On the ideological content and artistic features of Jin Xuejie from his works.

Han Yu

Mr Guo Zi entered Imperial College London in the morning and invited all the students to set up a library. He said [1]: "industry is good at diligence, but poor at interest;" What I did was thought, but it was destroyed. The sages meet today, and the fixture is completed [2]. Pull out evil spirits and worship good [3]. The ratio of small good people is recorded, and those who are famous for their technology are useless [4]. Climb, scrape and polish [5]. Guy was lucky enough to be elected. Which cloud is more popular? Not all students are proficient, and there is no ignorance of the department; If you can't succeed in doing things, you won't suffer injustice [6]. "

Before speaking, someone laughed at the column and said, "Sir, you are lying to me! Disciple, I have been here for many years. Mr. Wang never stops talking about the six arts, and his hand is constantly covered with the compilation of "A hundred schools of thought contend" [7]. The chronicler must mention his essentials, and the editor must hook his mystery [8]. There are too many things and too few donations. Burn ointment, keep poor [9]. A gentleman's business can be described as diligence. Reject heresy and repel the Buddha [10]. Make up for mistakes and make a fool of yourself [1 1]. Looking for infinite threads [12], I looked everywhere. The obstacle ran all the way to the east, and the tide turned back. Mr. Wang is a great help to Confucianism. Immersion? As an article, there are many books [13], including chickpea. Yao, Si, muddy boundless; Zhou Chen, Yin "Pan", twisted; Spring and Autumn Annals is rigorous, while Left is grandiose. " "Yi" is strange and law, "poetry" is rigid and beautiful; Catch "Zhuang" and "Sao", recorded by Taishi; Ziyun, Xiangru, Gonggong [14]. Mr. Yu Wen can be said to be in it and in it. Learn less and be brave; Long-term communication in the square is suitable for both sides. As a man, Mr Wang Can can be said to be successful. But the public does not take people, and the private does not help friends [15]. It is easy to blame the postscript [16]. Temporarily fled to Nanyi [17]. Doctor for three years, too many can't be cured [18]. Life and death, when to lose [19]. Warm in winter and cool in summer, young and strong, and my wife is hungry. It's no good to die if your head is bad and your teeth are bad. I don't know about this. Is the teacher [20]? "

The master said, "Hey, before Zi came [2 1]! Big wood is a shovel, fine wood is a shovel, and shovel, short, shovel, shovel and wedge are all suitable, and craftsmen's work is also [22]. Jade Zagreb, Cinnabar, Red Arrow, Qingzhi, Uncle Niu, Mabo, and the skin of defeated drums are all collected, and those who don't use them are good doctors [23]. Choose the public and be clear, be skillful and refined, be outstanding, be short and long, but the instrument is positive, and the prime minister is also [24]. In the past, Monk was argumentative and had a clear passage. He was old enough to walk [25]. Xun Qing is upright, and the great theory is great. He fled to the state of Chu and abandoned Lanling [26]. Are two Confucian scholars, spitting words as classics, raising enough for the law, never obeying ethics, and entering the sanctuary, and their encounter with the world is also [27]? Although Mr. Jin is diligent in learning, he is beyond control. Although he has many words, he doesn't want to use them. Although his writing is strange and useless, his practice is not seen by the public [28]. Still spend a lot of money every month, very anxious; Children don't know how to plow, and women don't know how to weave; Riding with the disciples, sitting on the mountain [29]. Take the usual way to promote and spy on Chen Shui-bian [30]. However, if the Lord does not punish, I will not see it. Isn't this his luck? If you move, you will slander, and the name will follow. It is appropriate to throw idle powder. If a man's husband commits the crime of accepting bribes in business and money, that means he respects the capital of his own class and forgets his own quantity, which refers to the defects of his predecessors. The so-called craftsman's fault, don't treat it as embarrassment, but the doctor should learn from Yang and try to enter his life [3438+0].

—— Selected from "Collected Works of Mr. Changli" published by Dongyatang School.

To annotate ...

