What is the difference between innovative biased thinking and mindset?

First, innovative thinking obstacles-mindset

1, where there are cages, there are birds-psychological schema

A psychologist once made a bet with Joe: "If I give you a birdcage and hang it in your room, then you will definitely buy a bird."

Joe agreed to bet. So the psychologist bought him a very beautiful Swiss birdcage, and Joe hung it on the table in the living room. As a result, people came in and asked, "Joe, when did your bird die?"

Joe immediately replied, "I've never had a bird."

"So, what do you need a birdcage for?"

Joe can't explain.

Later, whenever someone came to Joe's house, they would ask the same question. Joe was very upset. In order not to be asked, Joe simply bought a bird and put it in an empty cage.

It is much easier for psychologists to buy a bird than to explain why he has a birdcage. People often hang a birdcage on their heads first, and then put things in it.

2. Dog fish thinking-refusing to change

There is a kind of fish called dogfish. The pike is very aggressive and likes to attack some small fish. Scientists did an experiment: put pike and small fish in the same glass jar with a layer of transparent glass between them. The pike tried to attack the small fish at first, but it hit the glass every time. Slowly, it gave up the attack.

Later, the experimenter took away the glass in the middle, but the barracuda didn't attack the small fish-this phenomenon is called barracuda syndrome. Dog-fish syndrome is characterized by blindness to differences, lack of insight, abuse of experience, ruthlessness, refusal to consider other possibilities, and lack of ability to act under pressure.

Once the mindset is formed, sometimes it will be very sad. This is also one of the reasons why we should constantly learn new knowledge and new ideas: the situation is constantly changing, and we must pay attention to these changes and adjust our behavior. A fixed concept will bring a dead situation.

3. Asimov's IQ-inertial thinking

The so-called inertial thinking means that thinking continues to extend linearly along the previous thinking path and temporarily closes other thinking directions.

Asimov is a Russian-American and a world-famous popular science writer. He once told such a story about himself.

Asimov was very clever since he was a child. When he was young, he took many IQ tests, and the total score was around 160. He was a "gifted" person. Once, he met an auto mechanic, an old acquaintance of his.

The repairman said to Asimov, "Hey, doctor, let me test your intelligence and come up with a thinking question to see if you can answer it correctly." Asimov nodded in agreement. The repairman began to ask questions: "A deaf-mute wanted to buy some nails, so he went to the hardware store and made such a gesture to the salesman: his left index finger stood on the counter and his right hand clenched his fist to make a knock." Seeing this, the salesman brought him a hammer first, and the deaf-mute shook his head. So the salesman understood that he wanted to buy nails. "

"The deaf-mute bought a nail and just walked out of the shop when a blind man came in. The blind man wants a pair of scissors. What would a blind man do? "

Asimov replied smoothly, "The blind will definitely do this-"He stretched out his index finger and middle finger and made the shape of scissors.

After listening to Asimov's answer, the car mechanic smiled happily: "Haha, wrong answer!" " ! If a blind person wants to buy scissors, all he has to do is say' I buy scissors'. Why is he gesturing? "

Asimov had to admit that his answer was stupid. The auto mechanic decided that he must have got the wrong answer before the exam, because Asimov was "too educated to be smart!" "

4. Monkey Experiment-Group Inertia

Some scientists have done an experiment: put four monkeys in a closed room and feed them little food every day to make them squeak with hunger. A few days later, when the experimenter put a bunch of bananas into the hole above the room, a big monkey with dizziness from hunger dashed forward, and before it could get the bananas, it was scalded by the hot water spilled from the preset organs. When the three monkeys behind it climbed up and took bananas in turn, they were scalded by hot water. So monkeys have to look at bananas and sigh.

A few days later, the experimenter put on a new monkey and entered the room. When the new monkey was hungry and wanted to climb up to eat bananas, he was immediately stopped by three other monkeys, telling them that it was dangerous and never tried. The experimenter changed another monkey to enter. When the monkey wanted to eat bananas, something interesting happened. This time, not only the remaining two old monkeys stopped it, but also the semi-new monkey that was not scalded tried to stop it.

The experiment continued. After all the monkeys have changed, no one dares to touch bananas. Although the above hot water mechanism was cancelled, the "organizational inertia" of hot water backward flow bound every monkey who entered the cage, making them worship the delicious banana on the plate, and no one dared to enjoy it.

This is the process of the formation of group inertia. In the unpredictable market environment, if an enterprise wants to win a competitive advantage, it must learn to adjust quickly with the development and changes of the times, otherwise it can only lose tomorrow's opportunity like the monkey in the story for no reason.

However, some enterprises that attribute their success to the competitive management model still stand at the top of the world in the face of all the realities with the theme of change. They have no doubt about the value and applicability of the management model that makes them successful, do not think about updating, and stubbornly run on the track of "successful experience". As a result, due to the same, the glory of the enterprise has gradually degenerated into organizational inertia, which has become a fetter on the road of enterprise survival.

