What are the advantages of writing imitations?

Modern Reading Test Sites and Answering Skills —— The expressive effect of personification and imitation

Key points of analogy appreciation

1, definition:

Analogy is a rhetorical way to write things A as things B, including writing things as people (personification); There are several forms of writing people as crops (imitation) and writing this thing as another thing (imitation). In fact, the former form is to humanize things, while the latter two forms are to materialize people or things.

2. Type:

(1), personification. For example, a woman is sitting in the middle of the yard, her fingers twisted with silky and slender reed eyebrows, thin and jumping in her arms.

(2) simulacra. For example, instructors are really energetic. Gazi pricked up his ears to listen.

3, the role of analogy:

First, the main function of comparison is to make the expression vivid. Comparison can make static become dynamic, rigid become lively, nondescript become personality, and abstract become concrete and vivid. After people's reasonable attribute transfer and regular creative imagination, objective things become full of artistic charm.

For example:

Shaguo blushed with laughter, watermelon smiled sweeter than honey, flowers cracked with laughter, and peas swelled with laughter.

The plants such as "Shaguo", "Watermelon", "Flowers" and "Pea" are personified, which vividly depicts the harvest scene.

Second, through comparison, it can also show people's imagination, ideological tendency and emotional color, create a certain artistic conception and give people a strong appeal.

take for example

Qinhuai River lost its former laughter, and Mochou Lake gave a cry of tears. (Zhang Tianming's "According to the Order of the People")

Personification is used to describe the grief of the people of China for the loss of the Prime Minister, and even the rivers, lakes and seas are crying, expressing the people's sincere feelings for Comrade Zhou Enlai.

4, the overall grasp

Similar to metaphor, when grasping the expressive effect of "analogy" rhetoric, we should first make clear the noumenon and quasi-body, then analyze the characteristics of quasi-body, and then consider the characteristics of the noumenon that the author wants to express in combination with this characteristic.

5, classification guidance

First personification

Writing things as adults and endowing people with thoughts, feelings and activities is called personification.

People have the essential characteristics of speaking, thinking, working, creating and being full of emotion. These essential features are the most familiar, understandable, acceptable and easy to produce * * * sounds. In order to express needs, people's essential characteristics are transferred to other things, so that they have certain characteristics of people, and things are described concretely, vividly and vividly, which makes people feel cordial and susceptible to infection.

Anthropomorphic animals:

take for example

An exploratory bee buzzed around the golden flower covered with willow branches. Invisible larks are trembling and singing in velvety green fields and snow-covered harvested fields. Tianfu wailed on the swamp full of pond water; Cranes and geese fly high in the sky, making spring calls. Cattle whose hair has not yet grown are roaring in the pasture; The lamb with bent legs jumped around the mother who had lost her hair and bleated; ..... the real spring has arrived. (2) (Tolstoy's Anna karenin)

[Analysis] The above text specifically and hierarchically describes the changes that spring brings to animals. The author personifies animals and endows them with humanity. Bees are exploring, larks are singing, fields are wailing, cranes and geese are crying, and lambs are jumping around their mothers. The author vividly described these animals.

Anthropomorphic plants:

For example:

Sorghum is like a team of "red scarves", quietly observing the surrounding roads.

Sunflowers shook their heads and smiled, looking at the red horizon rising from the sun.

Short and tall weeping willows, stroking fast-maturing crops with green leaves;

Dense reeds carefully guard the wildflowers that secretly open under their feet.

(Guo Xiaochuan's Autumn in Tuanbowa)

[Analysis] The poet is full of passion and personifies colorful and vibrant autumn scenery: sorghum is quietly observing, sunflower is smiling and looking out, weeping willows are stroking crops, reeds are carefully guarding and secretly opening wild flowers. So anthropomorphic, it makes people.

Personize with inanimate objects:

Point the gun at the star,

The stars are surprised!

Look at it, evasive,

Look at it, skipping.

Star, don't be afraid,

The eyes of soldiers are the clearest!

We're fighting air robbers,

I was aiming at you, just practicing.

