The Central Plains People in Beiding and Their Main Deeds

Contract:

Cultivate Long Mu.

Zhuge Liang was born in the 4th year of Han Dynasty (18 1), an official family in Yang Du County, Ye Lang. Zhuge family is a famous family in Ye Lang. Zhuge Liang's ancestor Zhuge Feng was a captain in the Western Han Dynasty, and Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Jue was a county magistrate in Taishan at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's mother Zhang died at the age of 3, and Zhuge Liang lost his father at the age of 8. Together with his younger brother Zhuge Jun, he followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the prefect of Zhang Yu by Yuan Shu, to work in Zhang Yu. The Eastern Han court sent Zhu Hao instead of Zhuge Xuan, and Zhuge Xuan went to Jingzhou for Liu Biao. In the second year of Jian 'an (197), Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan died of illness; Emperor Xian of Han fled from Li Jue in Chang 'an to Xu County in Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang is now 16 years old. He likes reading Song of Fu Liang on weekdays, and often compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi. At that time, people were dismissive of him, and only friends such as Xu Shu and Cui believed in his talent. Make friends with Xiangyang celebrities such as Pang Degong and Huang. Huang once said to Zhuge Liang, "I heard that you want to choose a wife. There is an ugly girl in my family with yellow hair and dark skin, but her talent can match yours. " Zhuge Liang agreed to this marriage and married her. At that time, people made fun of it as a joke. There was even a proverb in the village: "Don't choose a wife for Kong Ming, but you will get an ugly girl for Acheng". But there is also a saying that Huang Yueying herself is extremely beautiful, so she is envied by other young women in the village and disfigures her appearance.

Longzhong countermeasure

Main entry: three visits to thatched cottage and decision-making in Longzhong

Zhuge Liang

At that time, Liu Bei was attached to Liu Biao and stationed in Xinye. Later, when Si Mahui met Liu Bei, he said, "Those Confucian scholars are people with little knowledge. How can they understand the current situation? A hero is one who can understand current events and situations. At this time, only Wolong (Zhuge Liang) and Feng Chu (Pang Tong) are left. " [5]

Zhuge Liang was recommended by Xu Shu, and Liu Bei hoped that Xu Shu would take him to see him, but Xu Shu suggested: "This person can go to see him, but he can't condescend to it. The general should condescend to visit. " Liu Bei personally inspected Longzhong and went there three times before meeting Zhuge Liang (known as "three visits to the cottage" in history). After seeing Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei told others to avoid him and asked him, "Now that the Han Dynasty has declined, the traitor has done things under the guise of the emperor's orders, and the emperor has lost power." I didn't measure my virtue and ability, and wanted to save the world with righteousness, but my wisdom and strategy were short-lived and insufficient, so I often failed today. But my ambition has not yet come true. Is there any plan to help me, sir? "

Zhuge Liang told him that Cao Cao was not desirable and Sun Quan could help him. It also expounds that the state grazing of Jing and Yi is cowardly and has opportunities. Only by owning these two States can we win the world. He also told Liu Bei the strategy of attacking the Central Plains. This theory was later called "Longzhong Dui". Upon hearing this, Liu Bei praised Zhuge Liang and invited him to help, so Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain and entered the curtain. Liu Bei often talks with him, and the relationship is getting closer and closer. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were greatly displeased. Liu Bei explained to them, "I have Kong Ming, just like fish has water. I wish you would stop talking. " "Guan Yu and Zhang Fei will no longer complain.

Zhuge Liang's long-term confrontation was the basic national policy of Liu Bei and Shu Han in the following decades.

Chibi war

Main entrance: Battle of Red Cliffs.

In the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), Liu Biao's wife and Liu Qi's stepmother, Cai, slandered many times, and Liu Biao gradually fell out with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang for advice on self-defense several times, but Zhuge Liang often refused. Liu Qi used the trick of going home to take the ladder at a banquet to let Zhuge Liang tell the solution. Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi: "You will be in danger if you don't see Shen Sheng in the Spring and Autumn Period, but can Zhong Er (referring to Jin Wengong) be safe outside?" At that time, Huang Zu was killed by Wu Dong, and Liu Qi was recommended as Jiangxia Prefecture. In August of the same year, Liu Biao died of illness and his second son, Liu Cong, succeeded to the throne. Hearing the news that Cao Cao was going south, he sent messengers to surrender. After learning the news of Fancheng, Liu Bei led the soldiers and civilians to flee to the south, and Cao Jun caught up with Liu Jun in Changban, Dangyang.

