He believes that "the best intention of a perfect person is like a mirror. He does not hold back or meet, responds but does not hide, so he can conquer things without harming them." Liezi was poor and

He believes that "the best intention of a perfect person is like a mirror. He does not hold back or meet, responds but does not hide, so he can conquer things without harming them." Liezi was poor and looked hungry, but he refused the food given by Ziyang, the tyrannical ruler of Zheng. His disciple Yan Hui asked: "Are all those who hear the Tao rich?" Liezi said: "Jie and Zhou only despised the Tao and valued profits, which was their demise!" He believed that we should get rid of the nobility, fame and fortune in the world, follow the Tao, and be indifferent to fame and fortune. Practice peace and quiet. Lanboxujing

A native of Putian, Zhengguo (now Zhengzhou City, Henan Province) during the period of King Weilie of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. In the early Warring States period, he was a famous thinker, fabler and writer. A famous representative of Taoism. At that time, because people were accustomed to adding the character "子" to the surname of a learned person to show respect, Lie Yukou was also called "Lie Zi". During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Liezi was granted the title of "Zhenren Chongxu".

In the first chapter of his book "Xiaoyaoyou", Zhuangzi mentioned that Liezi could "walk on the wind and be calm and good", and he seemed to have developed an outstanding light skill. Because Zhuangzi often fictionalizes some non-existent characters in Zhuangzi's books, such as "Nobody" and "Tiangen", some people suspect that Liezi is also a "fake person". However, Liezi is also mentioned in many documents such as "Warring States Policy", "Zhizi", "Lu Shi Chunqiu", etc., and these books are all serious books, unlike "Zhuangzi" who likes to make up random stories. Therefore Liezi should be a real person.

Liezi lived in poverty all his life, did not seek fame or fortune, and did not enter officialdom. He lived in seclusion in Zhengdi for 40 years and devoted himself to writing 20 articles with more than 100,000 words. There is a book "Liezi" circulated, which was studied in the pre-Qin Dynasty and was still popular in the Western Han Dynasty. The Western Jin Dynasty was affected by the Yongjia Rebellion and became incomplete after crossing the Yangtze River. Later, it was collected and completed by Zhang Zhan. There are eight existing chapters: "Tian Rui", "Emperor", "King Zhou Mu", "Zhong Ni", "Tang Wen", "Li Ming", "Yang Zhu" and "Shuo Fu". Among them, the most popular fables such as "The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain", "Unfounded Worries", "Two Children Debating the Sun", "Jichang Xueshe" and "Tang Wen" are well-known to every household and are widely circulated in literature. Liezi always kept a low profile. There is a saying that "Zi Liezi lived in Zhengpu, and no one knew him for forty years." It can be seen that he truly achieved the state of "harmony with light and dust" mentioned by Laozi, so Liezi's deeds in history are also very few. This is not an exaggeration to explain that some people think that Liezi was faked by later generations.

Liezi was not only knowledgeable, but also had very clear standards of right and wrong and principles of life. His moral character and moral cultivation were even more noble. Once, when an envoy from various countries came to Zheng to visit Liezi, he found that this virtuous man whom he admired often immersed himself in learning even when he was hungry. When Ziyang, the prime minister of Zheng State, heard about this, he immediately sent officials to deliver food to the imperial bandits. Liezi was unmoved and thanked him, saying, "You will not receive any reward for your merits." The envoy had no choice but to return with food. Liezi's wife was puzzled by this, and Liezi explained: Ziyang did not understand the greatness of my "Tao", but just wanted to gain fame. As Liezi expected, the people soon revolted and killed this high-ranking official named Ziyang. If Liezi had accepted the gift at that time and used it for him, he would certainly have been unscathed.

His theory advocates the importance of virtue. It became famous in the book "Lieh Tzu". There is a chapter named after it. Its main purpose is to preach that one should not show off one's wisdom externally but should cultivate one's mind in the heart, so as to achieve the goal of letting nature take its course and achieve the goal of "using the useless". realm.

Chengfeng Yuxu

Liezi was very persistent and serious in his pursuit of Taoism in his youth. He first studied with Huqiuzi, and later studied with Guan Yinzi, a direct disciple of Laozi, and also

I once worshiped Shang as my teacher. He inherited Laozi's teachings and carried them forward. Legend has it that when he devoted himself to Taoism, he was able to "walk on the wind." He often "rides the wind and travels around the eight wilderness" on the day of the beginning of spring; on the day of the beginning of autumn, he returns to his residence "Feng Cave". Although these records are exaggerated, they also indirectly reflect Liezi's profound Taoist knowledge and Liezi's transcendent Taoist style.

Main Achievements

Works

"Liezi" is a famous classic in the history of ancient Chinese thought and culture. It belongs to various schools and is a book of wisdom. It can open people's minds, give people enlightenment, and give people wisdom.