5, fire-linear thinking

One dark night, Lao Wang, the driver, went out in a Beijing jeep that "sounded everything except the horn". The garage broke down halfway. He initially judged that the fuel consumption was exhausted, so he got off and checked the fuel tank. Without a flashlight, he took out a lighter to illuminate. With a loud noise, he knew nothing ... when he woke up, he was lying in a hospital bed. A kind driver passing by saved him. His car was scrapped and his face was ruined. Fortunately, his life was finally recovered. Lao Wang said: "At that time, I just wanted to use the light of the lighter to see how much oil was left in the fuel tank;" This is nothing like a lighter fire. It will detonate the fuel tank and ignite it. "This is a typical disaster caused by' linear thinking'.

Linear thinking mode has two basic characteristics:

(1) Turn multivariate problems into univariate problems. The problems contained in objective things are often diverse, and the linear thinking mode requires highlighting one of them, putting the rest aside, or simplifying complex problems into simple ones before dealing with them.

(2) One-dimensional linear thinking is used to deal with one-dimensional problems, making it an either-or answer and excluding one of the two possible answers.

6, conservative forces-lazy thinking

Inertia thinking refers to a conservative force in the depths of human thinking. People are always used to looking at new problems with old eyes and explaining new phenomena in the changing world with old ideas that have been repeatedly proved to be effective. If you don't try, don't dare to take risks, and stick to the rules, great opportunities and your unlimited potential will be wasted, and the tragedy of frustration and failure is inevitable.

For example, watching magic shows is not because magicians are particularly clever, but because we are too used to thinking, so we are fooled. For example, if a person miraculously comes out of a tight bag, we are always used to thinking about how he can get out of the tight top of the bag, instead of thinking that something can be made under the bag and a zipper can be installed under it.

In the journey of life, we always follow a set pattern for many years and never try to take another road, which can easily lead to negative world-weariness and boredom. Therefore, if you don't change your mind, life will be boring. Many people can't get out of the mindset, so they can't get out of the tragic ending like fate; Once you get out of the mindset, you may see many different life scenery and even create new miracles.

Therefore, from sword dancing, we can learn calligraphy, from birds to airplanes, from bats to radio waves, from apples to the ground, and we can learn gravity ... Those who climb mountains often have to wade, those who jump often have to play ball, those who row boats often have to drive, and those who are often officials have to serve the people. Change your position, change your angle and change your way of thinking. Maybe there is a new world in front of you.

7. Lost Gold-Habitual Thinking

A poor man found the secret of finding the "philosopher's stone" in a book. A sorcerer's stone is a small stone that can turn any ordinary metal into pure gold. The philosopher's stone is on the beach of the Black Sea, mixed with thousands of identical pebbles, but that's the secret. Real flint is warm to the touch, while ordinary stone is cold to the touch.

So, when it thinks the stones are cold, it throws them into the sea. He worked like this all day, but he didn't find a stone that was the philosopher's stone. Then he did it for another week, a month, a year, three years, and still didn't find a philosopher's stone. However, he continued to do so, picking up a cold stone and throwing it into the sea, picking up another cold stone and throwing it into the sea, another one. ...

But one morning, he picked up a stone. It was hot and he threw it into the sea. He got into the habit of throwing all the stones he found into the sea. He is so used to throwing stones that when the stone he really wants comes, he will throw it into the sea. ...

Beveridge explained inertial thinking in his book "The Art of Scientific Research": "Our thoughts have taken a certain path many times, and the greater the possibility of adopting the same thought next time. In a series of thoughts, ideas form a connection, and this connection becomes stronger every time it is used. Until the end, this connection was firmly established, so that their connection was difficult to break. In this way, just like the formation of conditioned reflex, thinking is restricted by conditions. We may have enough information to solve this problem. But once an unfavorable idea is adopted, the more problems are considered, the less likely it is to adopt a favorable idea. "

Second, innovative thinking obstacles-thinking deviation

1, the donkey drowned by experience-experience bias

I once read such a story: a donkey crossed the river with salt on his back, slipped by the river, fell into the water and became salty. When the donkey stood up, it felt much more relaxed. The donkey was very happy and gained experience. Later, once, it carried cotton on its back, thinking that it would be the same as last time if it fell again, so when it reached the river, it deliberately fell into the water. But the cotton absorbed water, so the donkey couldn't stand up any more and sank until he drowned.

Coincidentally, I recently read an old fable: Once upon a time, there was a man who sold straw hats. Every day, he tries to sell his hat.

