800-word essays on life psychology

Psychosocial risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder; Keywords post-traumatic stress disorder; Psychological factors; Social factors; Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a high-risk factor, which refers to a delayed and long-lasting mental disorder caused by strong threats and catastrophic psychological trauma. It is characterized by repeated traumatic experiences, persistent vigilance and persistent avoidance, and has certain biological characteristics. This paper mainly summarizes the risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder from two aspects of social demography and social psychology as follows. 1 research status of post-traumatic stress disorder The early research of post-traumatic stress disorder mainly focused on veterans, captured soldiers and survivors of Nazi concentration camps. 1987, American research found that the lifetime prevalence rate of veterans who participated in the Vietnam War was 3 1% for men and 27% for women. The time-point prevalence rates of male and female were 65438 05.2% and 8.5% respectively. Madakasia O'Brien took the lead in studying PTSD after natural disasters. They reported that the prevalence of PTSD among tornado victims was 59%. Since then, several authors have reported that the prevalence of PTSD has exceeded 30% after several different disasters, such as earthquakes and hurricanes. The incidence of PTSD in people affected by Zhangbei earthquake in China after 3 months and 9 months was 18.8% and 24.4% respectively. PTSD is also the most common and prominent psychopathological problem after various man-made accidents such as fire, explosion, shipwreck and air crash. It is reported that the prevalence of PTSD among the injured fire survivors is as high as 100%. After the air crash, 50% of the survivors developed PTSD [1]. Wu Zhigang and others investigated the prevalence rate of adult PTSD in Dongting Lake disaster area 1995 ~ 1999 by multistage cluster sampling, and the prevalence rate was 33.89%. Wang Xiangdong et al. investigated the people affected by Zhangbei earthquake, showing that the incidence of acute stress disorder (ASD) was 6.65438 0%, the incidence of PTSD was 65438 08.8% within three months, and the incidence was 7.2% within three months after the earthquake. Zhang Ben's investigation on PTSD of Tangshan earthquake orphans shows that the incidence rate is 23%, suggesting that earthquake orphans are high-risk groups of PTSD. Epidemiological research based on community population shows that the lifetime prevalence rate of PTSD is 1% ~ 14%, and the prevalence rate of PTSD in high-risk population research is 3% ~ 58%[2]. 2 Social Demography 2. 1 Some domestic studies show that the elderly are more likely to suffer from PTSD in the same traumatic event. The study of PTSD in flood-stricken areas found that both adults and children conform to this conclusion. Liu Aizhong's research on children in flood-stricken areas in 7 a- 15 a shows that the incidence of PTSD is positively correlated with age, with the incidence of 14. 1% in 7 a group and 23.5% in 15 a group. Wu Zhigang's research on adults in flood areas has a similar pattern. The incidence of PTSD in 16a ~ 20a group was 26.7%, while that in > 70a group was as high as 40.3%. However, some scholars' research does not support the above view [3], and think that there is no difference in the incidence of PTSD in different age groups. This may be related to the differences in stressors, research subjects, research standards and diagnostic tools. 2.2 Whether there is a difference in the prevalence of PTSD between men and women has always been the focus of debate among scholars. Some studies have found that the prevalence of PTSD in women is twice that of men [4]. Women are not only highly susceptible to PTSD, but also often have a chronic disease course, and the median is about four times that of men (48. 1 month and 12.0 month respectively) [5]. 60 non-sexual assault victims (including 38 males and 22 females) were investigated. From 65,438 0 w to 3 months after the traumatic event, 765,438 0% of women and 50% of men met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD. Three months later, 265,438+0% women still met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD, and all the male victims recovered. After experiencing the same traumatic events, the prevalence of PTSD in women is also significantly higher than that in men. If some scholars find out [6], the incidence of PTSD among earthquake victims within 3 months is male 13.5% and female 24.7%. OlffM and other studies have found that the high incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder in women lies in the types of stress events they face. The younger they experience such events, the deeper their experience, the worse their self-control ability, and the greater the possibility of PTSD. 2.3 Different races have certain differences in culture, social customs and education. Whether this has certain influence on the onset of PTSD is also a controversial topic. Norris et al. studied the influence of ten kinds of potential traumatic events on 65,438+0,000 adults, and found that white people are more susceptible to traumatic events than black people, but black men are the most susceptible to traumatic events. Garrison et al investigated 1264 teenagers1kloc-0/a ~17a after hurricane Hugo. The prevalence of PTSD in white girls is the highest (6.2%), followed by white boys (4.7%), black boys and girls (3.8% and 65,438, respectively). The incidence of PTSD is different among different races. Even considering the difference in the number and intensity of traumatic stress events, the incidence of white people is still relatively low [7]. 2.4 Occupation Many studies have found that occupation has a certain relationship with PTSD. For example, an epidemiological survey of 2 1 198 soldiers in our army by Chinese scholar Wang showed that the prevalence rate of PTSD was 0.485%. Among them, the prevalence rates of PTSD in the army, navy, air force and military academy students were 0.484%, 0.58%, 0.84% and 0.227% respectively, but the prevalence rate of PTSD in special arms or soldiers after carrying out disaster relief tasks was significantly higher than that in the cross-sectional survey of our army in peacetime. A survey of 365,438+02 plateau motorcyclists by Wu Xingqu et al. showed that the incidence rate was 8.65%. The incidence rate of Yantai "1 1.24" shipwrecked soldiers 1 mo was 17.95%. There are many factors related to PTSD. Besides demographic factors, psychological and social factors such as personality characteristics, social support, coping style and mental health status are also related to PTSD. These factors may influence and cooperate with each other in the occurrence of PTSD, and the relationship between them is complicated. This paper intends to discuss them separately. 