[1] Mr Guo Zi: Han Yu claimed to be a doctor in Guo Zi at that time. During the Tang Dynasty, imperial academy was the highest institution of learning in Kyoto. There are seven schools, including Guo Zi School and Imperial College London, and each school has a doctor as a professor. Guo Zi School is for the children of senior officials. C: This refers to imperial academy. Imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty was equivalent to imperial academy in the Han Dynasty. In ancient times, the title of official position often followed the old title of the previous generation. [2] Fixtures: tools of governance, mainly referring to laws and regulations. Historical Records Biography of Corrupt Officials: "People who make laws have tools for governance." Bi: All of them. Zhang: It is to establish. [3]: Tong Jun. [4] ratio: all. Yong: Go ahead. [5] Crawl: crawl, comb and tidy. Jué decision: choose. [6] There are departments: departments with special responsibilities and their officials. [7] Six Arts: refers to the Six Classics, namely, The Book of Songs, Li, Yue, Yijing and Chunqiu. Hundred schools of thought compilation: refers to school works other than Confucian classics. History of Arts and Literature in Han Dynasty lists Confucian classics as six arts, and records the works of various schools in Zhuzi from pre-Qin to early Han Dynasty: "hundred schools of thought, there are 4,324 articles." During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, hundred schools of thought rose and wrote books, so it was called "a hundred schools of thought contend". [8] Compile: Compile. The term "fabricator" refers to a collection of speeches and theoretical works. [9] Ointment: Grease refers to lamps and candles. √ (gu ǐ track): Sun shadow. H: often. Wu (W CuO) Wu: Thanks for your hard work. Poverty: the end and the end. [10] heresy: Confucianism calls doctrines and schools other than Confucianism heresy. "The Analects of Confucius for Politics": "If you attack heresy, you will be harmed." Zhu Note: "Heresy is not a sage's way, let alone an end, such as Yang and Mo." Jiao Xun added: "The pagans are different from each other, each at one end." Busy (r m 4 ng soil): exclude. Laozi, the founder of Taoism, refers to Taoism here. ‐ 1 1÷jūju: The grass on the sole is used as a verb here to indicate filling. Xia: Cracks. Huang: Big. Deep: deep. Smelly: tiny. [12] Xu: The cause left by predecessors here refers to orthodoxy. Han Yu's "The Original Way" holds that the Confucian way spread from Yao and Shun to Confucius and Mencius, and was later lost. He claimed to have inherited this tradition. [13] English and Chinese: both mean flowers, and here refers to the essence of the article. [14] Yao: Heir: According to legend, Yu Shun's surname is Yao and Heir. Zhou patents: Shangshu includes patent of Da, patent of Kang, patent of wine, patent of Zhao and patent of Luo. Patent is an ancient declaration of warning and encouragement. Pan Geng in Panshang Patent and Shangshu is divided into three parts. Buckling: Buckling. Bite your teeth: hard to describe. Spring and Autumn Annals: A historical book of Lu, which records the historical events from the year of Lu Yinnian (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (48 BC1year). According to legend, it was abridged by Confucius, and the narrative was concise and accurate, often with a word of praise or criticism. Zuozhuan: refers to Zuozhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, referred to as Zuozhuan for short. According to legend, Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu, is a book that explains the Spring and Autumn Annals in detail. Yijing: Yijing is an ancient divination book, which is said to have been written by Zhou people. Calculate the laws of nature and personnel through the changes of gossip. Poetry: The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, which preserves 305 poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty and the early Spring and Autumn Period. Catch: and, to. Zhuang: Zhuangzi is the work of Zhuang Zhou, a thinker in the Warring States Period. Sao: Li Sao. Long poems by Qu Yuan, a great poet in the Warring States Period. Taishigong: It refers to Sima Qian in Han Dynasty, who once served as Taishiling, also known as Taishigong, and wrote history books. Ziyun: Yang Xiong, a writer in Han Dynasty, was named Ziyun. Xiang Ru: Sima Xiangru, a poet in the Han Dynasty. [15] Helping others by believing: being trusted and being helped. "See" means passive before the verb. [16] Postscript (Baba): Step on. Rudder (Zhi Zhi): Travel. Language "Book of Songs, Wind, Postscript of the Wolf": "The Postscript of the Wolf is its Hu and its tail." The wolf stepped on the meat (Hu) hanging under his chin when he walked forward, and tripped over his tail when he retreated. Advance and retreat are hard to describe. Mo: Often. [17] Run away: Run away and be demoted. Nanyi: Four doctors in the 19th year of Hanyu Zhenyuan (803). The following year, he was transferred to the censor. In winter, he wrote a letter about the disadvantages of the palace market, which angered Dezong and was demoted to Lianzhou Yangshan Order. Yangshan is in Guangdong today, so it is called Nanyi. [18] Three-year doctor: Han Yu was a doctor from June to April in Xian Zongyuan and the first year (806). Say "three years" as "three acts" Han Yu wrote this article for his third doctorate (Yuanhe February 7-March 8). Redundancy (rǒng Rong): Idle. See: preach "now" Show, show [19]: From time to time, not necessarily when, but at any time. [20] Yes: auxiliary words, expressing doubts and rhetorical questions. [2 1] Xu: interjection. [22] Dike (máng is busy): roof beam: rafters (jué jue): rafters. Bó lú Bolu: Dougong, the square timber supporting the pillar at the top of the pillar. Jurassic Confucianism: short columns on beams. Xie (Wei): The door is rotating. Niè nie: Short wood standing in the center of the door, at the intersection of two doors. Yi (diàn shop): Bolt and the like. Xiè chips: long wooden columns on both sides of the door. [23] Jade residue: Sanguisorba officinalis. Cinnabar: Cinnabar. Red arrow: Gastrodia elata. Orchid: Orchid. The above four kinds are precious medicinal materials. Oxtail: cow urine, once said to be plantain. Mabo: Flattery fungus. The above two kinds and "Defeated Drum Skin" are cheap medicinal materials. [24] Yu Yu Yan: beauty. Zhuolu: Outstanding, outstanding. School (jiao comparison): comparison. [25] argumentative: "Mencius under Teng Wengong" contains: Mencius is famous for his argumentative, he said: argumentative is difficult to argue! I have to do this. It means: I must argue because I defend the sacred road. Zhe: Wheel prints. [26]: Xun Kuang, a master of Confucianism at the end of the Warring States Period, respected as Qing. He once made a drink offering in Qi State, and was later slandered and fled to Chu State. Chun Shen Jun of Chu appointed him as the satrap of Lanling (now Zaozhuang, Shandong). After the death of Chun Shen Jun, he was also abolished, died in Lanling and wrote Xunzi. [27] Separation and transcendence: both mean transcendence. Karen and Lei: Both of them mean "Lei", which means ordinary people. [28] Yao: Pass on "You". [29] luxury: waste, consumption. Lin: The granary. [30] Heel (swollen zhǒng): Heel, which means following here. Push: a stiff and cramped look. Peep: to look through a small hole, gap, or hidden place. Chen Shui-bian: Old books. [3 1] Financial bribery: property, here refers to wages. Class capital: rank, qualification. Death: preach "nothing". à (bēi humble): Pass "humble", humble. Senior: refers to people who are at the forefront of their posts. Xixia: spots on jade. Defect (cρ female): disease. Defects are metaphors of human shortcomings. As mentioned above, "unfair" and "unknown". Spoon: a small stake. Ying Ying: Pillars. Zi (zǐ purple): Defamation and criticism. Changyang: Changpu. In the name of medicinal materials, it is said that people can live long after taking them for a long time. Φ (xρ xi) Ling: also known as Polyporus, diuretic. This means: you should not be overqualified, should not care about the amount and level of treatment, and should not blame the officials in charge for any problems.

