All the deeds of Zhu Zhixin before his death.

Formerly known as Dafu, the word holds the letter, and his ancestral home is Xiaoshan, Zhejiang, and his ancestral home is Panyu, Guangdong. Modern democratic revolutionist. 1902 Join Guangzhou Middle School, organize a group intelligence club and explore new knowledge. 1904 studying in Japan at the official expense, knowing Sun Yat-sen ... joined the league the following year and served as an examiner and secretary of the appraisal department. He published many political articles in People's Daily under the pseudonyms of Shen Zhe and Xian Jie, criticizing the argument of royalism, expounding the Three People's Principles put forward by Sun Yat-sen, especially paying attention to people's livelihood, and introducing the revolutionary activities of Ma and Engels, the * * * declaration and some contents of Capital.

1906 Zhu Zhixin returned to China, and taught in Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangdong Law School and Guangdong Dialect School successively, secretly carrying out revolutionary activities. 19 10 participated in the planning of the Guangzhou new army uprising. In April of the following year, he participated in the Huanghuagang Uprising and fled to Hong Kong after failing. After Wuchang Uprising, Guangdong launched the People's Army Uprising. After the recovery of Guangdong, he served as the chief of staff of the military government, the supervisor of the military affairs department of Guangzhou (state) and the president of the Guangdong Audit Institute. After the Song case, he advocated rectifying and strengthening the army and seizing Yuan by force. After the failure of the "Second Revolution", he persisted in the struggle against Yuan, joined the China Revolutionary Party and served as the commander of the revolutionary army in Guangdong Province. 19 17 served as military liaison in the military government of the Republic of China and was responsible for confidential documents. The following year, he went to Shanghai to help Sun handle donations from overseas Chinese and write a general plan for the founding of the country. As the editor-in-chief of Weekly Review and Construction, he participated in the New Culture Movement, praised the Bolshevik spirit, and studied Russian to prepare for studying in Soviet Russia.

1920, Zhu Zhixin was ordered to sponsor the construction of Zhangzhou legal protection zone, urging the Guangdong army to return to Li Dynasty to expel the warlords of Guangxi, and to launch a local people's army in Guangdong. On September 2 1 day, he was shot and killed in Humen while mediating the contradiction between Qiu Weinan Department and Deng Military Department. When the bad news reached Shanghai, Sun Yat-sen lost his right hand and praised him as "the best comrade" and "how many talents are there in China". 1921February 27th, Sun was attending a memorial service and wrote a memorial service. 65438+1 October1Guangzhou Zhixin School opened, and Sun Yat-sen personally delivered a speech, praising him as a "revolutionary practitioner and writer". This book has been compiled into Zhu Zhixin's anthology.

Zhu Zhixin's reading method.

As mentioned above, Zhu Zhixin's ideological preparation for becoming a bourgeois democratic revolutionary can be divided into two stages, namely, the stage of extensively reading reform books in ancient and modern China and foreign countries in his youth and the stage of studying in Japan, both of which are inseparable from reading. It is precisely because Zhu Zhixin is fond of reading that he is knowledgeable and talented, and his ideological level is higher than that of most young people of his time, and he became a "trendsetter" for young people in China at that time.

Zhu Zhixin read very well and read out the results. In addition to his intelligence, strong understanding and good memory (he can still skillfully use the Japanese he learned when studying abroad after returning home, which shows that his memory is good), it is also inseparable from his successful reading methods. So, what is Zhu Zhixin's learning "secret"? In this regard, Dai once made an incisive summary: "His wisdom and enthusiasm for studying knowledge are really beyond the reach of our friends who often stay together. I don't read as much as him, and I don't read as well as him. As for the combination of rational behavior and consistent will, we are definitely not as good as him. " It can be seen that Zhu Zhixin has three valuable experiences in reading: first, he reads widely, covering all kinds of knowledge, such as ancient and modern Chinese and foreign, social science, natural science and so on; Second, he has a strong interest in learning and a "determination" to study hard when studying; Third, when reading, be diligent in thinking, combine with reality, and stimulate your creative thinking through understanding. There have been some sporadic narratives in this book, and now I will focus on them.

