Who's Marc Chagall?

Marc Chagall (1887- 1985) was born in Russia, and his early Jewish customs were the deep-rooted source of his imagination. Marc Chagall is a great man in the history of modern painting, and an idyllic writer who is free from impressionism, cubism and abstract expressionism.

His paintings show fantastic and symbolic techniques and colors, and the word "surrealism" was created to describe his works. Xia Jiaer mainly depicts green cows and horses flying in the sky, lovers lying in lilacs, their faces turned left and right at the same time, their heads turned upside down or flew away, and medieval sculptures.

Chinese name: Marc Chagall Marc Chagall.

mbth

Nationality: Belarus

Ethnic group: Jews

Place of birth: Vitebsk, Russia

Date of birth:1July 7, 887

Date of death:1March 28, 985

Occupation: painter, designer

Main achievements: oil painting

Representative works: Me and the Village, Birthday, Self-portrait with Seven Fingers.

outline

Marc Chagall (Russian name маркшагал) was born in Russia, and his early Jewish customs were the deep-rooted source of his imagination.

Xia Jiaer was born in a poor Jewish family in Vichebsk, Russia. From such a family background, he obtained a wonderful set of Russian and Jewish folk stories, inherited a fairy-tale fantasy feeling, and was deeply addicted to Jewish religious traditions.

Inbound position

Marca Garmark Chagall, 1887- 1985. French painter, printmaker and designer of Belarusian origin. His works rely on the inherent poetic power, rather than the logical rules of painting, and combine images from personal experience with formal symbols and aesthetic factors. Xia Jiaer worked almost until the last moment of his life. His oil paintings are rich in color and unique in style. He often incorporates Jewish folklore into his works and draws materials from the innocent images of nature. He is a painter who pursues innocence, from Jewish residents in Russia to Paris. Through the experiments and baptism of modern art such as cubism and surrealism, he formed a unique personal style and occupied an important position in the history of modern painting.

family background

Marc Chagall was born in Vitebsk, a small town in the northeast of Belarus. His father is an ordinary worker, bent on training his son into a learned rabbi. Therefore, Xia Jiaer has been studying Jewish classics at the Jewish Classics Institute until he was 16 years old. But he has a special interest in painting since he was a child, showing keen observation. According to Xia Jiaer's own book My Painting is My Memory, his mother didn't agree that he would become a painter, but a shop agent. In Wayne's studio, the studio director accepted him out of irresponsibility. After studying for several months, he found that his teacher was not as good as him, so he left his hometown to study in St. Petersburg. Later, I went to Paris and other places to observe and communicate with my peers, and finally became a master. His paintings mainly show the life of Russian Jews, and he himself has always maintained close ties with Jewish culture and religion. He said, "If I were not a Jew, I would never be a painter. I might become a completely different person from today. The only requirement in my life is not to try to get close to world masters such as Rembrandt, Golding and Ding Tolica, but to get close to the spirit of my parents and grandparents. ".

Painting style

Under the influence of French art, the new Baxter Studio in Marc Chagall gained a great reputation. It has the brilliance of modern art and keeps in touch with France. When Xia Jiaer walked into the studio, he was deeply shocked. 194 1 year, he decided to go to the United States at the invitation of the new york Museum of Modern Art. He paid close attention to the events in Europe with pain, and his painting style changed greatly with the cry that his race's pain and freedom were threatened. 1944 In September, his wife, Parra Xia Jiaer, passed away. Therefore, strong memories of the past and more distant periods run through his works, which makes the painter surpass life with unusual skills like the characters in the painting. He finished a large-scale work called By Her Side, which started with 1937. It combines his favorite themes, focusing on the memory of Parra. From 65438 to 0945, Xia Jiaer created the background, curtain and costumes of Stravinsky's ballet Firebird.

