Why did the oldest commercial gang in China decline first?

China is the oldest commercial gang, why did it decline first? What happened between them?

How important it is to know some science.

The reason why the old gentleman in Taishang couldn't make the Monkey King: The ancient blast furnace was a coal furnace, which could only reach 1200 degrees, while the Monkey King was a stone monkey with a melting point of 1600 degrees, so it couldn't be made! How important it is to know some science!

Zui Ai Jun was recently screened by a drama "The Moon Blooms That Year", so it is inevitable to talk about the historical figure represented by this drama: Zhou Ying, the richest woman in Shaanxi in the late Qing Dynasty.

After the play was broadcast, many articles improved the history of Zhou Ying. I don't know if you have seen it. I love you the most, but you all think it's not good.

Perhaps because they attract the audience, these articles often brag about Zhou Ying without a bottom line, mixing official legends with historical facts. In order to express Zhou Ying's inspiration and victory, she made an extremely positive interpretation of everything (story) and story (story) to highlight her Gao Daquan abstraction.

In such a Zhou Ying, it's a pity that you can't stand the love of historical cleanliness. I'll leave the conclusion here and analyze it in detail. In addition, what I'm going to talk about is Zhou Ying in the history books, which is related to joking Zhou Ying. Don't spray the TV party and the novel party.

▲ Sun Li plays Zhou Ying.

Aside from gender bias, Zhou Ying's victory is actually not commendable. Her victory, in fact, only borrowed the existing rights and financial resources of Shaanxi commercial gangs and insisted on excessive development. Calling her "Ma Yun, a female in the late Qing Dynasty" is certainly hype, but is it to promote Zhou Ying or Ma Yun?

The most important thing is that her two most sought-after monuments (which I will talk about in detail above) happened to be the reasons that led to the earliest decline of Shaanxi business groups in China, not the simple reasons, but the extremely prosperous performance of Shaanxi business groups.

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▲ Zhou Ying in the history books.

I love Jun the most, but I know a little about it. It's not because of this drama, but because a Shaanxi native in a college class often boasted about how awesome Shaanxi business gangs were and killed another group of northern business gangs in Shanxi and Huizhou. He loves you too much, and his ears are not clean, so he went to dig out the black history books of Shaanxi merchants.

I've read a lot of historical materials about this business gang, but there are not many solid historical materials about Zhou Ying. It's nothing more than that Jingyang County annals wrote about her, mentioned her introduction about the fort and the courtyard, and two letters written to her by Wu Mi, a Wu Zu and a quintessential barista. The rest is basically the legend of "Wu An Widow" circulating in other places.

This shows that Zhou Ying is only a local celebrity, and his achievements are certainly there, but he is not so awesome. Leaving that particular area, I have hardly heard of her. Celebrities in such places talk about thousands of things about China. Just open the county annals of a place and you will find hundreds.

Obviously, Zhou Ying is not the kind of forgotten historical figure. Her current fame does not match her actual achievements, and she is hard-won by TV dramas. In our period, there have been many "Big V" and "Internet celebrities" with disproportionate names, so I think Zhou Ying, a "great man in history books", is generally known.

Some people will say that your analysis is incorrect. Zhou Ying is different from other historical figures. Her popularity is due to scarcity. A widow revived a family business empire, which is extremely rare in history books.

Right and wrong. The selling point of "Zhou Ying fever" is "Ma Yun, a woman in the late Qing Dynasty" and "the richest woman in Shaanxi in the late Qing Dynasty". Without gender, she wouldn't be popular. However, anyone who knows some history books knows that in the patriarchal society, there are still some historical events in which some survivors get rich by doing business. Known earlier than Zhou Ying, Baqing, a widow in Historical Records, once held the title of "the richest woman in China". Some historical researchers collected and sorted out 32 female traffickers in Tang literature, among which 19 had no family situation, and in other records 13, 12 was a survivor. You see, widows, traffickers and rich people have all the elements, but few people know their names.