Look at Zhu Zhixin's erudition first. When talking about learning, Hu said: "Mr. Wang knows not only poetry and songs, but also mathematics and many sciences, but he taught himself, not from the teacher." "When Mr. Wang was in Japan, he gave up science and mathematics for a long time, but all the people who specialize in mathematics in Japanese mathematics research came to ask Mr. Wang about his mathematics and asked him about his further study in the School of Mathematics, but he only studied in middle school for one or two years. It can be seen from this end that Mr. Wang's understanding and memory are really extraordinary. After learning English for a year, he can read books. " Zhu Zhiru introduced it in detail: "You should learn from your friends first. You are familiar with the four books and five classics, such as mirror, twenty-four histories and Neijing. At the age of sixteen, you began to learn mathematics from your uncle, Mr Wang Zhongqi. However, from arc triangle to differential integral and analytic geometry in solid geometry, you should read books by yourself, and Xi should study and practice every night, so you can't stay up until four o'clock. You can not only remember the formulas, but also deeply understand the principle of their origin. Not only was he familiar with the new algorithm, but he also put the astronomical records, laws, calendars, parallel calculation of weekly calendars, mathematical essence and calendar images in the official history into the masterpieces of Chinese and Western arithmetic, such as Hua Mei Ding-jiu's arithmetic books and ancient and modern arithmetic books, which were explored from ancient times to the pre-Qin period. ..... After crossing Japan, I bought books by famous mathematicians in the East and West. I am particularly good at solving problems, thinking hard, forgetting to eat and sleep, and I am familiar with all mathematics-related sciences such as astronomy and mechanics. " Zhu Zhixin's research scope is very extensive, and he is even very interested in ancient inscriptions. 19 12 years, he collected a lot of Tang Zhaoling steles and Jin Dynasty steles, and enjoyed them whenever he had time. He also copied calligraphy and engraved seals from time to time. When he was a teacher at the school of political science and law, he also liked Wu Sheng's plays, especially "Kill the Son" by an actor named Xinhua. From time to time, he imitated Wu Sheng's singing and sang loudly.

Because Zhu Zhixin studied a wide range of subjects, including social science and natural science, and mastered English, Russian and Japanese, as well as calligraphy and seal cutting, his knowledge structure was relatively balanced and comprehensive, forming a solid "three-dimensional project" and becoming an "all-round" youth, which laid a solid foundation for his future achievements in the theory of bourgeois democratic revolution.

Let's take a look at Zhu Zhixin's strong interest in learning and his "determination" to learn. Zhu Zhixin was able to study extensively because he had a strong interest, which made him not afraid of difficulties, study hard and have a nail-like spirit of "concentration". Zhu Zhixin's solid mathematical knowledge described above is mainly mastered by self-study driven by interest.

When Zhu Zhixin was ten years old, every afternoon after school, he sat on the doorstep and read Hanshu and Shiji until the sun went down. He couldn't read the words on the pages clearly, and then he went back to his room to have a rest. The seven-year-old brother didn't understand why he was so obsessed with reading, so he asked his brother. Zhu Zhixin said, "The historical stories in these books attract me so much that they attract my heart like magnets." When Zhu Zhixin studied calligraphy with his father when he was a child, he practiced hard every day. Sometimes he doesn't want to stop after practicing for hours. Even Mr. Zhu, who is strict with his adopted son at ordinary times, felt a little unbearable and said, "Doctor, stop practicing and have a rest!" Zhu Zhixin raised his round face and said to Mr Zhu, "Dad, I'm not tired. This post is very interesting! " After that, he began to practice calligraphy again.

