called "Tangshan Luozi" . It became popular in the Northeast around the 1920s, and a number of actresses emerged. After the 1930s, the performance of Pingju opera became increasingly mature under the influence of Peking Opera, Hebei Bangzi and other operas, and schools such as Bai Yushuang, Xicailian, and Ailianjun emerged. After 1950, plays such as "Liu Qiao'er", "Flower as Matchmaker", "Third Sister Yang Complains" and "Qin Xianglian" had great influence across the country, and famous actors such as Xin Fengxia, Xiaobai Yushuang and Wei Rongyuan appeared. Ping Opera is still popular in Hebei and Beijing.

6. Hebei Bangzi

Hebei Bangzi is a Bangzi opera popular in Hebei and Beijing. It originated from Shanshan Bangzi at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi and spread to Hebei via Shanxi. , formed by combining Hebei and Beijing dialects. It maintains the characteristics of bangzi tune that uses bangs to strike verses. The singing tune is high-pitched and exciting, and it is good at performing tragic plots. Famous plays of Hebei Bangzi include "Butterfly Cup", "Yuanmen Zhanzi", "Du Shiniang", etc.

7. Jin Opera

Jin Opera, also known as "Zhonglu Bangzi", developed from Shanshan Bangzi at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi to Shanxi, and was formed by combining the characteristics of Shanxi language. It is now popular in central Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Hebei. It maintains the characteristics of bangzi tune that uses bangs to strike the rhythm. The music style is not only high-pitched, but also has a soft and delicate side. The performance is plain and simple. Famous plays include "Striking the Golden Bough", "Small Banquet", "Selling Paintings and Hacking the Door", etc.

8. Pu Opera

Pu Opera, also known as "Puzhou Bangzi", was developed from Shanshan Bangzi at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi. It is said that this is the original Shanshan Bangzi. It is now popular in southwestern Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. The tone is similar to Qinqiang, and the language is also in Shaanxi dialect. Famous plays include "Hanging Pictures", "Killing Dogs", "Killing Station", etc.

9. Shangdang Bangzi

Shangdang Bangzi, one of the four major Bangzi in Shanxi, was developed from the "Puzhou Bangzi" in southwestern Shanxi and is popular in southeastern Shanxi. Shangdang area. In addition to Bangzi tune, its vocal tunes also include Kun Opera, Pihuang, Luoluo tune, etc. The repertoire includes "Three Passes Banquet", "Dongmen Hui", etc.

10. Yanju

Yanju, also known as "Beilu Bangzi", developed from "Puzhou Bangzi" and is popular in northern Shanxi, Zhangjiakou, Hebei and Inner Mongolia. It is said that it had a great influence on the formation of Hebei Bangzi. The repertoire includes "Blood Handprint", "Golden Water Bridge", etc.

11. Qin Opera

Qin Opera, a local opera in Shaanxi Province, also called "Shaanxi Bangzi", is the earliest Bangzi opera and was formed around the middle of the Ming Dynasty. His performance is rough and simple, his singing is high-pitched and exciting, his voice is like a roar, and he is good at expressing tragic plots. The repertoire includes "Butterfly Cup", "Guishan Tour", "Three Drops of Blood", etc.

12. Two-person stage

Er-person stage is a type of opera popular in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Zhangjiakou, Hebei. It was formed on the basis of Inner Mongolia folk songs and Shanxi folk minor tunes, and later absorbed the performance elements of Jin Opera. And gradually mature. The performance has a strong sense of life and the lyrics are popular. The repertoire is mostly short plays showing rural life, such as "Walking to the West Exit", "Fifth Brother Herding Sheep", etc.

13. Ji Opera

Ji Opera is a popular type of opera in Jilin Province. Developed in the 1950s on the basis of the "Errenzhuan" in Northeast China, it has brisk tunes, popular lyrics, and simple and popular performances. Its repertoire includes "Yan Qing Selling Lines" and "Bao Gong Apologizes" and so on.

14. Longjiang Opera

Longjiang Opera is popular in the Heilongjiang area. It was formed in the 1950s on the basis of the "Errenzhuan", Lachang Opera, Shadow Play and local folk songs in Northeast China. The performance is lighthearted and humorous, and the lyrics are popular. The repertoire includes "Double Lock Mountain", "Huangtang Baoyu", etc.

15. Henan Opera

Henan Opera, also known as "Henan Bangzi". At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was developed from Shanshan Bangzi introduced to Henan, combined with Henan dialect and folk tunes, and is now popular in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and other provinces. There were originally four major schools of Yudong Diao, Henan West Diao, Xiangfu Diao and Shahe Diao, but now the main ones are Yudong Diao and Henan West Diao. There have been famous female actors such as Chang Xiangyu, Chen Suzhen, Cui Lantian, Ma Jinfeng, and Yan Lipin. The repertoire includes "Mu Guiying Takes Command", "The Matchmaker", "Flowers Fighting in the Palace", "The Flower Gun" and the modern drama "Chaoyanggou".