Tell the truth, these years are not history books, but film and television entertainment products. What is a history book? The consequences are small and often not easy. Therefore, if you meet a lover in your life, you can discuss history on the basis of history. Please take good care and invite him/her to dinner.

That is beside the point. In a word, Zuijun has acquiesced in everyone's hearing or understanding of Zhou Ying's life and historical sites, so I won't go into details.

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▲ Xiqin Club in Zigong, Sichuan, is extremely luxurious.

As a college classmate who loves you most, Shaanxi Business Group is really awesome in history books. Zhou Ying's life experience is the prelude to this business group.

Shaanxi business group is the earliest "China's first business group" in China. This is not bragging, it is a fact. As early as the early Ming Dynasty, they took advantage of their geographical disadvantages to enter the stage of history books and became the beneficiaries of the imperial court's "special zone policy".

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the whole country was not peaceful. In order to guard against the counter-offensive of Mongolian Tatar rights and the centrifugal bias of all ethnic groups in the mainland, the imperial court focused on Shaanxi, and set up four border towns along the Great Wall of Shaanxi, where hundreds of thousands of heroes were stationed.

In order to ensure the logistics supply of the border guards, the Ming Dynasty creatively implemented the "salt-opening system", which changed the system that salt merchants were controlled and operated by the state, and the state decentralized and let the people sell salt on the spot. However, the regular merchants must sell the grain to the border, change to a group of salt merchants-salt introduction, and then use salt introduction to sell salt in the salt-producing areas.

This is simply a "special zone policy" tailored for Shaanxi. Shaanxi businessmen took advantage of the situation, transported grain to the border and exchanged salt, forming a group of traffickers linked by local relatives. Shaanxi traffickers centered on Sanyuan and Jingxian earned their first bucket of gold and became the first group to get rich.

Shanxi merchants who overtook Shaanxi merchants in advance certainly had earlier policies, but simply made a fortune after Shaanxi merchants. Japanese scholar Hiroshi Fujii said that in salt management, the rights of Shaanxi traffickers have long been above those of Shanxi traffickers. Huizhou merchants, another descendant of the big business gang, basically disappeared in advance. Their rise in the reform of salt introduction in the middle of Ming Dynasty was equivalent to the fact that Shaanxi merchants enjoyed the first wave of policy surplus and Huizhou merchants enjoyed the second wave.

At that time, Shaanxi businessmen, like Cantonese in the late period of reform and opening up, all had a natural political sensitivity and were good at making a fortune by using policy surplus. While preparing the southeast continent by force, the Ming Dynasty also took the initiative to carry out bilateral trade, especially the sale of tea and horses, in order to consolidate and strengthen the relationship with the northern minorities. Shaanxi businessmen once again smelled business opportunities and became pioneers of the Shaanxi-Gansu tea-horse ancient road, from which they earned a lot of money.

Since then, salt tea business has become two major products for Shaanxi businessmen to get rich. Many well-known businessmen in Shaanxi sell salt and tea in one hand, and start a group and diversified business. During her stay in Zhou Ying, these two products are still her main business, which shows that she has not got rid of the business forms of her ancestors.

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▲ Wu Manor, which was invested heavily in that year, has now become a tourist attraction.

After Shaanxi merchants become rich in the later period, they will generally plan other commercial industries according to policy changes, eventually covering eight product categories. Besides salt and tea, it also involves cloth, medicinal materials, tobacco, wine making, wood and pawn.

As soon as the eight products were picked up, they were woven into a huge commercial assembly of Shaanxi merchants. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Sanyuan, Jingxian and Weinan were all small places, which could be described as the Wall Street in the west of China. There are more than 300 pawn shops and more than 70 banks in Hejianwa, Weinan. At the peak, a word from his family, He Shiying, can affect the interest rate in the southeast money market.