The star smiled,

Jumped on the sight with a smile.

Eyes-stars, a line,

How many dawns have been brought! (Shi Xiang's "Looking at the Starry Sky")

[Analysis] How did the star "surprise", "dodge", "jump" and "jump at the sight" because the soldier pointed a gun at him, and then the author explained that it was acrobatics. The reason why it is so vivid is because the author spreads the wings of imagination, personalizes it according to the image characteristics of the stars, and gives it.

Personize people through reason:

This is called the abolition of stereotyped foreign writing. In fact, some comrades are advocating it. This is called empty and abstract turning around and singing less, but some comrades insist on singing more. This is called dogmatic rest, but some comrades tell it to get up.

(Mao Zedong's "Opposing stereotyped Party writing")

[Analysis] "Dogmatism" is an abstract concept, which is invisible and intangible. However, when it works, it causes a lot of harm. Many comrades who oppose dogmatism want it to stop, but some comrades insist on pushing it out. The author personifies dogmatism and vividly explains that it will be safe to lie down and rest. If you take the initiative, it will do great harm to people.

The second simulacrum

Everything has its own "personality". For example, birds can fly, insects can sing, trees can blossom, water can flow, the sun can emit light and heat, and truth can spread ... imitation is often carried out in a certain speech environment, which can give people a sense of image and freshness and receive vivid and interesting expression effects.

Imitation can be divided into the following categories:

One is to describe people as animals, plants or inanimate objects, giving people some characteristics of animals, plants or inanimate objects.

Man should be an animal;

take for example

The golden sunshine shines on the golden wheat waves,

The fields are rippling with songs of harvest;

Uighur girls wear golden wings,

Flying in the wide world. (Female Tractor Driver by Abdul Rexiti)

[Analysis] The wings are birds, but the author gave them to Uighur girls, enthusiastically eulogizing the Uighur female tractor drivers driving iron cows to fly freely in fertile fields.

Man is a plant;

Under the fat lotus leaf, there is a human face, and the lower part of the face grows in the water. Lotus became a person. Isn't that our water Look around again. Soon, everyone found their husband's face. Ah, it's them! (Lotus Lake in Sun Li)

[Analysis] Several women went to the front to visit their husbands. In Lianhua Lake, they saw people under the lotus leaf "the lower body grows in the water". I hope the soldier hiding under the lotus leaf is materialized and looks so fresh, beautiful and lovely.

The second is to imitate things with things, including things imitating creatures, things imitating creatures, things imitating creatures, things imitating abstractions, and things imitating abstractions.

Quasi-inanimate objects are animals;

Yu Baling wins, and it is in Dongting Lake. It's a distant mountain, swallowing the Yangtze River, and the soup is endless. Sunsets in Zhao Hui are full of weather. This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower")

[Analysis] "Bite" and "swallow" are both verbs, which can indicate the actions of people or animals. According to the context, the author imagines Dongting Lake as an animal. The towering mountains can "name" the living, rolling along the Yangtze River, ready to come out, showing that the Dongting is 800 miles wide and the air cushion is magnificent.

Quasi-abstract things:

Three hundred years later, the Tiber River still flows like that, and the sunshine in Apennine Peninsula is so warm. Rome experienced war and bloodshed, and the thought of Bruno, a materialist soldier, rose among free men. (Zheng's "Fire")

[Analysis] "Flying" is a unique skill of birds. "Thought" is not a bird, but an abstract concept, which can spread rapidly among the people. Grasping this point, the author uses analogy to give Bruno's thought a powerful wing, which makes it full of vitality and vividly shows that his materialistic thought has great power.

Typical example 1

Sunshine is a language.

Ray Yan Shu

(1) In the morning, the sun talks to the leaves in the brightest and most thorough language. Green leaves immediately trembled with excitement and flaunted on the branches, like tin foil forged with gold. When the sun smiled and talked to the flowers on the grass, the flowers immediately raised their heads, and the melancholy petals curled together quickly spread out, like listening ears.

On a sunny day, walking in the street, you won't pay attention to the sunshine. The bright sunshine, sometimes like a mediocre speaker speaking to the public, makes people sleepy and full of excitement.

