Chishui incident: the death of Tadashi, why are there many contradictions in the system of the late Japanese shogunate?

1in April, 868, the then shogunate general Tokugawa Yoshinobu announced his appointment to his subordinates? Put the power back, Wang Zheng is retro? The decision to return Japan's supreme power to the royal family. The edo shogunate, which ruled Japan for 300 years, is over. The edo period is considered to be an unprecedented period of prosperity in Japanese history. Imperial edicts issued by Tokugawa shogunate in Edo City spread to all parts of Japan, realizing the stable development of the whole country. The rapid growth not only gave birth to the population explosion, but also formed an urban economy centered on Edo, Kyoto and Osaka (Edo once became the largest city in the world at that time), which can be said to be prosperous. However, in the middle and late edo shogunate, many contradictions broke out from the inside out for complicated reasons. This paper will analyze a murder case of a vassal that shocked Japan at that time. Red spike incident? In-depth analysis of the internal contradictions of the late Japanese shogunate system.

I. The whole story of Chishui Incident

In the spring of 170 1 year. The Japanese emperor photographed several envoys from Kyoto to Edo. Although power is marginalized, the Japanese royal family has always been respected by the people of the whole country. This time, on behalf of the Edo shogunate, the messenger of the Emperor was received by Lord Akai Asano Nagaakira. Asano Nagaakira lived in San Francisco for a long time, and this time he was appointed temporarily by the general because he happened to be in Edo. He knows little about the rituals of the upper echelons of the shogunate. In order to avoid overstepping etiquette, he asked kira yamato Konojie, the etiquette minister of the imperial court, to help him organize the welcoming ceremony. Unexpectedly, kira yamato always looked down upon local officials like Asano Nagaakira. He made a false promise, but in fact he just wanted to fool Asano Nagaakira.

On the day the platform arrived, Asano Nagaakira really made a joke and made a lot of ugliness because of kira yamato's design. He reacted quickly after being laughed at by an imperial envoy for being impolite. For a moment, Asano Nagaakira was angry and ashamed: As a local minister, I have never been so timid and sulky on weekdays. He can only make amends repeatedly. When he left, he was in the cloister of the general's office. Asano Nagaakira met kira yamato who designed him, and his anger welled up in my heart. He pulled out his sabre and cut it at Ji Liang's head. Kira yamato was cut on the forehead and covered in blood. Others quickly took Asano Nagaakira away, and the news soon spread to the house. The furious shogunate decisively cut Asano Nagaakira's abdomen, confiscated the fief, and ordered kira yamato to recuperate.

The disgruntled Asano Nagaakira retainer is determined to retaliate. After a period of planning, on January 30th, A.D. 1703, Lu attacked the family on December 14th, 15th, and beheaded them and sent them to the main mausoleum.

After the incident, there was a debate within the shogunate for a period of time, and finally it was decided to gut 46 samurai who participated in the operation and punish the Jiliang family for exile.

2. Behind the incident: Why is the Chishui incident reflecting the contradiction of the wooden model system?

Mufan system? This concept is a general definition of the whole Tokugawa shogunate society by Japanese historians in modern times, and its important special contradictions include the separation of powers between governors and generals, the supremacy of emperor and the strength of generals, the master-slave system of shogunate name system and samurai, Confucian etiquette and shogunate decrees. These contradictions were reflected in Chishui incident to varying degrees.

(1) The contradiction between warlord regime and general centralization

After the war of Guanyuan, Tokugawa Ieyasu banned the vassal regulations in Taoshan Castle, which was clearly stipulated in the law? Everything is like Edo's statutes, and all countries can abide by them everywhere? In fact, the power of all localities belongs to the central government. The general's purpose of strengthening the influence of the central government and restraining local lords through laws can be well reflected through the Chishui incident. At that time, the Japanese shogunate used the "Regulations on the Punishment of Quarrels and Fighting" (that is, legal historians often say? Two-way method ), unless one party is obvious? Unreasonable? (Unreasonable) Otherwise, both parties to the conflict should be punished when dealing with old enemies or temporary use of force.