Han Yu: "Scholar Hero" and Pioneer of Neo-Confucianism

(Updated: 2002- 1- 18 5:29:09)

Cheng Yun

Mr. Qian Mu, a historian in China, pointed out in his book "Academic History of China in the Past 300 Years" that the study of modern scholarship must begin in the Song Dynasty; The study of Song studies should start from the Tang Dynasty and study Han Yu's thoughts in the Tang Dynasty. He said: "The literati in the Tang Dynasty, who managed poetry and fu, were in the position of scholars, got high officials and rich wealth, humble fishing and hunting wealth, and made great achievements above others, so they were called the people who entered the WTO. He went back to the mountains, lived in Xuan Ji, searched for immortals, indulged in nothingness and rejuvenated himself, so he was born as a human being. There is also a reputation for being a generous official, and he turned to Zen and asked the grass. There are also people who take the shortcut to the end of the south, in the river and the sea, and their hearts are in Wei Que. The Han family, independent of Changli, does not seek wealth, fame and fortune, nor does it seek emptiness. On the contrary, he said, "those who write in ancient times will be determined by the ancient way." "This is the spirit of Song learning, and you should be willing to learn from the teacher's self-esteem. Changli, a scholar who ruled the Song Dynasty, was not ignorant of what he had entered. 」