(3) The beautiful sound of sunshine is heard at sunrise after dark night, spring after severe cold and dusk at the beginning of dark night. At these moments, sunshine will tell you the joy of reunion, the warmth of friendship, and even the sadness caused by short separation in emotional language.

If it is the setting sun after the rain, the rainbow will fully display the talent and beauty of the sunshine language. Red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple, from the distant mountain roots, instantly fly up a Hongqiao, so that your whole body and mind can fly from the ground to the sky immediately. Reality is boring and will be dispelled by a romantic imagination. The language of sunshine, full of wisdom at this moment, makes you understand the sky and rain, and the stone nods; Let the narrowness of your ordinary life turn into boundless openness; Let the monotony of your lonely days become colorful.

But all this is just a language, you can't treat that piece of Jin Yezi as gold; Above the river, those gold foils swaying in the waves are unreal; Don't climb the Rainbow Bridge, it is the elusive artistic conception that the words of sunshine show you. In an instant, everything will vanish. But none of these things are empty. They leave a real picture in your heart, push up magnificent waves in your blood vessels, and ring a long-lasting cry in your ear, so that you can't help but believe in the power of sunlight and its real existence.

⑥ Talk with the sunshine and feel bright, depressed, warm, exciting and powerful. Even if you don't use brass trumpets and drums, even if you whisper, there is no sadness and gloom in that voice, and there is no sorrow of wet and timid people.

⑦ Like an prospector, you should grasp the language rhythm of sunshine from the flashing light spots on the overturned leaves of poplars; Like a simple farmer, you should stick your fingers in the soft soil and feel the warmth of the sun. If you are a friend of sunshine, you will have a red and healthy face and a bright and clear mind.

Sunshine is a language, an understandable language.

Please find three personified words from the underlined sentence in the first paragraph and explain their functions in the text.

(1) word:,,.

(2) Function:

Clarify the main points

Appreciation of language features is the most prominent feature of lyric prose. When appreciating the contrast, we should grasp the following points:

Key points 1: The overall effect of personification rhetoric is to transfer people's essential characteristics to other things, so that they can have some characteristics of people, describe things concretely, vividly and vividly, make people feel intimate and easily infected.

The second point: learn to use terminology. You can appreciate it with words such as "vivid image", "tangible" and "vividly on the paper".

Reference answer

The personified words in the sentence are "talking, trembling with excitement" and "showing off";

Make the green leaves glow with life and a more vivid image under the sunlight.

Thinking activation

Question and answer form:

Text+expressive object+object characteristics+overall effect

Chat with ...

In the exciting sunshine, the green leaves are full of vitality, vitality and vivid images.

shake

show off

Typical example 2

The price of conscience

Didn't say anything.

I was discussing with a colleague yesterday; What are the principles of being a man? She couldn't beat me, so she used her quick wits and said, "How much is a catty of conscience?" ? I was suddenly speechless. Conscience is sold by the catty or by the gram. . .

When I went home for dinner, I told my mother about this confusion. My mother used a metaphor to make "the discovery of conscience price" very thorough.

Every day in the vegetable market, some vegetable farmers are always surrounded by many customers. They are scrambling to buy food, and some vegetable farmers' dishes are rarely patronized. Mother said; Some vegetable farmers produce and sell their own food. They usually come once or twice a week, the price is the same, but the same food is arranged neatly. More importantly, they never do short business.

There are also some vegetable farmers' dishes, which claim to be planted in their own fields, but they come to sell vegetables every day, but the price is high, and they also spray water on them in the dark. Being short is a common occurrence. In fact, people who come to buy food have a saying in their hearts. By the same token, the vegetable farmers standing here selling vegetables are all weighed with their own hands. Actually, they are not. They are saying that they are selling their "conscience", black heart and bad heart!

Mom's "Finding the Price of Conscience" really inspired me a lot. Materialism, in today's society full of utilitarian color and copper smell, what should a person pursue? It has always been a topic of concern to everyone. I thought that keeping a person's most basic moral conscience is a person's lowest benchmark!