16. Yue Diao

Yue Diao, a local opera in Henan Province, is popular in Henan and northern Hubei. Because it uses "four string strings" as the main accompaniment instrument, it is also called "four string strings". ". The music is mainly in banqiang style, and also includes singing tunes. Famous actors include Shen Fengmei and others. The repertoire includes "Recruiting Jiang Wei", "Li Tianbao Recruiting a Marriage", "Zhuge Liang Pays Filial Piety", etc.

17. Henan Opera

Henan Opera, a local opera in Henan Province, is popular in Henan Province and northwest Hubei. It was developed from the folk art "Henan Opera". The singing style is soft and melodious, and it is known for its tragic content. The repertoire includes "Rolling Mat", "Chen Sanliang", "Flower Pavilion", etc.

18. Shandong Bangzi

Shandong Bangzi, a local opera in Shandong Province, is popular in the Heze area of ??Shandong Province. Because the place was called "Caozhou" in ancient times, it is also called "Caozhou Bangzi". This type of Bangzi was introduced from Shanshan and Shaanxi via Henan and then to Shandong, and was formed after undergoing changes. The main plays include "The Story on the Wall" and so on.

19. Lu Opera

Lü Opera, a local opera in Shandong Province, is popular in central Shandong, Jiangsu and Henan. It was developed from the folk rap art "Shandong Qinshu" in the early 20th century and was named "Lu Opera" in 1950. Lu opera performances are full of life style, popular and simple, with simple singing tunes and easy to learn and sing. Therefore, Lu Opera has a great influence in the vast rural areas. The repertoire includes "Wang Dingbao borrows money", "Little Sister" and the modern drama "Li Ersao remarried", etc.

20. Huai Opera

Huai Opera, a local opera in Jiangsu Province, is popular in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and other regions. It originated from Jiangsu folk opera, and later developed and matured by absorbing the artistic elements of Anhui opera. His performance is rough and simple. The repertoire includes the traditional plays "Female Judge", "Three Women Seizing the Board" and the new play "The Golden Dragon and the Mayfly".

21. Shanghai Opera

Shanghai Opera is a local opera popular in Shanghai. It originated from folk songs in Pudong, Shanghai, and later formed Shanghai Tanhuang tune, and was influenced by Suzhou Tanhuang. In the 1930s, it was performed in Shanghai in the form of civilized drama and named Shanghai Opera. The repertoire mostly has modern themes, such as "The Laughing Marriage", "Arhat Money", "Ludang Fire", etc.

22. Burlesque

Burlesque is a popular type of opera in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang and other places. It originated as a "one-man show" in Shanghai and later developed into a farce, with mixed tunes and funny performances. The main repertoire includes "San Mao Learns Business", "One, Two, Three, Walk Together", etc.

23. Yue Opera

Yue Opera is a local opera popular in Zhejiang. It originated from the "De Du Ban" in Sheng County, Zhejiang Province. It entered Shanghai around 1916 and was performed under the name of "Shaoxing Literary Opera". At first, it was mainly male actors, and then it became mainly female actors. After 1938, the name "Yue Opera" was used. In 1942, Yue Opera actresses led by Yuan Xuefen reformed their performances and singing, absorbing the performing arts of Kunqu opera and drama, and forming a soft and delicate performance style. There are many art schools such as Yuan (Xuefen) School, Yin (Guifang) School, Fan (Ruijuan) School, Fu (Quanxiang) School, Xu (Yulan) School and so on. The Yue Opera repertoire includes "Xiang Lin's Wife", "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai", "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Five Daughters Birthday Wishes", "The Romance of the West Chamber", etc.

24. Wu Opera

Wu Opera is a local opera popular in Jinhua, Zhejiang, also known as "Jinhua Opera". It is a multi-voiced opera. Its vocal tunes are composed of Gaoqiang, Kunqu Opera, Tanhuang Opera, Huizhou Opera, etc., each with its own repertoire and performance characteristics. The repertoire includes "Meeting of Monks and Nuns", "Peony Duo", "Broken Bridge", etc.

25. Shao Opera

Shao Opera is a local opera popular in Shaoxing and Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. It was formed in the late Ming Dynasty. With "San Wu Qi" and "Er Fan" as the main vocal tunes, he is good at martial arts performances, with a rough and simple style. The repertoire includes "Three Strikes of White Bone Demons", "Dragon and Tiger Fight", "Diao Wuchang", etc.