We know that the prosperity of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty can be said to be the revival of Confucianism, which has been declining for a long time. The revival of Confucianism has sprouted in the Tang Dynasty. Hu Shizhi, a close friend, tried to overcome the shackles of Buddhism with the "neo-Confucianism" of Song Confucianism, which was the starting point of the Renaissance in China. It can be called "Neo-Confucianism" in the Song Dynasty, that is, the pioneer of Neo-Confucianism.

Scholars and scholars in the Song Dynasty almost unanimously praised Han Yu as a "scholar hero". For example, Shi Jie, a philosopher in the Song Dynasty, once said: "Confucius is a saint, and the Korean official department is a saint. I don't know that there will be Confucius in trillions of years, and there will be an official department in thousands of years. Confucius' Book of Changes, the Spring and Autumn Period, and the sage never existed. The original road of the official department, the primitive people, the original extinction, and the Buddha's bone table have not been seen since the philosophers. Alas, it's right. Another example is Su Shi in the Song Dynasty, who thought highly of himself all his life, but in his "Chaozhou Hanwengong Temple Monument", he praised Han Yu for "one man has hundreds of masters, and one word is the law of the world." It is also pointed out that since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the sacred way has fallen, the style of writing has deteriorated, and Buddhism and old heresy have prevailed. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhenguan and Kaiyuan flourished, although assisted by famous ministers such as Fang, Du Ruhui, Yao Chong and Song Jing, they failed to recover their decline. Only a commoner, Han Wengong, led the public with laughter, and all the people in the world followed him and returned to the right path. It has been 300 years now. His articles inspired the declining style of writing in the eight generations; His truth saved the indulgence of the world; His loyalty is not afraid of offending the emperor; His courage can subdue the commander-in-chief of the three armies. Isn't this the ability to participate in the creation of heaven and earth, which is related to the rise and fall of the world and shows integrity? I really admire Han Yu. Subsequently, due to the advocacy of Ouyang Xiu, who had a high political and academic status at that time, and the promotion of Yin Shilu, Mei, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong, Korean became popular all over the world, reaching the grand occasion that "all scholars in the world must learn from North Korea". From the works of Song Confucianism, Han Yu's important influence on them can be seen everywhere. As Han Yu Zhuan, a book of the new Tang Dynasty, said, the literati admired him like mountains looking up at Mount Tai and stars surrounding the Big Dipper. (See 176 "Biography of the New Tang Dynasty" 10 1)

Desolation, loneliness and displacement

Han Yu was born in Dali, Tang Daizong for three years (AD 768). My ancestral home is in Hanoi (now Nanyang County, Henan Province) and I used to live in Changli, so I also call myself Changli. My parents died when I was three years old. I was raised by my brother and sister-in-law Zheng. When I was seven years old, I knew I had to study hard, and when I exported it, it would become an article. At the age of eleven, my younger brother was dragged into the water and relegated to Lingnan because Yuan Zai, the prime minister, offended the imperial court. He followed his brother and sister-in-law to the south. At the age of fifteen, his brother died in Shaozhou, and Han Yu followed his sister-in-law and took his brother's coffin to Wan Li and was buried in the Central Plains. Coupled with the eventful Central Plains, the whole family moved to Xuanzhou (now Xuancheng, Anhui). Life is rough and hard, and I have been living a wandering life.

Han Yu had three brothers, all of whom died young. Only Han Yu and his nephew Shiro inherited the blood of their ancestors. "Two generations are the same, but the only shadow" (Complete Works of Han Changli, Volume 22), his bleak and lonely life experience and wandering environment inspired him to study hard and study tirelessly. I finally survived the Six Classics and a hundred schools of thought contend.

Burn the ointment, follow the coffin and live a poor life.

In the article Understanding of Learning, Han Yu talks about his efforts in learning with the tone of a student. Said that he kept reading the Six Classics in his mouth and kept turning over the books that a hundred schools of thought contend in his hand; Books that record events must grasp the outline, and books that talk must explore profound meanings. "Too many things and too little donations" means that he never tires of learning; "Burn ointment for the next generation and stay in poverty forever" (see Volume XII of Complete Works) means that he not only studied hard during the day, but also lit an oil lamp at night to continue studying hard and worked hard for years.