Returned to France from 1947 to settle down. From 1949, he lived in Vance, took out his past drafts and began to create a series of new oil paintings, which filled the scenery of Paris with magical memories. Xia Jiaer's contribution to contemporary art is becoming more and more important.

stop

194 1 Andre Braden, who studies the founder of surrealism, pointed out that since 19 1 1, his art has overturned the obstacles of morphological composition and regularity. 1985 On March 28th, Xia Jiaer died in Sao Paulo, Alpes-maritime province.

Chronicle of events

Marc Chagall

1On July 7th, 887, Marc Chagall was born in a Jewish family in western Russia.

19 10 came to Paris for development. He has exhibited his works in the independent salon.

19 14 held a solo exhibition in Berlin. When he returned to China to visit relatives and friends, it coincided with the outbreak of World War I and the subsequent Bolshevik Revolution.

1923 Return to Paris. He began to engage in printmaking in Paris and produced hundreds of etched paintings for many commemorative books.

194 1 year, he left Paris for new york to design the stage background and costumes for Stravinsky's ballet Firebird.

1948 After living in France again, he made many stained glass windows and murals for some public buildings in Jerusalem, Paris and the United States.

From 65438 to 0949, he lived in Vance, took out the drafts of the past and began to create a series of new oil paintings.

1985 On March 28th, Xia Jiaer died in Sao Paulo, Alpes-maritime province.

occupation

domestic

1887 On July 7th, Marc Chagall was born into a poor Jewish family in Vitebsk, not far from the Polish border. Besides him, there are eight children at home. Like most of Vitebsk's 20,000 Jews, his family is poor, but not poor. My father works in a herring warehouse, and my mother runs a small shop selling fish, flour, sugar and spices. From this family, Xia Jiaer gained inexhaustible wealth in his life, that is, the cultural tradition with a large number of Russian and Jewish folk stories as the background. Xia Jiaer, who has been infiltrated since childhood, has a unique and fairy-tale fantasy feeling, which will be revealed everywhere in his future artistic creation.

teenagers

As a teenager, Xia Jiaer first attended a Jewish religious primary school and then entered a local public school where Russian was the teaching language. After learning the basic knowledge of painting at school, he studied painting in the studio of local realist painter J Payne. From 65438 to 0907, Xia Jiaer went to St. Petersburg, studied intermittently for three years, and finally joined L. Baxter, starting his brilliant career as a stage designer.

Xia Jiaer's representative works in his early mature period include The Creepy Dead Man (1908), among which there is a rooftop violinist. My fiancee De black gloves (1909), here a portrait becomes an excellent opportunity to experiment with black and white contrast.

Help pay for living expenses

19 10, Xia Jiaer went to Paris with the living expenses provided by a patron in St. Petersburg. After living in a suite in Mon panas for a year and a half, he moved to his studio in a dilapidated residential area, which is located on the edge of town and is called "Hive" for Bohemian artists. Here, he met avant-garde poets B. Cendrars, M. Jacobs and C. Apollinaire, and some young painters who will become famous in the future-expressionist C. Sutien, abstract color school R. Delaune, cubist A. Gleitz, J. Messenge, F. Laige and A. Lott. In such a group of people, almost every bold painting attempt was encouraged, and Xia Jiaer quickly developed his unique poetic and seemingly unreasonable style, which has just begun to take shape in Russia. At the same time, due to the influence of impressionist, post-impressionist and fauvism paintings he saw in museums and commercial galleries in Paris, he gave up the gloomy colors he often used in his hometown.

Golden period

It is generally believed that the first four years in the French capital were the golden age of Xia Jiaer. The representative works of this period include Me with Seven Fingers (19 12), Me and My Village (19 1 1) and Salute to Apollinaire (19/kloc). In these paintings, Xia Jiaer basically established his painting style for the next 60 years. Although the colors he uses are occasionally light, they have begun to have the ultimate characteristics of complexity and mutual reflection. Images are often very strange, often upside down, placed anywhere on the canvas at will, and sometimes have a montage-like effect, obviously deliberately letting them hint at the content of dreams. The overall atmosphere can include a Yiddish joke, a Russian fairy tale or an interesting musical performance. The protagonist is often a handsome young painter with curly hair and a face that looks like an oriental. Memories of childhood and Vitebsk have always been one of the main sources of ideas.