Because of his keen interest, Zhu Zhixin read books, sometimes to the extent of obsession, which led to some jokes. He loved reading Wang Anshi's books when he was a teenager, because he admired his noble demeanor and imitated Wang Anshi's habit of not taking a bath for a long time. My sister has repeatedly advised him to develop good hygiene habits and take a bath frequently, but he just wouldn't listen. It was not until I went to Japan to study abroad and got in touch with western civilization that I changed this habit. I take a bath every day, dress neatly, and pay more attention to personal hygiene than other students. Zhu Zhixin followed Wang Anshi's example, even including his shortcomings. This kind of love me, love my dog, although somewhat biased, is understandable for a ten-year-old boy. And his "obsession" is the driving force of his hard study, which fully embodies his strong thirst for knowledge.

The third characteristic of Zhu Zhixin's reading is that he is diligent in thinking and good at mastery, so he is original. Zhu Zhiru, the younger brother of Zhu Zhixin, once had vivid memories of this: "My brother is good at reading history but not at exegesis, good at classical poetry but not at writing stereotyped poems, and good at copying stereotyped words but not at learning big volumes. Therefore, he has to take exams in various academies. Historical theory, arithmetic and other subjects often win prizes in the Xuehaitang of Jupo Jingshe, but he is not good at writing eight-part poems, and he does not sell them in academies such as Yuehua Yuexiu. Although Zhu Zhixin is not very good at exegetics and stereotyped writing, his "not very good" is due to his research on these subjects. It was in the process of learning that he found that these subjects were rigid and easy to stifle people's creative thinking, so he adopted a critical attitude. Zhu Zhiru also recalled that when he was studying in the academy, he wrote a paper that hurt Chen, and the reviewer was an old school. In the article, he criticized: "There is a basin of mud and dust in my chest." However, this article was circulated by the students and praised: "There is a fresh wind blowing inside. "

It can be seen that the combination of reading and practice and the application of what they have learned is an important foundation for the formation of Zhu Zhixin's creative thinking. It is not easy to read books comprehensively and read original opinions. Zhu Zhixin criticized the drawbacks of the imperial examination system and thought that knowledge must be combined with reality to be true learning. Otherwise, it is the "bookworm who only has knowledge and can't do things" cultivated by the imperial examination system. "Such knowledge is' hanging' and' dead knowledge'." In his article "Learning and Doing Things", he thinks: "Real learning is to be connected with society and real life. Doing nothing, his knowledge hangs in the air. Therefore, these graduates at home and abroad have not fulfilled their due responsibilities in society, that is, they have turned all their knowledge into dead knowledge. " Zhu Zhixin's creative thinking will bring great benefits to his future revolutionary activities, especially directing military operations. As mentioned earlier, Zhu Zhixin studied hard when he was young, and even forgot to eat when he was studying. But his books are limited to social science, literature and natural science, but he never reads military theory. But later, in the battle against Wang Heshun, the leader of the greenwood, and the recovery of Humen, Zhu Zhixin was in sole command, and all orders were given by him. At that time, there was no staff officer or military expert around him. However, the enemy commander has been in the army for a long time and has been fighting for a long time. He has much more combat experience and military expertise than Mr. Zhu. But isn't it strange that he was defeated by Zhu Zhixin? In fact, strange or not, this is all because of the charm of Zhu Zhixin's creative thinking. He has the ability to draw inferences from others, constantly thinking and judging according to the actual situation, making decisions, constantly summing up experience, and becoming an excellent military commander. This is the first time in history that "a scholar beat back the warlords who ran rampant in China". What a beautiful talk!

The three characteristics of Zhu Zhixin's reading are actually internally related. Extensive learning generates interest in learning and forms "determination" to study hard, which in turn promotes the development of learning in breadth and depth, thus forming a benign interaction and promoting the formation and divergence of creative thinking, the flower of human wisdom.

Edited on March 2008-1

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