In Answer to Li Yishu, he encouraged him to make more efforts in academic composition, hoping that he could reach the status of the ancients, without expecting rapid success and being tempted by powerful people. Like planting fruit trees, fertilizing and raising roots, waiting for it to bear fruit; It's like lighting an oil lamp, adding oil and expecting it to shine. He said that if the roots are deep, the fruit will be abundant; If there is enough oil in the lamp, it will give off bright light. Benevolent people will be gentle and sincere in their words.

He said modestly that he didn't know whether he would get home in time, but he had been studying tirelessly for more than twenty years. At the beginning, it is clear that "three generations of Han books dare not read" and "non-saints dare not keep their ambitions" (see Volume 16 of the Complete Works). Forget everything at home, forget the way out, concentrate on learning and thinking, and sleep in ancient books. When searching for a pen to write an article, I just want to try to avoid Chen Xiangyin's platitudes. At first, it was really hard, it was really hard to do. When I write it for people to see, I am often ridiculed by others, but I don't know that it is a sneer. After many years, I still didn't change my original intention, and then I realized that the right path and heresy in ancient books were as obvious and easy to distinguish as black and white. Try your best to eliminate impurities, and you will get more benefits slowly. So he wrote an article with a pen, and his thoughts poured out like water. Write it out for people to see, and he will be very happy if someone laughs at him; Praising him worries him, because he is worried that there are flattering things in the article that cater to popular customs. This situation lasted for many years, and then I wrote like a river. I'm afraid there are still some miscellaneous places, so let's get rid of those unconventional literary concepts, study them calmly until they are completely pure, and then give full play to them. It is also necessary to cultivate moral knowledge: in establishing morality, we should take the road of benevolence and righteousness; In reading comprehension, we should explore the source from the six classics; Moreover, it takes a lifetime of hard work and in-depth efforts in academic composition to achieve something.

Han Yu's article is solemn and large-scale. Volume 14 of Shao Henan after listening points out: "Han tui's article comes from classics." Fang Shudong also said in Zhao Wei's Zhan Yan: "Words should be wonderful, colorful, heroic and strange ... but the wonderful thing is that the seven flavors are naturally produced ...; There is only one person here, who studies deeply and has great ambitions. Specializing in poetry, not reading sage books, not cultivating sources, will never make progress. For example, the 100 divisions of the Han Palace. This is what Han Yu himself said, "Hong is in the middle, not in the middle." "What to do depends on the way of benevolence and righteousness, what to swim, and the source of poetry and books." ("Li See's suicide note". ).

Be upright and fearless.

Because Han Yu is well-read, well-informed, reasonable and knowledgeable, and writes for the sake of writing, he can go from shallow to deep and extend in all directions. In order to study composition, Han Yu pays more attention to nourishing qi: if you are arrogant, you can say what you say, do what you say, and be completely sincere in your words and deeds. Don't just believe its empty words, but also see its actions. Standing up to the DPRK can show high morals and integrity, and dare to speak and remonstrate. According to the legend in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, he was "honest and outspoken". People speak ill of him and slander him, but they are not afraid. They offended the ruling party several times, angered the emperor, were demoted and exiled, and went to wild places without regrets. Han Yu is such a person who can know and really practice Tao.

Tang Dezong Zhenyuan eight years (AD 792), 25-year-old Han Yu passed the Jinshi exam. Because he was born honest and not good at business, he didn't get the chance to be an official until he was thirty-one. When I was a censor, staff officer and secretariat, I was demoted three times before and after, all because I neglected to play Chen's political affairs and did not agree with the court. In Xian Zongchao, he talked loudly and forcefully about Buddhist bones, forgot his own interests, ignored life and death, stood firm and refused to look back. This is because he usually gathers righteousness to recuperate and accumulates profound knowledge to reach this position.