First solo exhibition

Xia Jiaer held his first solo exhibition in the gallery of Berlin modernist publication Assault in 19 14, which left a deep impression on German expressionists. He went to the exhibition and returned to Vitebsk, just in time for the outbreak of the First World War. At this time, he described the local scenery and a series of exercises of the elderly in a more realistic style. Examples of these exercises include Jews in prayer, or rabbis in Vitebsk (19 14), and Jews in green (19 14). On 19 15, Xia Jiaer married Bella Rosenfeld, the daughter of a wealthy Vitebsk businessman. After her marriage, Bella appeared in many paintings, including a painting called Birthday (1915-1923), which depicts lovers eloping. Another painting, Double Portraits and a Glass of Wine (19 17), is ingenious and lifelike.

October Revolution [19 17 occurred in Russia]

19 17 During the Russian October Revolution, Xia Jiaer enthusiastically supported the revolution at first, became a member of the Vitebsk People's Committee, and embarked on the grand plan of establishing an academy of fine arts and a museum in the region. However, after two and a half years of intense activities, he saw more and more aesthetic and political quarrels. He gave up his job and moved to Moscow. There, he turned his attention to the theater, making stage sets and costumes for the plays of Jewish writer S. Alechem, and making murals for small theaters in Moscow. 1922, Xia Jiaer bid farewell to Russia and went to Berlin first, where he found that a large number of paintings he left in 19 14 were missing. 1923 settled in Paris again, this time with his wife and a daughter.

Learn to carve

Xia Jiaer learned carving techniques when he was in Berlin. Through the introduction of his friend Cendrars, he got to know A. worrall, a Parisian art dealer, who immediately entrusted him to etch a set of illustrations for the luxurious version of N Nicola Nikolai Gogol's novel Dead Soul, which made him gain long-term experience in printmaking. In the following three years, he produced a full-scale version of 107 for Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's masterpiece. At this time, worrall had a plan to imitate the fable of La Fontaine printed in18th century, and added color illustrations. Xia Jiaer made 65,438+000 advertisement color pictures for copying, but he soon realized that the colors he used were too complicated and the printing process was weak, so he changed to black and white etching, and all the plate making was completed in 65,438+09,365,438+0. At that time, worrall had another idea: etching a set of illustrations for the Bible. 1939, due to the beginning of World War II and the death of worrall, the work plan was stopped. By this time, Xia Jiaer had completed 66 sections. After the war, it always reached 105. E. Tyrriad, a Paris publisher, picked up many of worrall's heritages and published "Dead Soul" in 1948, with etchings at the beginning of each chapter, plus 1 1, totaling * *118; 1952 The Fable of La Fontaine was published, with two etched covers, totaling * * *102; The Bible was published in 1956. In addition to these greatly delayed achievements, Xia Jiaer also produced some smaller etchings, many separate plates, and a considerable number of color lithographs and single prints. In the 1920s and early 1930s, the number of large-scale oil paintings he created decreased, and according to the opinions of many critics, the quality also declined. But in any case, they are obviously more poetic and more and more popular with the general public. For example, the bride and groom and the Eiffel Tower (1928) and the circus performance (193 1). However, with Hitler's coming to power, the threat of new world conflicts increased, and painters began to have a completely different vision, which was reflected in the magnificent white cross (1938).

etch printing

Between the two world wars, Xia Jiaer has been roaming around the world, in Brittany/KOOC-0/924, in the south of France/KOOC-0/926, in Palestine/KOOC-0/93/KOOC-0/(preparing to etch the Bible) and in/KOOC-0/932-/KOOC-0. 193 1 year, the French translation of My Life written in Russian was published. 1933 held a large retrospective exhibition in the Art Hall of Basel, Switzerland, and 1939 won the Carnegie Prize, which established his reputation as an appraised modern master.