One day, he was very tired by Hawking. There happened to be a big tree by the roadside. He put down his hat and took a nap under the tree. When he woke up, he found that all the hats beside him were gone. He looked up and saw many monkeys on the tree, each wearing a straw hat. He was very scared, because if the hat disappeared, he could not support his family. Suddenly, he thought that monkeys like to imitate human movements, so he tried to raise his left hand. Sure enough, the monkey raised his left hand. He clapped his hands, and so did the monkeys.

He felt the opportunity came, so he quickly took off his hat and threw it on the ground. The monkeys followed his example and threw their hats on the ground.

The hat seller happily picked up his hat and went home. After returning home, he told this strange thing to his son and grandson.

Many, many years later, his grandson inherited the family business. One day, on the way to sell straw hats, he fell asleep under the big tree like his grandfather, and his hat was taken away by monkeys.

The grandson thought of the method that grandpa told him. So he raised his left hand, and so did the monkey. He clapped his hands, and so did the monkeys. Sure enough, what Grandpa said really worked.

Finally, he took off his hat and threw it on the ground. However, strangely, the monkey didn't follow him, but kept staring at him.

Soon after, the Monkey King appeared and picked up the hat his grandson left on the ground. I patted my grandson on the back of the head and said, "Are you kidding?" ! Do you think you are the only one who has a grandfather? "

Why did the donkey die? Why can't the grandson get back the hat that was taken away by the monkey like grandpa? As everyone can see, one of the most important reasons is that they mechanically apply their experience and are influenced by biased thinking of experience, but they have not reformed and innovated their experience.

It is experience that makes us hold our heads high and deny our mistakes, or it makes us bow our heads and admit our mistakes. People can never jump out of experience. It even biases all the boldest fantasies with personal experience, just like a farmer's highest ideal that writer Jia Pingwa relishes: "When I became king, I didn't pick up any dung in the village, it was all mine." This seems to be what people call the "village Venus effect".

De Bono described a common social phenomenon with interest in his book Thinking about Practice: "In a quiet village, the most beautiful girl in the village will be regarded as the most beautiful person in the world by the villagers (Venus). Before seeing a more beautiful girl, it is hard for the villagers to imagine anyone more beautiful than her. " Truth in the village is prejudice in the whole world.

2. Cross-eyed thinking-interest prejudice

The so-called interest deviation does not mean that your interests will lead to conscious and obvious deviation of your argument, but an unconscious deviation-a subtle deviation from justice.

The common situation of interest prejudice is the so-called "corn thinking", which is what Marx said: "stupid, vulgar, haggle over every ounce, selfish people always see what they think is bad; For example, an uneducated clown often regards a passerby as the most hateful and despicable villain in the world because he stepped on his corns. He uses his corns as a criterion for evaluating people's behavior. "

By extension, however, don't ordinary people have prejudice? Isn't there something worth thinking about behind the words of some ordinary people? In fact, most lovers think that they have found the best person in the world, and most children will come to the conclusion that their parents are the best parents in the world. The so-called "forgetting your wife and selling melons to brag" is actually a typical thinking mode of interest prejudice.

3, I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain-position prejudice

There is a Zen story about the dialogue between Xiao Bo and Da Lang:

Xiaobo: I often hear people say the sea, but what is the sea? Where is it?

Big Wave: The sea is beside you!

Xiaobo: But I can't see?

Big Wave: The sea is inside you and outside you. You were born in the sea, and you will eventually be in the sea. The sea surrounds you just like your own body.

President Nixon fell to the bottom of his life after the Watergate incident, and then he realized: "The most beautiful scenery is not what you see when you climb to the top of the mountain, but what you experience when you rise from the bottom." This is the same as Javier's conclusion after enduring hardships: "In order to observe the stars during the day, we must go down to the bottom of the well, and in order to know the truth, we must sink to the bottom of pain." This is called "unexpected."

Everyone lives in a certain social coordinate system, and all kinds of ideas are marked with their own distinct brand. Even the old Hegel never forgot to say, "The same proverb comes from the mouths of young people and old people. For an old man, it may be a summary of his bitter experience in his life. " Exactly: teenagers listen to rain songs upstairs, and red candles are faint. In the prime of life, the boat is listening to the rain, and the river clouds break the wild goose leaves and the west wind. Now listening to the rain monk Lu, there are stars on his temples. Sorrow and joy are always ruthless until dawn. What it feels like to stand at what age. This is the same as what kind of cognition you will get when you stand in a physical position.

In some enterprises, bosses always complain that employees don't work hard and muddle along, and employees always complain that their bosses' wages are too small and their black hearts are too heavy. This is actually because their positions are different, which makes it seem that the two sides can't bridge the thinking gap.