26. Hui Opera

Hui Opera is a type of opera popular in Anhui, Jiangsu and other regions. It was formed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. It is a multi-voiced drama. The main voices are Baazi, He plays blowing tunes and Erhuang tunes, and also sings Kunqu opera, Gaoqiang tunes and Xipi tunes. In 1790, the Hui Troupe came to Beijing to celebrate Qianlong's birthday, and later evolved into Peking Opera. Most of the plays are historical themes, such as "The Seven Flooded Armies" which is based on "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

27. Huangmei Opera

Huangmei Opera is a type of opera that originated in Anhui and is popular in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei. Its predecessor is the tea-picking tune in Huangmei area. It formed a folk opera after the middle of the Qing Dynasty, called "Huangmei tune", and is sung in Anqing dialect.

In the 1950s, under the reforms of Yan Fengying and others, the performance became increasingly mature and developed into a local drama in Anhui. Famous plays include "The Match of Heaven", "The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl", "The Consort", etc.

28. Fujian Opera

Fujian Opera is a popular type of opera in Fujian. It arose in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and had been basically formed by the Qing Dynasty, but on a smaller scale. At the beginning of the 20th century, the influence of Peking Opera gradually increased, and the tunes were basically complete, including five types of tunes, foreign songs, Jianghu, minor tunes and bange. The repertoire includes "Seal Refining", "Swan Banquet", etc.

29. Puxian Opera

Puxian Opera, a local opera in Fujian, formerly known as "Xinghua Opera", was fully mature in the mid-Ming Dynasty and popular in Putian and Xianyou areas. The music is in the style of Qupai, and the performance is quite ancient, elegant and lyrical. The repertoire includes "Zhang Xie's Number One Scholar", "After the Reunion", "Spring Grass in the Hall", etc.

30. Liyuan Opera

Liyuan Opera, a type of opera with a long history, can be regarded as the "living fossil" of opera. It preserves many southern operas from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as "Zhu Wen Zou Gui", "Jing, Liu, Worship, Kill" and so on. After the 1950s, he also compiled and performed plays such as "Dong Sheng and Li" and "The Song of the Chaste Woman".

31. Gaojia Opera

Gaojia Opera is popular in Jinjiang and Longxi areas of Fujian Province. It originated in the mid-Qing Dynasty and later absorbed the performance factors and repertoire of Liyuan Opera. scale. In the 1920s, it was influenced by Peking Opera and gradually matured. It is based on clowning as its main occupation, and the performance is like a puppet on a string, which is very distinctive. The repertoire includes "Upgraded to Three Levels", "Jin Kuixing", etc.

32. Gan Opera

Gan Opera is a popular type of opera in the northeastern part of Jiangxi Province. It was developed from the Yiyang tune of the Ming Dynasty and is composed of Yiyang tune, Qingyang tune, Kun tune, Luantan tune, etc. A type of opera composed of various voices. The repertoire includes "The Injustice of Dou E", "The Story of Jing Chai", "The Story of Pearl", "Return of the Soul", etc.

33. Tea-picking opera

Tea-picking opera is a popular type of opera in various parts of Jiangxi. It is mainly developed from the songs and tunes sung by local tea farmers when picking tea, combined with folk songs and dances. Jiangxi tea-picking opera is divided into east, south, west, north and middle routes, each with its own characteristics in performance. The repertoire includes "Sun Cheng Drinking" and so on.

34. Han Opera

Han Opera generally refers to the type of opera popular in Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi and other places. It originated from the Hubei area and was formerly known as "Chu Diao" or "Han Diao". The main singing tune is Xipi tune, which also sings Erhuang tune. It has a history of nearly 300 years. The main repertoire includes "Universal Front", "Second Plum Blossoms", "Shen Tao Da", etc. In addition, there are also Han operas in Changde, Hunan and Guangdong, both of which are multi-temperament operas, which are completely different from Hubei Han operas.

35. Hunan Opera

Xiang Opera, a local opera in Hunan Province, is popular in Changsha and Xiangtan areas. It originated from the Yiyang tune of the Ming Dynasty, and later absorbed Kunqiang, Pihuang and other tunes. It forms a multi-voice opera type including high tune, low tune, Kun tune and Luantan tune. The repertoire is mainly high-pitched and random, such as "The Story of the Pipa", "The Story of the White Rabbit", "The Story of Worshiping the Moon", etc.

36. Qi Opera

Qi Opera, also known as "Qiyang Opera", is popular in Qiyang and Shaoyang, Hunan Province. It originated from the Yiyang tune of the Ming Dynasty. The tune is mainly high-pitched and Kun Opera is also sung. , bullet chamber. The repertoire includes "Mu Lian Zhuan", "Jing Zhong Zhuan", "Fuzi Opera", "Guanyin Opera", etc.