After the outbreak of World War II, Xia Jiaer moved to the Loire River area. Since then, when the Nazi persecution of Jews became more and more a reality throughout Europe, he moved south many times. Finally in July of 194 1, he led his family to take refuge in the United States. In the next few years, Xia Jiaer spent most of his time near new york or new york. Xia Jiaer once continued to use the themes he used in French painting. Typical works of this period include Yellow Jesus crucified (1943) and Feathers and Flowers (1943). However, his wife Bella died in 1944, and Xia Jiaer's memories of her are often set in Vitebsk, which has become a recurring painting theme. In By Her Side (1945), her image is a weeping wife and a dreamy bride, while in Wedding Candle (1945) and Nocturne (1947), she is also a bride. New york performed I Stravinsky's ballet Firebird on 1945, and Xia Jiaer designed the background curtain and costumes for it. American art critics and collectors don't always like his works. 1946 The large retrospective exhibition held in new york Museum of Modern Art and a few months later in art institute of chicago gave them the opportunity to correct their views.

Living in France again

1948, Xia Jiaer once again settled in France, first in the suburbs of Paris, and finally near Vance and Sao Paulo on the Mediterranean coast of the French Riviera. From 65438 to 0952, Xia Jiaer married Wawa Brodsky and started a new artistic career at the age of 65. However, the common poetic themes in memory continue to appear in his works. During the period of 1953- 1956, Xia Jiaer was obsessed with his hometown Vitebsk, and at the same time he created a series of paintings with passion for Paris. When Ravel's ballet Daffini and Croix was staged at the Paris Opera House from 65438 to 0958, he designed the scenery and costumes. After 1958, he designed many stained glass window paintings, first for Metz Cathedral (1958- 1960) and Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center Hall in Jerusalem (1960-19/kloc-0 1964, he completed the window grilles of a church in Fulton, new york, and the new ceiling painting of the Paris Opera House. Two years later, new york Lincoln Center's New metropolitan opera completed two large-scale murals, The Source of Music and The Victory of Music. When metropolitan opera staged Mozart's Magic Flute on 1967, he made the scenery and costumes. 1973, the Marc Chagall Museum of Biblical Revelation held a dedication ceremony in Nice. 1977 France paid tribute to him and held a retrospective exhibition in the Louvre in Paris. In the same year, Xia Jiaer's "Window to America" was unveiled at the Chicago Art Museum.

A group of images, including huge bouquets, sad clowns, eloping lovers, exotic animals, biblical prophets and rooftop violinists, made Xia Jiaer one of the most popular figures among outstanding Parisian innovators in the 20th century. He expressed this dreamy theme with rich colors and smooth brushstrokes. His works reflect his familiarity with expressionism, cubism and even abstraction. 19 14, but his unique painting style remains unchanged. Critics sometimes complain about the artist's large number of products, saying that they are often emotional, of different quality and have too many repetitive themes, but everyone agrees that he has reached the level of visual metaphor that few people in the modern art world can look up to in his best works.

1985 On March 28th, Xia Jiaer died in Sao Paulo, Alpes-maritime province. What is left to the world is his nostalgic painting: "Even when I came to Paris, my shoes were still stained with Russian soil;" In a foreign land thousands of miles away, the foot that I stretched out in my consciousness kept me standing on the land that nourished me. I can't and can't dust the Russian soil off my shoes. "This is Xia Jiaer.

Personal evaluation

Drawing material

Marc Chagall, Russian-born artist. Xia Jiaer is famous for his strange image and colorful canvas oil paintings. Among his works, there are two large oil paintings designed for new york Opera House (1966). Franz Meyer believes that the "new sense of nature" in 1937-39 paintings is the result of Xia Jiaer's growing sense of security in his personal affairs during that period. Xia Jiaer's works follow an eternal theme, which can be applied to any era and any society and can remind people of the continuity of life itself. After Xia Jiaer returned to Russia, because there were no previous works to inspire and compare, he had to change his way again, specializing in portraits and life scenes. Xia Jiaer's love for Li Bingran has always been the source of inspiration for his paintings. In France, Xia Jiaer resumed the work of drawing illustrations for the Bible as early as 193 1, this time with a brand-new and relatively free style.