"Liezi" is a compilation of the writings of Liezi, his disciples and his followers. The book consists of eight parts and 140 chapters, composed of philosophical prose, fables, myths, and historical stories. Basically, it expresses subtle philosophy in the form of allegory.

***There are one hundred and two myths and fables. For example, there are nineteen chapters in the Yellow Emperor Chapter, eleven in the Zhou Mu King Chapter, and thirty in the Shuofu Chapter. These myths, fables and philosophical essays are all shining with the light of wisdom.

Every text in "Liezi", no matter how long or short, is a system of its own, each with its own theme, reflecting wisdom and philosophy. It is easy to understand and interesting. As long as we read it one by one and understand it carefully, You can get lessons. It is completely comparable to the ancient Greek "Aesop's Fables", but far surpasses "Aesop's Fables" in artistic conception

Thoughts

Liezi's theory, Liu Xiang believes: "Their learning is based on the Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzu, and is called Taoism. Taoists stick to the basics, be pure and inactive, and govern the body and things. They worship and do not compete with each other. They are combined with the Six Classics." "Erya. Exegesis" by Xing Bing's "Shu" quoted "Zi Zi. Guangze Pian" and "Lu Shi Chun Qiu Bu Er" and said: "Zi Lie Zi Guixu". "Warring States Policy. Han Ce" contains: "Historical Ji sent an envoy to Chu, and the king of Chu asked: 'What should the guests follow?' He said: 'The words of Zhi Liezi's bandits.' Said: 'Why are you noble?' Said: 'Gui Zheng Zhang Zhan's "Preface to Liezi" believes: "The outline of his book clearly states that existence and emptiness are the basis, the ultimate destruction of all things is the test, the blessing of the gods is the eternal peace, and the thoughts are represented by objects, and the awakening and awakening are Transform dreams and other emotions. The size is not limited to one area, and there is no false intelligence. It is more important to govern the body than to be an official. If you follow your nature, you can go anywhere. If you forget, there will be no darkness. This is the purpose. /p>

Lieh Tzu believes that "the best intention of a perfect person is like a mirror, neither holding back nor meeting, responding without hiding, so he can overcome things without harming them." He often looked hungry because of his poverty, but he refused the food given by Ziyang, the tyrannical ruler of Zheng State. His disciples strictly asked: "Are all those who hear the Tao rich?" Liezi said: "Jie and Zhou only despised the Tao and valued profits, and they perished!" Liezi also advocated that we should get rid of the nobility, fame and wealth in the world, follow the Tao, and be indifferent. Fame and fortune, quiet practice.

There are many instructive works in the pre-Qin fables and myths and legends in Liezi. For example, the three stories of "Liezi Learning to Shoot" ("Liezi·Shufu"), "Jichang Learning to Shoot" ("Liezi·Tangwen") and "Xuetan Learning to Acquire" ("Liezi·Tangwen") tell us respectively: When it comes to learning, you must not only know what is happening, but also why it is happening; real skills come from diligent study and practice; there is no end to knowledge and skills, and you cannot be satisfied with just learning a little. Another example is "The Legend of the Yellow Emperor" ("The Yellow Emperor" by Liezi), which tells us that the uncanny skill of an old man catching cicadas stems from his diligent study and practice; there is also the even more bizarre plot of "The Wife Does Not Know Her Husband" ("Liehzi") "Tang Wen") shows that a person can change his mind.

Philosophical allusions

Tianrui

Tianrui means the spiritual auspiciousness of heaven and earth, the symmetry of nature, that is, the "no birth, no transformation" mentioned in the article ". Liezi believed that everything in the world has a beginning and an end, and only "that which is neither born nor transformed", that is, "Tao", can cycle and exist independently and eternally. "The unborn and untransformed" is the origin of the creation and change of the world. It was formless and formless at first. It went through the four stages of the Great Yi, Taichu, Taishi, and Taisu, and formed the "hundred". From then on, it "turns a blind eye to hearing." "If you don't hear it, you can't follow it", the "Yi" evolves into the tangible "One", which eventually creates all things in the world. Liezi said that when he encounters a hundred-year-old skeleton, he follows this statement and explains that "all things come from the machine and all enter the machine." Everything comes from "Tao", but it is not intentional by "Tao". All things in the world just change and move naturally, with interest and profit and loss.

Selected fables and discussions, "The Book of the Yellow Emperor" regards death as returning home, and Rong Qi will die in poverty and happiness; Lin Lei sings and does not worry about making a living; Confucius praises death and tells the world that if there is no home, there will be People are worried about heaven and earth, and Xiang is a thief. All these are just like what Zhang Zhan said in "Liezi Preface": "In general, existence and emptiness are the origin of all things, and the final destruction of all things is the experience." Tangible things are born and die, they temporarily exist in the world and eventually end up in nothingness. The same is true in life - from infancy, youth, old age, to death, life is not my own, and life and death are nothing but coming and going.