3 social psychology 3. 1 personality characteristics Many studies have found that personality characteristics are related to PTSD. Personality defects, such as sensitivity, paranoia, timidity and paranoia. , often hinder the individual's good social adaptation, and even incompatible with the surrounding environment. Therefore, they are often subjected to more harmful social and psychological stimuli, and it is difficult to resist effectively, and they are more prone to PTSD. The prevalence of PTSD and its risk factors (DSM-ⅲ-R III-R) were studied by randomly sampling 2 1a ~ 30a ~ 30a in southeastern Michigan. The prevalence of PTSD has nothing to do with race and marital status, and its risk factors are low education level, childhood behavior problems, nervousness and introverted personality [8]. Liu's research shows that individuals with unstable emotional tendency and high concealment are more likely to suffer from PTSD [9]. Wu Xingqu's research on plateau autobots also supports this result [10]. In addition, in the study of children's susceptibility to PTSD in flood-stricken areas, it was found that [1 1], children's behavior problems were related to the occurrence of PTSD (OR= 1.80), and the serious negative emotional behavior pattern was one of the important inducing factors before PTSD. PTSD patients often suffer from other mental diseases at the same time, such as emotional disorder, anxiety, alcohol dependence and drug dependence, behavioral disorder and personality disorder (especially antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder). Using various research methods, it is found that the incidence of the above diseases in PTSD patients is higher than that in the general population, ranging from 62% to 99% [12]. 3.2 Coping style Coping style, as one of the intermediary factors in the stress process, is a method, means or strategy that people use to cope with internal and external environmental requirements and related emotional distress. It affects the nature and intensity of stress response. Different coping styles can reduce or improve the level of stress response, thus regulating the relationship between stress and stress results. Studies by foreign scholars show that PTSD can be avoided if the victims can use appropriate coping styles after mental trauma. On the contrary, some personality characteristics will restrict people's cognition of environmental changes and affect people's coping styles. People with personality defects often can't turn to their own social support system in time after being stressed, but take a negative coping style [13]. For example, substance abuse may rashly lead to SUD of PTSD patients or the recurrence of SUD patients. Ouimette's survey also confirmed the above view. He followed up veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Some patients have shortcomings in coping style and cognitive style. They are skeptical about detoxification and its benefits, and gradually lose confidence and place more expectations on addictive substances. By the second year of follow-up, the abuse of alcohol and other psychoactive substances in these patients is more prominent, and the possibility of detoxification is less. In articles about traumatic stress, positive or beneficial coping strategies, such as thinking positively or dealing with problems actively, are related to coping with stress; Negative coping strategies, such as avoidance, are usually considered as inappropriate coping strategies. 3.3 Social Support Many research results show that social support can reduce the occurrence of PTSD. Wang XD and others pointed out that the incidence of PTSD would be reduced if the victims were given timely support, especially social support from their families, after suffering certain intensity of trauma, such as discrimination, abuse and sexual trauma. Wang Xiangdong and others conducted a random sampling survey on two villages which are 10 km apart, have good comparability of demographic data, and are similar in all aspects before the earthquake, but have different disaster degree and disaster relief assistance. The results show that the incidence of PTSD is low in villages that were seriously affected but received good rescue and support after the earthquake. According to DSM-IV, the incidence of PTSD in the two villages 9 months after the earthquake was 19.8% and 30.3% respectively [3]. The reason may be that, despite the low initial exposure, villagers who suffered minor disasters still lived in damaged houses after the earthquake and were threatened by aftershocks, and their subsequent stress levels were high. At the same time, the hopeful social support of the victims is not enough to meet their needs, which aggravates their sense of helplessness, and the resulting negative emotions cannot be alleviated in time, which increases the possibility of PTSD. This study directly and strongly proves the importance of post-disaster variables, and suggests that adequate social support is of positive significance to prevent the occurrence of post-disaster PTSD. The survey also found that the higher the satisfaction with support, the smaller the risk of PTSD, which is a protective factor of PTSD, suggesting that good family and social support can reduce the risk of PTSD [2]. At present, people generally do not know enough about this phenomenon. For example, several studies in China reported that although PTSD patients suffered great mental pain after a car accident, no one took the initiative to seek treatment from a psychiatrist, which led to their condition not being controlled in time. Therefore, the lack of social support is one of the inducing factors of PTSD. Answer supplement

3.4 Other factors The types of disasters in different regions, traumatic experiences, parental rearing patterns and the degree of psychological pain are also important factors affecting PTSD. Some scholars' research and analysis of the big explosion accident found that the occurrence of PTSD was positively correlated with the exposure degree. It has also been reported that there are differences in the degree of injury between PTSD patients and non-PTSD victims. Other recognized risk factors are: previous trauma exposure, other negative life events before and after trauma events, poor family background, poor health and so on. In short, the above-mentioned social and psychological factors do not play an independent role in the occurrence of PTSD. How they play a role in the occurrence of PTSD and how they play a role among themselves is a difficult problem to study and needs further in-depth study. If we can find the high risk factors of PTSD, we will get twice the result with half the effort. Therefore, it is particularly important to deeply understand the high-risk factors of PTSD. The earlier the intervention, the more effective the prevention of PTSD. Answer supplement

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