Style characteristic

His style is sophisticated and naive, and he combines truth and fantasy in color composition. Because his country needs some kind of art, he is forced to go far away and travel back and forth between the United States and France. Xia Jiaer is a prolific painter, and his works include painting, mosaic, stage design, brocade painting and so on. His works have appeared in many public buildings, such as the Paris Opera House and the United Nations Headquarters in new york. Xia Jiaer is a painter who pursues innocence, from Jewish residents in rural Russia to Paris.

Personal anecdote

Most of the people living in Mombasa's "hive" are young artists from eastern European countries. When they pass the patio noisily in groups of three, they always throw pebbles at the window of Xia Jiaer's room and invite him out to play. But Xia Jiaer seldom attended. He leads a pious and serious life and often works alone until late at night.

Xia Jiaer was born in Vitebsk, a Belarusian city with 45% Jews. When he lived in Paris from1910-1914, in his own words, he was in exile. He left Russia for most of his life, but Russia never left him. Although he mentioned France as his second birthplace. In Russia, the colors are black, white and gray, and in Paris, the colors are colorful. His works show his Russian roots and Jewish background everywhere.

Xia Jiaer thinks that painting firstly lays out various representations on the plane: animals, birds and people, and pays attention to the visual effect of the picture structure, while other additional structural considerations are secondary. He objected to the words "fantasy" and "symbol". He said: "Our inner world is real, and it may be more real than the outside world." He also said: "To call all illogical things fantasy, myth and grotesque is actually to admit that you don't understand nature." Xia Jiaer emphasized that he was different from Picasso. He said, "Picasso painted with his stomach, and I painted with my heart." Between the two world wars, most of his energy was spent on etching copperplate prints, which depicted several classic works, such as Nikolai Gogol's Dead Soul (107), La Fontaine's Fable (100) and Bible (108).

1964, andre malraux served as the culture minister of Charles de Gaulle's government, and he asked Xia Jiaer to paint the zenith of the Paris Opera House. Xia Jiaer painted a light and elegant man of God, floating and sinking in mid-air, which has both the innocence of fairy tales and the mystery of heaven, and is in harmony with the so-called "Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte" style designed by Gagnaire for the opera house in the19th century. The zenith painting of the Opera House and the glass pyramid that I.M. Pei added to the Louvre courtyard in1980s are called the perfect combination of modern art and classical style in Paris architecture.

This is not the first time that Xia Jiaer painted zenith, but last time he was not so lucky. 19 14 Before the outbreak of the European War, Xia Jiaer left Paris to go home for a holiday. At the beginning of the war, he had to stay in Vichebsk and didn't return to Paris until 1923. Most of the tenants of the "peak box" in wartime also left, some returned to China to fight in the war, and some went to other places to make a living. The doorman of the "Honeycomb" apartment walked into Xia Jiaer's studio and saw the paintings inside. Some paintings have thick pigments, which are obviously waterproof. I am very happy to take some photos, walk into my dovecote-like hut, tear down the leaking roof and plug the leak with Xia Jiaer's paintings!

celebrity quote

Many people say that my paintings are poetic, absurd and wrong. In fact, on the contrary, my paintings are realistic.

I don't like the words "fantasy" and "symbolism". In my inner world, everything is realistic, probably more realistic than the world we witnessed.

Our inner world is real, and may be more real than the outside world. Calling all illogical things fantasy, myth and grotesque is actually an admission that you don't understand nature.

Picasso painted with his stomach and I painted with my heart.

My mother loves me so much that I will try my best to prove that this love is worth it.

-Marc Chagall (Russian painting master)