Han Yu also said in Answer to Li Yishu: Qi is like water, and words are like things floating in water. When the water is big, whatever can float will float regardless of its size. The same is true of the relationship between qi and words: strong qi means that words are suitable regardless of length and sound. Even so, he dare not say that he is close to complete success; Even if it is close to success and being used, what is the merit? However, if you want others to use it, you must cater to people's likes and dislikes. It seems that you are a passive object, and it is not entirely in the hands of others. A gentleman is not like this. A gentleman's intention has some truth and his behavior has certain rules. Use it, and you will create a road to the world; If you don't need him, you can pass on the message to students, or write a book to set an example for future generations. Han Yu pointed out: at present, few people study ancient Chinese; If you are determined to learn ancient Chinese, you will be abandoned by this world. He really likes this kind of volunteers, but he feels sorry for what happened to this kind of people. So he often praises such people, which means encouraging him. (See the answer to Li Yishu)

In another article, Xue Jie, Han Yu pointed out that in the past, he was good at eloquence and made Confucius's Tao flourish, but he traveled around the world and no one used him until he was old. Xun Qing adhered to the correct path and put forward great opinions. In order to escape slanderous remarks, he went to the State of Chu and finally lost his official position and died in Lanling. These two great scholars are classics from the beginning, and their every move can be imitated by others, surpassing ordinary people and reaching the realm of saints, but their life experiences are so.

What Han Yu said above is really Tao and reason. Rational vigor, Taoist vigor, prosperous Wenchang. Those who are determined to learn "literature" are also determined to practice "Tao". Such people are unwilling to belittle their own Tao in order to cater to the times and customs, let alone destroy their own Tao and blindly follow heresy. It is natural for such people to be demoted and sent away. Therefore, Han is unyielding and has no regrets.

Maverick, the world is not chaotic.

Han Yu once said in Ode to Boyi, "A scholar's maverick is only suitable for righteousness, regardless of people's right and wrong. All heroes are convinced and know it." Few people don't do it, but take their time to do it; As for a country and a state, those who do it without being confused only cover one person in the world; As for those who are not on earth and practice without confusion, they have only been ears for thousands of years. If you are a foreigner, you will be as poor as heaven and earth, and you will never care. "Pushing Bo Yi to a higher level than" saints are universal standards "can really be said to be" respected ". Zeng Guofan pointed out in the book "Finding Quezhai": "The world is not chaotic, which is the purpose of his life writing, and this is also an article about his own situation." This is really what people who really understand Korean festivals and articles say.

Before Han Yu, the style of writing written by ordinary people mostly paid attention to ci fu and parallel prose, which was plain and restrained and bound the author's thoughts. The style of writing was colorful and fragrant. Han Yu advocated "ancient prose", freed from bondage, restored freedom, and turned it into more lively prose. On the surface, it seems to be "retro", but in fact it is a kind of "revolution". Han Yu was laughed at by others because he didn't want to cater to the secular world. Han Yu believes that the composition "will not be passed down from generation to generation, although it will not be blamed for a while" (see Answer to Liu). Therefore, heroes are extraordinary people who are "convinced and self-aware" (see Ode to Boyi) and refuse to be invited by the crowd for a moment. I would rather be lonely at that time than seek fame in the future.

Although Han Yu likes reading ancient books and learning from the ancients, he is not fascinated by them, and he will not let the ancients lead him by the nose. Being able to "stand out from the past and become an outstanding person" (Song language), trying to avoid Chen Xiangyin's platitudes, being able to review the past, learn new things, be able to integrate and be brave in innovation. His loyalty to the Lord by remonstrating Buddha's bones is rare among officials; His bravery in pleading with Wang Ting in the thief camp is also rare among his colleagues. He said things that ordinary people dare not say and did things that ordinary people can't do. He is a maverick, insists on going on the road, and has indeed reached the situation of "the world is not chaotic".

Tao and Tao.

Han Yu pointed out in the article "The Original Road" that universal love is called benevolence; Doing things right is called righteousness; The so-called act according to benevolence and righteousness; It is called virtue to perfect one's own nature without asking for others. He also pointed out that what he called morality is a combination of benevolence and righteousness. It can also be said that Han Yu is talking about benevolence, self-cultivation and protecting the people, which is inseparable from human relations and daily life. Furthermore, the Tao that Han Yu talked about is sincere and sincere in self-cultivation, even nourishing qi and calming down peace; As far as life is concerned, it is a discipline and ethics, and it is healthy to die; As far as politics is concerned, it is the education of rites, music, punishment and customs; This is what Confucius called "a man not far from the Tao" (Chapter 13 of the Doctrine of the Mean).