Liu Bei was defeated.

Zhuge Liang's war of words led to Confucianism.

Before Sun Quan went to Xiakou, he sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei to ask Sun Quan for help. Zhuge Liang recommended himself as a lobbyist for Chai Sang and made friends with Lu Su. After arriving in Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan and first gave Sun Quan two choices by dichotomy. "If Wu Yue can compete with the Central Plains, it is better to break diplomatic relations with Cao Cao earlier"; Another option is provocation,

"If you think you can't resist, why don't you stop military action and surrender to the north!" Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang why Liu Bei didn't surrender. Zhuge Liang raised Liu Bei's social status, saying that Liu Bei had backbone and would never surrender to show Sun Bei's determination. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei had left to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. First, he said that there were 10,000 people in Guijun and Guan Yu's water army, and there were no fewer than 10,000 Jiangxia soldiers in Liu Qifan. Then he said that Cao Jun was exhausted from a long distance. He chased Liu Beishi and walked more than 300 miles a day and a night with a Qingqi. That is "a spent force, it is impossible to wear Lu Mao"; Moreover, northerners do not learn water warfare, and Jingzhou people are forced to obey Cao Cao, unconvinced; Finally, Cao's defeat is certain. Sun Quan is very happy. Later, after lobbying by Lu Su and Zhou Yu, he decided to unite Liu against Cao and sent Zhou Yu, Lu Su to lead 30,000 water troops against Cao Cao.

Zhuge Liang went back to Liu Bei with the army; In November, Cao Cao's army was attacked by Sun Liulian in Chibi, and Cao Cao's army suffered heavy losses. At this time, a plague broke out in Cao Cao's army, and Cao Cao had to lead the army north.

Adequate food, weapons and equipment

Main items: Yizhou War and Hanzhong War.

After Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei was pacified in December of the 13th year of Jian 'an.

Zhuge Liang appointed Zhuge Liang as the military commander of the four counties in Jingnan, lived in Lin Xuan, supervised Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, and was responsible for adjusting taxes and enriching military assets.

In the 16th year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Yizhou Pastoral Liu Zhang sent Fazheng and Mengda to ask Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun guarded Jingzhou. In December of the following year, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others went to Shu to help out, leaving Guan Yu in charge of Jingzhou's defense, dividing troops to pacify counties and counties, and forming a capital with Liu Bei. In the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14), Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei entered Yizhou.

Zhuge Liang received 500 Jin of gold, 50 million yuan of silver 1000 Jin, and 0/000 pieces of brocade/kloc-0, and was appointed as a strategist and general, in charge of the general's office. Whenever Liu Bei sent troops to attack, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu and providing Liu Bei with adequate food and clothing. For example, in the battle of Hanzhong, he provided resources for Liu Bei.

In the first year of Han Yankang (220), Cao Pi usurped Han to stand on his own feet. In the second year of Wei Huang (22 1), ministers heard the news that Emperor Xian was killed and advised Liu Bei, who had become the king of Hanzhong, to be the emperor. Liu Bei refused, and Zhuge Liang persuaded Liu Bei with the story of Geng Chun lobbying Liu Xiu to be emperor. So Liu Bei promised Zhuge Liang to be prime minister, record history and have a holiday; In the same year, Zhang Fei was killed and Zhuge Liang became a captain.

Ancestor orphan

Main items: Liu Chan and Zhuge Liang's southern expedition

In August of the second year of Zhangwu (222), Liu Bei was defeated on the way to recapture Jingzhou and retreated to Yongan. Zhuge Liang sighed, "It's a pity that Fa is dead, or your majesty's crusade to the east will stop." In February of the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was seriously ill and called Zhuge Liang to Yong 'an to entrust Li Yan with his affairs. Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang, "Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi. In the end, you will be able to achieve great things. If the adopted son (Liu Chan) can help, help him; If he has no talent, you can take it yourself. " Zhuge Liang said tearfully, "I will try my best to serve the faithful solar terms until I die!" " "Liu Bei asked Liu Chan to regard Zhuge Liang as his father.