Such a large-scale, diversified and cross-industry commercial capital mode is basically initial in China's history books. What is even more embarrassing is that Shaanxi businessmen have invented a series of "enterprise-like systems" with ancient significance, and their progressiveness makes people suspect that they are a group of people who have been worn out since ancient times.

For example, their invention of "Zhang Wanjin" is the earliest joint-stock system in China. In the case of lack of funds, Shaanxi people joined hands to raise funds, and all investors' shares, dividends and debt recognition were clearly recorded. The account book is made of cloth paper and beautifully packaged. Lock it in the cupboard for safekeeping, withdraw the inventory, and take it out if there is a dispute. They are called "Wanjin accounts".

This fund-raising method of account book rules became the most common fund arrangement method for Shaanxi firms in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Detaihe Teahouse, opened by He Dating, a great pawnbroker in Weinan in Qing Dynasty, and dealers in Huxian County, adopted the business form of "Zhang Wanjin" from small to large, with semicolons all over the country.

Another example is the "east-west system" they invented. Because Shaanxi traffickers mainly engage in large-scale trafficking and retail business, and implement the capital operation form of integration of production, supply and marketing, semicolons are all over the country, and investors are often overwhelmed by unlimited manpower. In order to adapt to the unchanging market and strengthen the flexibility of enterprise management, they began to implement the "East-West System" characterized by the separation of capital ownership and management rights.

The owner of the return on investment, also called Cai Dong, only invests and does not interfere in the operation. The "Fairy Club" (the "shareholders' meeting") set up by the chief financial officer hired a professional manager with rich operation experience, honesty and reliability, that is, the "shopkeeper" as its operation. The whole business movement of the enterprise is supervised by the shopkeeper, and the chief financial officer shall not interfere. This is called "as long as the manned is flying all over the sky, there will be no manned flying all over the sky", and the ownership and management rights of enterprises are completely separated.

Have you seen the Vanke management system that Wang Shiyin is proud of? Isn't this the time for the general direction? No wonder Shaanxi businessmen are called "dajia of Western Qin Dynasty" in history books. The word "big" not only refers to their weak capital, but also refers to their pre-emptive system and larger format.

In a sense, the rising Shaanxi businessmen were Ma Yun in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, not only rich, but also innovative and leading the trend.

As for Zhou Ying, it is better to give up the title of "Female Ma Yun". The product she is playing with is left by her husband Wu Weiwen. Her skill is to stop its decline, expand its business and act as a qualified heir. The categories she set foot in and the business forms she adopted were all played by the ancestors of Shaanxi merchants, not groundbreaking. In today's words, Zhou Ying is still doing traditional business, not new business.

In fact, it is more appropriate to call Zhou Ying "Zhang Yin in the late Qing Dynasty". Just the king of the paper industry, Zhang Yin, the richest woman, has declined in popularity in recent years, and no one has labeled her, which has caused problems.

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▲ "That year is full of flowers" stills.

I don't mean to criticize Zhou Ying, and Zhang Yin in the Late Qing Dynasty is also quite good. Why do you have to rub Ma Yun's popularity and add the word "female"? It's awkward to look at it.

There was no innovation in Zhou Ying's business and management, but at that time, all Shaanxi business groups were very happy. No one is worse than anyone else, so no one can save the decline of a business gang better than anyone else.

The year when Zhou Ying lived, it was the time when Shaanxi businessmen were at home and abroad.

The Hui uprising in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia, which touched the five southeast provinces, simply destroyed the social property accumulated in Shaanxi for many years. In the turmoil, Shaanxi traffickers who have always lived in rural areas have been devastated in their homeland. It is a great event that family fortune was plundered, and what is more serious is that some tycoons were slaughtered. Even if they survived, they were forced by the situation, and a small amount of shutdown cost was converted into military expenditure, which seriously weakened the economic strength of Shaanxi businessmen.