Han Yu once said in the article "After Ouyang Sheng's funeral": "The more ancient it is, the worse it is to read its sentences. I think the ancients can't see it, and learning the ancient road is to understand it at the same time. People who speak through words are also determined by ancient roads. (Complete Works, Volume 22) What Han Yu means is that he became an ancient prose because of a good ancient road, not a good ancient road after an ancient prose. This means that "Hong Wen borrows the road"; In other words, "sincerity in China means being external", and Taoism means exuberance, and exuberance means Wenchang.

Li Han, Han Yu's son-in-law, said in the Preface to the Collected Works of Mr. Changli: "Writers are no deeper than Taoism, and thoughtful people are no deeper than Taoism." This is not just to say that the quality of an article is closely related to the depth of enlightenment, but that "Wen" and "Tao" are the same things. There is a great distance between "the passage by writing" and "educating the Tao" and "carrying the Tao by writing". "Educating Taoism" means that articles can enlighten Taoists and be passed down from generation to generation, which is a tool to carry forward morality; The alcohol refutation of the article depends on how many words it sees. The realm of "carrying Tao by writing" is deeper than that of "carrying Tao by civilization", that is to say, if an article can go straight into the sage's way and see the whole Tao, it can be said to be "carrying Tao" On the other hand, the concept of "taking literature as a channel" goes further, that is, literature is consistent with Taoism, literature takes Taoism as its content, and Taoism takes Taoism as its form. The two have an inseparable relationship, and further, we can gradually reach the situation of "integration of literature and Taoism"

In ancient times, saints were able to embody the Tao in their bodies. Tao is filled in the middle, and things touch the outside, which is written in words. It's nothing more than a matter of fame and fortune. Therefore, its text is the Tao, and its Tao is the text. Han Yu studied Taoism and good writing all his life, and both of them: "Walk according to the way of benevolence and righteousness" and "swim according to the source of poetry and books", and he can write the purport of the Six Classics in writing; It stands for it, and the source retreats, which can be taken by the way; Words are based on lines, and lines are spread by words. Therefore, Ouyang Xiu of the Song Dynasty said: "The chaos of Confucius and Mencius is a thousand years' study; Han's sketches, which have not been seen for 200 years, have not been particularly liked or disliked so far; The cover is long and clear, and it is indelible. Although it is covered for a while, it will eventually shine on infinity, and its way is of course. " (After remembering old Korean)

With the responsibility of the teacher, the responsibility of the Tao.

At the beginning of Han Yu's article "Teacher's Theory", he said: Those who ask about the ancient knowledge must have a teacher, who preaches, teaches and dispels doubts; People are not born knowing everything. Who can not doubt it? If you don't learn from the teacher, his problems will never be solved.

Han Yu believes that older people understand Tao earlier than he does, and he will follow suit. If someone younger than him understood Tao earlier than he did, he would follow suit. He studies pottery. Who cares if he is older or younger than him? So no matter how rich or poor, old or young, where the Tao is, the teacher is there.

Han Yu went on to point out: because teachers don't preach, many people don't learn; Most people love their son, so they choose a teacher to teach him, but when it comes to him, they don't know why, so it's shameful to find a teacher. Han Yu also pointed out that witch doctors are not ashamed to learn from each other, but when scholars ask for advice, they gather without laughing; Confucius, a sage, said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher" (The Analects of Confucius), and we seek advice from all directions. Scholar-officials don't ask for a teacher because they don't know that there is specialization in the art and the truth of seeing strange things.

Han Yu said: "Teachers preach, teach and solve doubts." (see "the complete works" volume 12 teacher said) according to zeng guofan's explanation; Preaching is the way to preach, cultivate monasticism, govern the country, be benevolent and ethical, and receiving education is the inheritance of the six arts of the ancient people in China. To solve the puzzle is to solve the confusion between the two. The teacher's purpose is to preach in Ming Dow, and Tao is nothing more than understanding the Five Relationships. Although the teacher's name is not listed in the five virtues, the name of the five virtues is determined by the teacher. Without a teacher, there is no five virtues, and the Tao is nothing more than five virtues, while there is no Tao beyond the five virtues. Therefore, "the existence of Tao is also the existence of a teacher."