Both "Lu Shi Chun Qiu·Bu Er" and "Xi Zi·Guang Ze" state that "Liezi values ??emptiness", but according to "Tian Rui", Liezi thinks that "those who are imaginary are not noble". Complete emptiness must forget all existence and non-existence (emptiness), and dissolve all differences, and there will be no importance. All things are created by nature, and thieves have no intention of doing so. Time is like a reverse journey, and life and death are not as good as love. This is the main idea of ??"Tian Rui", which is also the outline of the whole book of "Lieh Zi".

Yang Zhu

"Yang Zhu". Also known as "Da Sheng". The whole article talks freely about the joy of life and explains the way of life and death. The argument in the article that "you should be interested in life, and ridicule after death" and the proposition that "if you lose a penny to benefit the world, you will not take it, but if you know that the world will give you one body, you will not take it", can be called heretical and "evil" theories that are rare in the ages. But Liu Xiang In "Listed in the Catalog of New Books", it is said that "Yang Zi's chapters are only worth selecting." This is an overgeneralization and fragmentation of the theory.

In the article, Yang Zhu separates the relationship between name and reality, believing that the name may not necessarily match the reality, and the reality may not be attached to the name. He listed the different backgrounds of Guan Zhong, Riheng, Yao, Shun, Boyi, Shuqi and others, proving that there are various unfair phenomena in society such as "poor in real name and rich in fake name". Only death can dissolve these differences between high and low in the world, and remove all the vain halo of benevolence, righteousness, and morality, so that the benevolent, saintly, evil, and foolish will also turn into rotten bones after death. Looking back at the historical process full of suffering and the short and uncertain life, the only thing we can grasp is the current ignorance, beauty, lust, and voice. Compared with it, any false fame during life or glory after death are nothing. It is different from the harmful "heavy shackles". Ordinary people are concerned about the scale of punishments and rewards, and the teachings of fame and law, and tend to look forward and backward in their behavior. Even if they are lucky enough to live for a hundred years, they are just puppets of ethics, fame and fortune. Gongsun Chao and Gongsun Mu were drunk and having fun, and Uncle Duanmu was tired of spending time in the family. In the eyes of ordinary people, they were wild people. Little did they know that Yang Zhu showed the world through these two fables that one should abandon pretentiousness and hypocrisy, not be misled by fame and fortune, not burdened by wealth and wealth, enjoy life and live freely, and indulge in willfulness and indulgence.

Pianzhu Yang Zhu was afraid of overcorrecting, so he turned back to the theory of name and reality, indicating that in the reality of "name is honor, loss of name is humiliation", "name" and "reality" are not the same. It's not a completely severed relationship. But if one pursues superfluous fame and wealth in addition to his natural desires, that would be insatiable greed and become what he despises as "keeping fame but accumulating real achievements." It can be seen that Yang Zhu's theory was originally intended to criticize the vanity of the secular world and to free himself from the common teachings, and was not arbitrary. Later generations' misinterpretation gave him an unwarranted reputation for selfishness and indulgence.

Shuo Fu

The whole book "Liezi" begins with "Tian Rui" and ends with "Shuo Fu", echoing from beginning to end, forming a self-contained whole. In ancient times, the so-called "Fu Rui" descended from heaven, and its attachments corresponded to personnel affairs, which was called "Fu Ying". "Fu" has the meaning of "Fu", "Fu" and "Fu". "Shuo Fu" means the mutual fulfillment of "Tao" and human affairs. Through more than thirty fables and reasoning, the full text discusses "Tao" and "wisdom", "name" and "reality", "form" and "spirit", "noble" and "low", "timing" and "flexibility" , "Jiu Li" and "Jiu De", "Zhi Shen" and "Government" and many other pairs of relationships were discussed from various angles.

The world is impermanent, and misfortunes and blessings depend on each other. Therefore, Liezi believes that in dealing with the world, one should "hold the last and be the first", and regarding the changes in the survival and death of things, one should also "see the reasons behind them" through their surfaces. On the one hand, we must "rely on Taoism rather than on ingenuity", avoid harm to the whole body, and avoid repeating the tragedy of Qi Yong; on the other hand, we must also have the wisdom of "giving gaps in time and responding to problems without a plan" and understand the "first approach and then combination" "The words of the sage, and then understand that there are actually long-standing reasons behind various seemingly unrelated phenomena. However, many people in the world indulge in lust, value profits over Taoism, and covet what they gain in the short term without caring about the long-term accumulation. This is why jokes like "Song people lost contracts" and "Qi people grabbed gold" are made. Only by abandoning the original text, "returning to the same and rejecting the original", pursuing the truth because of the name, and getting the essence and discarding the roughness, can we get a glimpse of the wonderful secret between the way of heaven and human affairs.