In the past, when I was studying Buddhism and China literature in China, what I appreciated most was the book by Master Hongyi (1880 ~ 1942) Li Shutong. "The accumulated virtue is unknown, and it is called Yin De, and the report of Yin De is far more than Yang De; Creating evil is unknown to others, which is called yin evil, and the report of yin evil is not as good as yang evil. "

Master Hongyi has clearly analyzed his conscience!

In fact, an ordinary citizen should not only abide by the obligations and regulations entrusted by the Constitution, but also abide by social morality-moral norms and conscience constraints!

If you are a public servant, you still have to rely on the Regulations on the Punishment of Civil Servants of Administrative Organs to restrain your moral standards. This is really a big joke.

Let's look back at some people in society. In order to make a name for himself, "celebrities publish books and gunmen write ghost stories." Some people are unkind to the rich, forget righteousness for profit, shoddy, fake and shoddy, and have insufficient manpower, regardless of other people's lives for their own benefit. As a result, "food" has become "cannibalism", "scalpel" has become "butcher's knife", "whole milk powder" has become "nutritious" milk powder, and the remedies for treating diseases have become poison for killing people, and so on.

If we use social morality-moral norms to tell these people, you should pay attention to morality and conscience, and don't do such bad things again. They will be surprised to ask us: How much is a catty of conscience?

I advise some people to pat their conscience when you ask this question.

The sentence "How much is a catty of conscience" was mentioned twice in the article. Please tell us the function of this sentence.

This article belongs to the nature of essays, and the author focuses on expressing a point: one cannot ignore one's conscience and morality. These two sentences appear before and after the article respectively and have two functions. One is to take care of the front and back structure to make the article compact. For a detailed explanation of "the function of sentences in the text", please refer to the third chapter "Understanding the meaning and function of sentences". The first is the expressive function of content. This sentence is parody. The author compares "conscience" to something that can be bought and sold (parody) by the mouth of those who have lost their moral conscience, thus satirizing the social phenomenon that "conscience" is worthless in some people's hearts and calling for "beating conscience". (For "Zhang Ben", see below)

Reference answer:

Take care of the front and back structure to make the article compact;

In terms of content, people who have lost their moral conscience compare "conscience" to something that can be bought and sold, thus satirizing the social phenomenon that "conscience" is worthless in some people's hearts and calling for "beating conscience".

Thinking activation

If you only ask the expressive effect of comparative sentences, you can only answer the role of content.

Expression form:

Sentence+expressive object+object characteristics+overall effect

How much is a catty of conscience? The moral decay of the wicked who said these words is vivid and tangible.

Noticeable problems

The difference between iconicity and metonymy

Grasp several points: the vehicle of metonymy sentence must appear, but the ontology does not necessarily appear;

The noumenon of the quasi-object sentence must appear, and the quasi-object must not appear.

Metonymy can be written as simile,

Imitation cannot be written in any form.

take for example

A, you see, the dwarf pine on the mountain is getting darker and darker, and there is a bun of white flowers on the top of the tree, like some Japanese nurses. ("Winter in Jinan" Lao She)

The enemy fled with its tail between its legs.

Analysis:

Ontological metaphor carrier

First, the snow on the top of the tree (did not appear) did not appear white flowers.

The snow on the top of the tree is like a mass of white flowers.

B, the ontology parody parody

The enemy did not appear, did not appear.

A metonymic sentence like Example A can be written in simile form. Imitation can't. We are not sure whether the author compares the enemy to a dog or a wolf. Therefore, you can't write in any form. From this, it can be judged that sentence A is metaphor and sentence B is parody.

Migration breakthrough

Exercise 4

"Blowing your face is not cold, willow trees become a shade", yes, like a mother's hand touching you. The wind brought the smell of new ploughing, mixed with the smell of grass, and the fragrance of various flowers, all brewing in the slightly humid air. Birds nest in flowers and leaves. They are very happy. Calling friends proudly showed off his crisp voice and sang melodious songs, which set each other off in harmony with the light wind and flowing water. The piccolo on the back of a shepherd boy rang all day at this time. (3 points) (Zhu Ziqing's Spring)

The underlined sentences use rhetorical devices such as quotation, metaphor and harmony to vividly describe the characteristics of the spring breeze.