In April, Liu Bei died and Liu Chan succeeded to the throne.

Baidicheng

Zhuge Liang sealed the marquis of Wuxiang and opened a yamen. Soon, Liu Chan relied on Zhuge Liang to take charge of Yizhou pastoral administration, and Zhuge Liang decided. It turned out that South China took the opportunity to rebel because of Liu Bei's death. Zhuge Liang did not send troops first because the country had just lost its monarch, but sent Deng Zhi and Kyle to Soochow to repair it.

In the spring of the third year of Jianxing (225), Zhuge Liang led the army south. Before he left, Liu Chan gave Zhuge Aliang a gold cymbal and a curved cover, preached one before and after himself, and brought sixty warriors. Later, Zhuge Liang went deep into the barren land to crusade against Lv Yong and Meng Huo. Zhuge Liang accepted Ma Su's advice to join the army, focusing on self-attack. First, he defeated Lv Yong's army, then captured Meng Huo seven times, and put down the autumn chaos. Shu Han settled in Nanzhong, gained a lot of resources and formed a powerful army. After a long period of accumulation, it laid the foundation for the Northern Expedition.

Northern expedition to the central plains

Main entry: Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition

In the spring of the 6th year of lite (228), Zhuge Liang raised his voice ahead of time and took the Xiegu Road to get the reward, so that Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi set up suspected soldiers to attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops and led his own army to attack Qishan (. Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding counties in Longyou opposed Wei's attachment to Shu, and Guanzhong shook. Chang 'an, the west town of Wei Mingdi, ordered Zhang He to ride fifty thousand troops and beat Ma Su to the street pavilion. At the same time, Zhao Yun was outnumbered and lost to Ji Gu. Zhuge Liang pulled more than 1000 families back to Hanzhong from Xixian County. The first Northern Expedition failed.

In the winter of the same year, Zhuge Liang took advantage of the weakness of Guanzhong by taking advantage of the opportunity of Taiwei's eastward advance. He took advantage of the Northern Expedition to send troops to disperse customs (southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) and surround Chencang (east of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province). Zhao Hao, the general of Wei, refused him, but Zhuge Liang failed to persuade him to surrender. He had no choice but to return to Hanzhong. Wei Zhui was beheaded.

Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition Situation

In the spring of the seventh year of lite (229), Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Yin Ping (now Wenxian County, Gansu Province). Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, led the troops to rescue him. Out to Jianwei (now west of Xihe County, Gansu Province), Guo Huai withdrew, so he got the second county.

In the autumn of the eighth year of lite (230), Wei Jun attacked Hanzhong, Sima Yi went to Xicheng (now northwest of Ankang City, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He went to Woods Valley, and Cao Zhen went to Gu Jie. Zhuge Liang was stationed in Chenggu (now east of Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Akasaka (now twenty miles east of Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province). It rained heavily for more than 30 days, and Wei Jun retreated. In the same year, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Wu to Qiang, and defeated Fei Yao, the general after Wei Dynasty, and Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, in Yuyang River (now Nan 'an County, southwest of Wushan Mountain in Gansu Province).

In February of the 9th year of Jianxing (23 1), Zhuge Liang led an army to attack Qishan, only to get lucky. When Cao Zhen was seriously ill, the Guanzhong commander Sima Yi refused. Zhuge Liang cut wheat in Shangguan (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi chased the light to Lucheng (now between Tianshui City and Gangu, Gansu Province), dug up the camp and held on, which was a mockery of "fearing Shu like a tiger".

According to Han Chunqiu, in May of the same year, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan, Gao Xiang and Wu Ban to refuse, and Sima Yi was defeated. The Han army obtained the first batch of 3000-class armor, 5000-class armor and 3 100 crossbows, so Sima Yi returned to Baoying. This historical material was later quoted in Zi Tong Zhi Jian.