37. Hunan Flower Drum Opera

Hunan Flower Drum Opera is a general term for flower drum and lantern operas from all over Hunan, including Changsha Flower Drum, Yueyang Flower Drum, Changde Flower Drum, Hengyang Flower Drum, Shaoyang Flower Drum, etc. Each has a different stage language and has formed its own style. The performance of Huagu Opera is simple, cheerful and lively. The main occupations are niche, dan, and clown, and they specialize in the use of towels and fans. The repertoire includes "Fighting Birds", "Chopping Woodcutter with Liu Hai", etc.

38. Cantonese Opera

Cantonese Opera is popular in Cantonese language areas such as Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia. It was formed in the early Qing Dynasty and was formed by combining Gaoqiang, Kunqiang, Pihuang, Bangzi and other tunes introduced from other places with local folk music. The music is both banqiang and qupai. The repertoire includes "Sou Shuyuan", "Guan Hanqing", etc.

39. Teochew Opera

Teochew Opera is popular in Shantou, Guangdong, southern Fujian and Taiwan. Mainly influenced by the Yiyang tune, Kun tune and Han tune introduced from other places, it was formed in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Many works of the Song and Yuan Dynasties are retained in the repertoire, such as "Chen Sanwu Niang", "Window Sweeping Club", "Lulin Club", etc. .

40. Gui Opera

Gui Opera is popular in northeastern Guangxi and southern Hunan. It was formed in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. accent and other accents. The repertoire includes "Grabbing an Umbrella", "Picking Up a Jade Bracelet", "The Edge of the Cabinet", etc.

41. Cai Diao

Cai Diao, formerly known as "Tiaozi" or "Tea Picking", is popular in Guangxi. It was formed on the basis of local folk songs and dances and has a history of nearly two hundred years. It was named "Cai Tiao" in 1955. His performances are free, lively and full of life. The most famous play is "Liu Sanjie".

42. Zhuang Opera

Zhuang Opera is a type of opera popular in Zhuang inhabited areas such as Guangxi and Yunnan. It is divided into two schools, the South Road and the North Road. The former is derived from the local "bench opera", and its main repertoire is "Wenlong and Xiaoni"; the latter is derived from the "double act", and its main repertoire is "Treasure Calabash".

43. Sichuan Opera

Sichuan Opera, a local opera in Sichuan Province, is popular in Sichuan and its surrounding areas. It is composed of Kunqiang, Gaoqiang, Huqin, Danxi and Lantern Opera, each with its own repertoire. Sichuan Opera's singing is high-pitched and exciting, and its performances are humorous and full of life. The main repertoire includes the traditional plays "The Story of the Hosta", "The Story of the Willow Shade", "Capturing Wang Kui Alive", etc., as well as the new plays "The Wave of the Dead Water", "Changing Faces", "Gold", etc.

44. Guizhou Opera

Qian Opera is a local opera popular in Guizhou Province. It was developed from the folk art "Wenqin". It mainly uses dulcimer as an accompaniment instrument and has strong local characteristics. The repertoire includes "The Beauty of the Pearl Lady", "The Lady of Luxurious Fragrance", etc.

45. Dian Opera

Dian Opera is a local opera popular in Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou. It was formed in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. It is composed of three foreign tunes: silk string, Xiangyang tune and Huqin opera, with the main tune being silk string. The repertoire includes "Niu Gao's Pursuit", "Invading the Palace", etc.

46. Dai Opera

Dai Opera is popular in the Dai inhabited areas of Yunnan Province. It was formed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. It originated from local folk songs and dances and absorbed the artistic nutrition of Peking Opera and Yunnan Opera. form. With the erhu as the main accompaniment instrument, the performance is simple, complete with singing and dancing. The repertoire includes "E Bing and Sang Luo" and so on.

47. Tibetan Opera

Tibetan opera is a type of opera popular in Tibet, Qinghai and other Tibetan-inhabited areas, and is sung in Tibetan. It was formed in the seventeenth century and mainly uses Buddhist stories and folklore as its content. Actors often wear masks when performing. The performance is divided into three parts. The first part is the opening, called "Dun"; the second part is the play, called "Xiong"; the third part is the blessing at the end, called "Zhaxi". The most famous play is "Princess Wencheng".

48. Shadow puppet play

Shadow puppet play is also called "shadow play", "lantern shadow play" and "earth shadow play". Use light to illuminate human silhouettes carved from animal hide or cardboard to enact the drama of the story. The repertoire and singing styles mostly interact with local operas, and are performed by artists while singing, accompanied by music. Chinese film and television has a history of more than a thousand years. There are many categories and types of operas formed due to different popular regions, singing tunes and silhouette materials. The donkey skin puppets in Tangshan, Hebei and the cowhide puppets in the northwest are the most famous. Among them, Tangshan shadow puppetry has developed into a comprehensive art with exquisite carving technology, dexterous manipulation skills and lyrical singing music.