Abroad, after the Opium War, foreign goods gradually entered the local area, squeezing the living space of inferior products of Shaanxi merchants step by step. For example, foreign fabrics are unsalable, which makes the sales of Hubei and Henan home-made fabrics of Shaanxi cloth merchants drop sharply. During the Tongzhi period, the annual sales volume was 4 million and 2 million, which was later expanded to less than a quarter. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, cigarettes made by Oriental Machine quickly became popular in China because of their delicious taste, convenient smoking and novel propaganda skills, and the hookah industry of Shaanxi merchants became history.

Of course, this is not only a crisis faced by Zhou Ying and his business groups in Shaanxi, but also a crisis faced by all traditional traffickers and business groups in China. Different emergency response, the final consequences are different. ? Such as the battlefield, the harshness is certain. As far as traditional business gangs are concerned, some are gorgeous and some are declining.

Because of the real-time transformation of modernization, Ningbo, Dongting and Guangdong business groups in the mainland not only failed to stop their decline, but ushered in the second spring. These businessmen have a vivid sense of touch, and they can quickly accept new things and introduce new technologies. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, they invested a small amount in old-style enterprises and won an all-round victory.

For example, in the category of its pillar products-the sand boat industry and the banking industry, Ningbo traffickers automatically adopted the advanced science and technology of capitalism on the one hand, and developed the sand boat transportation industry with low compliance, slow speed and small load into the earliest steamboat transportation industry in China, on the other hand, they transformed the traditional banking industry into a modern banking industry. These two changes are enough for them to get married again.

What are the leaders of Shaanxi business gangs doing at the same time?

Zhou Ying did two of the most famous things in her life. Yes, it is two things that everyone is talking about now: First, Empress Dowager Cixi who fled to the west paid a tribute of 102,000 silver; Second, it is a huge project to imitate the format of the Forbidden City in Beijing and build a mansion.

These two things just show the consistent demeanor of traditional Shaanxi businessmen.

First, look down on the identity of traffickers from the bones, so as to shape their status beyond traffickers by approaching rights and donating officials. Zhou Ying's in-laws and in-laws have spent huge sums of money to donate officials. She also won the reputation of Mrs. Patent and Mrs. Yipin herself, and sang happily for three days and nights.

Second, huge commercial profits will be used for unproductive activities such as building houses and land and simple consumption. Modern Shaanxi businessmen heard that "a meal is worth 100 yuan, a dress is worth one million yuan, and a house is worth 10,000 yuan". As usual, Zhou Ying's daily life is extravagant, with more than 2,000 servants, who spend more than100000 silver a year. He is a typical local tyrant.

Visual resolution format, we can't ask Zhou Ying to do better, but we shouldn't hold her too high.

Explain what Zhou Ying and his representative Shaanxi businessmen did in popular words, that is, Shaanxi businessmen's strong focus on their social status and luxury consumption made them almost indifferent to the changes in modern China, and they still adhered to traditional business operations. In the era when capitalist industrial culture was invincible, Shaanxi businessmen suffered a final decline because of strong feudal conservatism.

Everyone praised pushing Wu's business to the peak, but no one knew that after that, the Wu family and the Shaanxi businessmen behind them fell there. This is probably the fate of the once-famous "national first business gang".

Zhou Ying, a legendary widow, happened to sing an elegy. How uncomfortable it is to see a hilarious joke.

Tanabata, Cowherd and Weaver Girl tryst. Man: Sister Weaver, my brother misses you very much. Come on, give me a kiss! Woman: Oh, I'm so shy. It's not good for hooligans to see me Man: No, no, hooligans are reading text messages!

How uncomfortable it is to see a hilarious joke.

Tanabata, Cowherd and Weaver Girl tryst. Man: Sister Weaver, my brother misses you very much. Come on, give me a kiss! Woman: Oh, I'm so shy. It's not good for hooligans to see me Man: No, no, hooligans are reading text messages!