In the Book of Jin, it is recorded that Wei Jun took off his armor and went into battle lightly, and met Zhuge Liang in Hanyang. Sima Yi sent the general Jinniu as bait, and Zhuge Liang retreated to Qishan, stationed troops in Lucheng, and built fences against the north and south mountains. Wei Jun attacked the Shu army and captured tens of thousands. ] In the reflection written by Chen Shou, neither statement is recorded.

Zhuge Liang in June, Li Yan called Zhuge Liang to return to Li due to poor grain transportation. Zhang He chased Liang, retreated to the wooden door and was shot dead by an arrow. This is his second time out of Qishan.

In February of the 12th year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang led the army out, and settled in Weibin according to Wu Wuzhangyuan (now Qishan South, Shaanxi Province), with Sima Yi as Weinan, and sent troops with Wu. During this period, Zhuge Liang repeatedly sent envoys to issue gauntlets and decorated them with women to anger Sima Yi. Sima Yi, on the other hand, endured humiliation and used the ingenious tactic of "fighting thousands of miles away" to quell his anger.

Sima Yi once asked the messengers of Shu Han about Zhuge Liang's sleep, diet and work, but did not ask about the military situation. The messenger replied, "Zhuge Gong gets up early and goes to bed late, and always gets 20 sticks."

Regarding punishment, I am personally familiar with it; I ate less than a few liters of food. Sima Yi told people: "Zhu Gekongming eats little and has troubles. How long can he live? "

Zhuge Liang is an adventurous wasteland-digger, who grows grain and is self-sufficient with the people of Wei in the territory of Wei. He planned to stay there for a long time, but Zhuge Liang was seriously ill because of overwork.

Wu died of illness.

Liu Chan sent Li Fu, the minister's servant, to meet him and asked about state affairs. Li Fu arrived, Zhuge Liang finished talking, left and came back in a few days. Zhuge Liang said, "I know your intention to come back. Recently, although you have been talking for a day, you have not explained anything, and you have come to listen to the decision again. What you want to ask is suitable for Jiang Wei. " Li Fu apologized and said, "I really didn't ask a few days ago. If you meet someone who can shoulder the heavy responsibility after this year, then I am back. Who can shoulder this heavy responsibility after Jiang Wei? " Zhuge Liang said, "Cost can make it." "Ask after fay? Zhuge Liang did not answer.

In August, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan (

Baoji territory), at the age of 54. Yang Yi and others led the troops back, and Jiang Wei obeyed Zhuge Liang's will, secretly refused to send out an obituary and slowly withdrew. Sima Yi led the army to chase after him, only to see the flag of the army flying, and Kong Mingyu sitting in the car, wearing a black scarf. Sima Yi suspected that Kongming was cheating the enemy, so he retreated on horseback, so there was an incident of "Zhuge's death scared Zhong Da away", and only Qishan was twice; The fourth time, Wei Jun took the initiative to attack, and the Shu army defended. Due to continuous rainstorm and flash floods, the plank road was washed away, and Shu and Wei surrendered without a fight. After the army returned to Chengdu, Liu Chan named Zhuge Aliang as loyal Hou.

Zhuge Liang's last words ordered the Ministry to be buried in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, and a tomb was built according to the mountain situation. The tomb can only accommodate the coffin, put on the usual clothes, and do not need to use other instruments for burial.

Zhuge Liang was buried in the tomb of Wuhou, Mianxian County, Dingjun Mountain. Zhuge Liang once pointed out in the above table that he had no extra property, only 800 mulberry trees and 15 hectares of land, and all his clothes were seized by the court. Although his sons are self-sufficient, he has no extra property. Sure enough, Zhuge Liang was like this until his death. Even before he died, he was told that when he was buried, he only needed to dig a hole and put the coffin in, so he could put on ordinary clothes without other funerary objects.

Many places in Shu and Han dynasties wrote to ask for the establishment of Zhuge Liang Temple, but the court of Shu and Han dynasties refused to accept it, so the people sacrificed Zhuge Liang privately on the road of four seasons sacrifice. Until six years (263), at the suggestion of Longhe, a temple was built for Zhuge Liang in Mianyang.

Thirty years after Zhuge Liang's death, his eldest son Zhuge Zhan and his eldest grandson Zhuge Shang died together in Mianzhu.