Exercise 5

The wilderness of suoxiyu

Caojingzhuang

As soon as I entered Suoxiyu in Zhangjiajie, all my thoughts were purified, leaving only one word-wild.

This mountain is desolate. Guilin is so beautiful, Lushan is so handsome, Taishan is so revered, and Huangshan is too expensive-all of them have been "curtilaged". Artificial carving, after all, gives people artificial beauty, which is not comparable to the mountains in Suoxiyu. The mountains in Suoxiyu are the beauty of nature and the beauty of the wild. This kind of beauty is a breathtaking beauty; Dozens of cliffs have risen from the ground, and half of the hanging boulders are staggering in the mountain wind, which makes people look at the stone. What "at first sight" and what "Baizhang Gorge" are famous are chilling. This kind of beauty is a majestic beauty; It's not single mountain, nor is it the echo of the Three Five Peaks, but thousands of peaks are winding, and the "Shili Gallery" and the "West Sea Peak Forest" are magnificent. (1) this kind of beauty, is a kind of follow one's inclinations of beauty; Unscrupulous and eclectic; Go straight into the sky and dare to hit white clouds; Crossing the green water, dare to take beautiful pictures; Relative dependence, like Lovers in Love, graceful, like Women's Fate.

Water is wild. Suoxiyu is like a wild child jumping out of a mountain, running around the mountain for a while, pouting his ass for a while, and gambling and making trouble alone. Especially popular in Shan Ge; Hand in hand for a while, shoulder to shoulder for a while; After a while, he shoveled a foot horizontally and cut off the mountain road. The Amber brothers are not afraid. He turned to Uncle Shu for help. Five big trees were placed on Suoxi, but they crossed Suoxi. The Amber brothers also turned to the stone for help. After several boulders were laid, the mountain road became a dotted line and jumped over the water. There are more ingenious ways in the mountain road. My brother put a row of pebbles on the river bed, and a fish jump was tied below.

Such a "road" can also pass the car. We went to Huanglong Cave and crossed the Suoxi River six times. Jiefang truck drove this underwater cobblestone road.

The car roared, the body shook, the water splashed, the pebbles bumped, and our hearts pounded ... Never walked such a "wild" road in my life!

Of course, the wild things on the mountain are more "wild". Those monkeys, big and small, have special feelings for us because they share the same ancestor with us. When we came to the Wild Botanical Garden, a large group of monkeys were jumping among the branches. The intimacy was indescribable. However, when a young lesbian in our group passed by a tree, a little monkey actually made a prank to pee, which scared the compatriot to exclaim and flee in a hurry, while the naughty guy jumped into another tree crying happily.

Walking in such a landscape, we have gradually become "wild". Girls with glasses in the city, while climbing mountains, munch on cooked corn cob; The old woman actually picked a gorgeous mountain flower and stuck it in her gray hair; Old people over 60 years old jump between rocks and relive their childhood dreams; When we met a mountain stream that suddenly stood in front of us, a group of people were all carrying leather shoes and stockings, stepping on rocks, gritting their teeth and wading through knee-high water step by step ... The kiss of the stream was hot and the mountain was full of laughter. People, all in this landscape, return to simplicity.

Therefore, I feel never happy, never refreshing; Suoxiyu's "wildness" has purified my soul!

Appreciation of Text Underlined Sentences from Rhetoric Perspective

Exercise 4

Humanized warmth and gentleness

Exercise 5

① In these words, personification and metaphor are used respectively to describe the mountains in Suoxiyu as "playing with white clouds" and "making beautiful pictures", which are as smart and lovely as people and compared to "lovers in love" and "my fair lady", showing the author's love for mountains.

The wild child is both naughty and lovely. Here, the author uses anthropomorphic writing techniques to write Suoxi as a wild child, which makes Xiaoxi more vivid.