Liu Zongyuan pointed out in the book "Answering Wei Zhongli's Teacher's Theory": Mencius once said: "The mistake of people is that they like to be teachers. "After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, people paid less attention to teachers. Modern has never heard of a teacher; When he did this, everyone laughed at him and thought he was crazy. Only Han Yu bravely ignored the times and customs, braved the ridicule and insults of others, recruited talents, published a "teacher's theory" and wanted to be a teacher with a straight face. Indeed, many people in the society are very surprised, looking at him with their fingers, scolding him together and taking him as a joke message. Han Yu got the name of "madman" for this.

Han Yu's "asking for trouble and getting angry" and "resisting his face and being a teacher" does not mean that he is "good at being a teacher". On the one hand, he doesn't want to follow the fashion and cater to the current atmosphere, but wants to change the customs, take the ancient road and "go it alone"; On the one hand, he is "warm-hearted" out of love and responsibility for backward young people, so he should "take the teacher as his responsibility" and "teach them ways to support each other." Therefore, the main purpose of Han Yu's "taking the teacher as the responsibility" is to spread the Tao. He said in "Teacher's Theory" that "a disciple need not be inferior to a teacher, and a teacher need not be superior to a disciple", which is still a statement of "mastering Taoism" and "emphasizing Taoism".

Han Yu died in Tang Muzong in the fourth year of Changqing (AD 824) at the age of 57. Han Yu's student, Huang Fushi, said in his "Han Gonggong's Epitaph" that he is frank and has no mind; If the in-laws and friends of the clan can't stand on their own feet because of their old age, they must rely on him to help them dress, eat, get married, arrange the funeral and bury everything. At home on weekdays, even if you sleep and eat, you should bring a book. When you are tired, you can use it as a pillow. It tastes delicious when you eat it. I'm afraid it's not perfect to explain and speak tirelessly and temper students like this. Humorous jokes and songs again? Poetry is a way to relax the spirit. We should try our best to make students intoxicated with righteousness and never forget to go back.

In the Han Palace Statement made by Li Ao, the nephew of Han Yu, it is pointed out that Han Yu was raised by his sister-in-law Zheng when he was young. After his sister-in-law died, he wore mourning clothes for a year to repay her kindness. In his Letter to Mrs. Zheng and Shi Erlang, we can feel his grief between the lines and his deep affection for his family. He treats people sincerely, associates with people and is consistent; If you fall behind, you should take care of yourself and be considerate of others so as not to lose your achievements. This is "cultivate one's morality by Tao" and "cultivate one's morality by benevolence" (Chapter 20 of the Doctrine of the Mean). The "Tao" he said is not only reflected in his speeches and articles, but also in his temperament and his position and behavior.

In The Original Road, Han Yu pointed out that the Tao he talked about spread from Tang Yao to Yu Shun, from Yu Shun to Yu Xia, from Yu Xia to Shang Tang, and from Shang Tang to Zhou Wenwang, King Wu and Duke Zhou. Zhou Wenwang, King Wu and Duke Zhou passed it on to Confucius, and Confucius passed it on to Mencius. Nobody knew the truth when Monk died. Although Han Yu did not explicitly say that "Tao" was handed down from him, the meaning of "Tao is responsible" is faintly visible.

Both Wen Yanbo and Du Mu said: The virtue of Confucius is nothing like Mencius; Nothing can call Confucius the most revered than Han Yu. (See the collected works of Fan Chuan and the inscription of Wen Sheng Wang Xuan Temple newly built by Lu Wengong in Jizhou.) If the Tao of Confucius is promoted by Mencius and Han Yu, there is no doubt about it. Mencius inherited the ideas of Yang and Mo. Han Yu's ranking as an old man and his Buddhist and Taoist thoughts can also be seen in his works. After Mencius and before Han Yu, although there were many respected Confucius and Mencius or Buddhists, it can be said that no one can compare with Han Yu in terms of its far-reaching and great influence.

The imperial examination system began in the Sui Dynasty. Imperial examination, that is, feudal countries set subjects, held unified examinations on a regular basis, and selected officials through examinations. This kind of practice is also called "taking the exam".

In slave society, the main official positions were hereditary. Feudal society gradually adopted the method of selecting officials. Wei,