4. "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder"-cultural prejudice

Xu Chengbin, a famous anthropologist in China (former president of the American Anthropology Association), cited a very serious example in the book Americans and China: "In a China movie, a young couple had an argument, and his wife stormed out of the apartment with a suitcase. At this time, the mother-in-law who lives downstairs appeared in the camera. She came out to comfort her son:' You won't be lonely, son, I'm here.' Seeing this, the American audience burst into laughter, but the China audience seldom laughed. "

The cultural differences revealed by these two completely different reactions are obvious. In the American concept, marriage is a private matter of two people, and their sexual relationship is irreplaceable by any other feelings. But the audience in China can properly understand what the mother said. It's like some American students who watch a dream of red mansions always ask Professor China inexplicably: "Why don't Baoyu and Daiyu steal some gold and silver to elope?" Teachers in China know that this is not a tool problem, and it is difficult to explain it clearly in one or two sentences.

All of us are influenced by the long-term accumulated culture of our region, our country and our nation, and the perspective of looking at problems is inevitably branded with culture, religion and customs. This is why some Americans can't understand China's firm attitude towards Taiwan Province Province. Similarly, some China people can't understand why the United States has been clinging to human rights.

5. Generalize by partiality

Draw a black spot on the white paper and ask: What do you see?

There are at least a hundred answers: sesame seeds, flies, thumbtacks, sunspots and stains on the sun ... these are conventional associations, and some people have more active thinking. He may answer: I see shortcomings ... I see regrets ... I see losses. ...

But why didn't you think of something else?

Why do you only stare at that black spot? And didn't see that big piece of white paper next to the black spot? It is this black spot that binds and imprisons our thinking and prevents us from seeing more, better and richer things. Some people become dejected and despondent if they can't do it well-"I'm so useless, I'm so timid, I'm the stupidest person in the world." Define this person by a casual sentence or thing from others-"He has quality problems." In fact, it is more important that we pay attention to the vast existence, not the black spots.

6, opinionated-stereotype

I once saw such a joke on a website: If there is an angry Chongqing girl in front of you and an abyss behind you, then I advise you to jump back! This joke can't be said to be unreasonable. The fierceness of Chongqing girls can be said to be "famous". So when it comes to Chongqing girls, the first thing that comes to mind is the word "fierce", regardless of whether there are any "exceptions" that have been wronged. This is the so-called "stereotype"

Stereotype refers to people's fixed, generalized and general views on a certain kind of people or things, which is quite common when we know others. We often hear people say that "Changsha girls can't make friends, and their faces are like hearts and knives", while Northeast girls "would rather be hungry than beautiful" are actually "stereotypes".

Stereotypes are formed mainly because we have no time and energy to communicate with every member of a certain group in the process of interpersonal communication, but only with some of them. So we can only infer the whole from the part, and infer the whole from the part we touch. Of course, stereotypes have the advantages of saving trouble and effort, but many times there will be misjudgments and delays.

7, Hobson's choice-closed thinking

More than 300 years ago, there was a man named Hobson in the suburb of London, England. He keeps many horses, including tall horses, short horses, flower horses, zebras, fat horses and thin horses. He said to the people who came, choose my horse, choose the big one, choose the small one, choose the fat one, rent it and buy it. You can all choose. People are happy to choose things, but there is only a small hole and a small door next to the whole stable. You can't get out if you choose a big horse. Its door is very small.

Simon, who later won the Nobel Prize, called this phenomenon Hobson Choice. In other words, your mind, your realm, is only so big. You have no choice but to open it instead of going to by going up one flight of stairs. Your mind is closed.

Third, get out of the misunderstanding of thinking-innovate the way and method of thinking.

A Case Study of Thinking Game between Ford and Si Long

In the unpredictable and fiercely competitive market economy, the business consequences brought by entrepreneurs' mindset are sometimes extremely heavy. 19 13 inspired by the slaughter assembly line, Henry Ford, a famous American entrepreneur, designed an automobile assembly line, which can standardize parts and overhead supply lines and mass produce black "T" cars with uniform specifications. This innovative thinking, which has been brewing in Ford's mind for 10 years, gave birth to the famous "Ford system" in the history of management.

It initiated a new era of industrial production technology, and made Ford the "automobile king" who once occupied 68% of the world automobile market. However, while Ford was intoxicated with the great achievements made in his innovative thinking, he also planted the seeds of "mindset" in his brain, and even publicly declared that Ford would only produce black Model T cars from now on.

Ford's "mindset" made him tend to be saturated in the American auto market. When early car buyers needed to update their cars and had higher requirements on the grade, performance and appearance of cars, they suffered greatly.

Si Long, another famous American entrepreneur and president of General Motors, saw the fatal weakness of Ford's single product and outdated style, designed and manufactured cars with different price grades, and initiated the four principles of automobile production of "installment payment, depreciation of used cars, annual replacement and body sealing", which defeated Ford in one fell swoop and became the first automobile manufacturer in the world. Si Long's thinking innovation defeated Ford's mindset which degenerated from thinking innovation.