After the dispute between kira yamato and Asano Nagaakira in Chishui incident, Tokugawa shogunate thought that Asano Nagaakira's first act of drawing a sword in the temple triggered the law first, but kira yamato, who was unable to fight back, should not bear any responsibility, so Asano Nagaakira should take full responsibility for this case and be sentenced to death. Even so, the shogunate ignored some scholars' bad comments on Yiyang, and hastily sentenced Asano Nagaakira to death without delving into its internal reasons. It is inevitable for Tokugawa shogunate to abuse power by using legal weapons to realize the autocratic rule of feudal centralization mode.

The punishment of Chishui incident is essentially a struggle between the vassals who want to safeguard their own power and the Edo shogunate who seeks to consolidate the central government. In this incident, the shogunate finally squeezed through the crowd and severely punished Asano Nagaakira and his ministers. Although the shogunate achieved its goal, this result will inevitably lead to distrust of the edo shogunate by other governors. In the late shogunate, the struggle between Samoans and generals also became an excellent evidence of this incident.

(2) The contradiction between the shogunate name system and the samurai master-slave system.

Where do we start? Home? This concept begins to analyze this contradiction. Modern Japanese? Home? Not the family unit of society, but the existence of a single? Family business? ,? Name of home? The organization. ? Home? Although it originated from the consanguineous family system, it is essentially a traditional master-slave system. Its master-slave relationship is the natural relationship between the samurai class with land as the link and the battlefield as the platform. In the peaceful shogunate era, the samurai reclaimed their land, and their only income was Mi Lu from the lords. The change of economic source also caused the evolution of subordinate relationship. The samurai changed from a sword-wielding warrior to an official who participated in various affairs under the Lord. And from the battlefield of the warring States period? Toyo? Yu? The two-way relationship has become? You can be unfaithful, but you must be a minister. One-way loyalty

The contradiction between the shogunate name system and the samurai master-slave system is actually reflected in? Public and private? The contradiction. ? Public and private? Is a relative concept, in which? Public? Just a specific Francisco, and? Private? Refers to the princes and ministers within their own interest groups. Taking Chishui as an example, the relationship between Chishui and the shogunate is worth pondering. As a high-ranking official directly under the shogunate, Ji awarded ceremonies, presided over imperial biographies, and also played the role of etiquette department, which can be said to be the retainer of the Tokugawa family. Although there is a city in Asano Nagaakira, it is still only a place name. Pretend to be? Official documents? It is impossible for the shogunate (the legal ruler of Japan) to allow its vassal power to override the whole society, so it is reasonable to sentence Asano Nagaakira to death. But for many courtiers in Asano Nagaakira, Lord Asano Nagaakira Long is the object of their loyalty. Is it true in their hearts? Public? Revenge for the Lord, a righteous person. And the harsh treatment of the shogunate finally shows that traditional samurai can only use it? Die? The price of loyalty and revenge, on the other hand, the centralization represented by the traditional shogunate is weakening? Home? Meaning of.

Although this contradiction led to vassal States? Private? Obey the shogunate? ,? Country? Before? Home? The trend is deepening, but it has also gradually changed the family system in Japan? Loyalty to the Lord? This tradition has had a far-reaching impact on later generations.

Three. abstract

At that time, the Japanese Edo Chishui Fanlang assassinated a senior shogunate in order to avenge the Lord, which caused widespread controversy. These conceptual differences actually reflect the contradiction between family system and state power, centralization and decentralization during the Edo shogunate period in Japan. The final way of the shogunate showed the will of the upper rulers at that time to face these contradictions, which had a complicated influence on the evolution trend of Japanese society in later generations.

Zhang Lei: "From where? Moral? Legal system? On the Perspective of Priority Debate: Revenge Theory between China and Japan —— Focusing on Qing Revenge Case and Akasui Revenge Case, Diplomatic Studies No.4, 20 15.

Wang Meng: A Survey of Japanese Public and Private Views in the Edo Period, Journal of Dalian Maritime University (Social Science Edition), No.6, 20 15.