What are the genres of English poetry, their characteristics and development?

"Beat refers to the rhythm that you can beat with your feet", which is the format of light and heavy syllables in each step and the basis of light and heavy sounds when reading aloud. The foot is the analytical unit of a poem, which consists of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables. The stressed syllable is masculine (heavy), marked with "-"or "ˇ", the unstressed syllable is iambic (light), marked with "), and the tones can be separated by"/". Here are five common formats:

1.Iambus: It is the most common format, and each step consists of an unstressed syllable and a stressed syllable.

You/my love/my love are as beautiful,

I love so much:

I will always love you, dear,

Until the sea dries up;

Robert burns: My lover is like a red rose.

Attention; art = areluve = love Bonnie = beautiful ula `= all gang = go

In the above example, four steps and three steps intersect, which can be marked as:)-/)-/)-()-)

2. Each step consists of a stressed syllable and an unstressed syllable.

In the following example, it is a four-tone cadence (a light syllable is missing), which can be marked as:-)/-)/-

Tiger! /Tiger! /burning/bright

In the forest at night

William blake: Tiger.

3. iambic foot: each step includes two unstressed syllables and one stressed syllable. Such as: three-step iambic pentameter)-/)-/)

Like a child/from the womb,

Like a ghost/from the grave,

I stood up/took it apart again.

4. Raise and suppress the case (heavy case and light case) finger feet:? Each step consists of one stressed syllable and two unstressed syllables. Such as: two-step lifting and restraint-)/-)

Don't touch her contemptuously,

Think of her? /sadly.

Thomas Hood

5.Amphibrach: Each step consists of an unstressed syllable, a stressed syllable and an unstressed syllable. Such as: three-step iambic pentameter)-)-)-)

The last step in the following example is iambic.

Hush you/my baby/my father is a knight.

Different metrical patterns often appear in the same poem, and metrical analysis has certain reference value for reading poetry. Modern poetry often doesn't follow the rules.

Second, the rhyme of this poem.

Rhyme refers to the poetic writing technique of repeating vowels or consonants to achieve a certain rhyming effect.

1. Final rhyme: the most common and important rhyme method.

1. Rhyme: aabb type.

I shot an arrow into the air,

It fell to the ground, I don't know where it is;

Because it flies so fast.

Unable to follow its flight.

Henry wadsworth longfellow: Arrow and Song.

2) Rhyme: abab type.

Sunsets and evening stars,

Give me a clear call!

I hope there are no complaints in the bar,

When I went out to sea,

Alfred Tennyson (1809- 1892): Go through it.

3) Homology: Some poems rhyme until the end, and most of them use a rhyme in the same poem.

Use /I:p/ as the rhyme of * *.

The forest is lovely, dark and deep.

But I have to keep my promise,

I still have a long way to go before I fall asleep,

I still have a long way to go before I fall asleep.

Robert Frost (1874- 1963): On a snowy night, I stopped at the edge of a forest.

2.？ Alliteration: refers to the same consonant at the beginning of several words in a line (verse), forming a rhyme. In the following examples, the alliteration /f/, /b/ and /s/ are used to vividly describe the sight of a ship sailing at sea.

The breeze blows, white foam flies,

Plough follows freedom,

We were the first to explode.

Sink into the silent sea.

Coleridge: the song of the ancient sailor

3. Internal rhyme (homophonic): refers to the internal rhyme formed by the repetition of reasons between words.

/I/ and /Iη/ appear repeatedly in the following poem, showing a happy and peaceful atmosphere.

Spring, sweet spring, is a pleasant king in a year;

Then everything blooms, and then the girls dance in a circle.

Cold doesn't sting, beautiful birds sing:

Cuckoo, puff, puff, puff!

Thomas nashe (1567- 160 1): Spring, sweet spring.

Third, the poetic style.

Some poems are divided into stanzas, and each stanza consists of several lines (each line begins with a capital letter); Some poems have no paragraphs. At present, our common poetic styles are:

Sonnet (1. Sonnet), a short lyric poem originated in the Middle Ages, was popular in Italy in the 13 and 14 centuries, with Petrarch of Italy as the representative figure. Each line has eleven syllables, one section has eight lines, and the other section has six lines, with ABBA, ABBA and CDCDCD (CDECDE) as the rhyme. The first eight lines ask questions and the last six lines answer them.

Later, Thomas Wyatt (1503- 1542) introduced sonnets into England, and the pentameter was cadenced.

Case, the whole poem has three or four lines and one or two lines, the first three sections ask questions, and the last two sentences summarize. Spencer (Edmund

Spenser, 1552- 1599) uses the rhymes abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee. Shakespeare (William

Shakespeare, 1564- 16 16) uses the rhymes abab, cdcd, dfdf, gg, which is called English or Shakespeare.

2. limerick: usually a small joke, or even a story. Generally, there is no title or author's name. It contains humor and satire, and often uses puns, internal rhymes and other techniques. Each poem has five lines, and the rhyme is aabba, and the meter is mainly iambic and iambic.

There was a young black lady.

She smiled while riding a tiger;

They rode back.

The lady is inside,

And the smile on the tiger's face.

2) tutor who teaches flute.

Trying to teach two pipers to play the flute,

"Is it difficult to play the flute, or

Two men said to the tutor,

Teach two pipers to play the flute. "

3. blank verse: iambic pentameter verse without rhyme.

Through the watery bales, and shout:

Answering his call, trembling bells,

Long cheers, screams, loud echoes.

Double and double: crazy convergence

The noise of joy! …

William wordsworth: There is a boy.

4. Free verse: a common style in modern poetry. Poems of different lengths exist in the same poem, and they don't pay attention to rhyme and meter, but only pay attention to the images and emotions expressed in the poem. American poet Walter? Whitman's Leaves of Grass adopted this format.

Fourth, the evaluation of poetry.

For a poem, personal feelings will be different. A poem with smooth rhythm, refined language and novel association is a good poem. A poem that piles up words and expresses feelings blindly without actual content can only be a poem of taking a ride.

In the 20th century, British and American poetry used a lot of free verse, which was close to spoken English. This is a bold innovation, which may be the general trend of poetry development.

Introduce some English poetry rhythms.

First of all, free verse

Three characteristics: (1) no rhyme, (2) no sound or steps, and (3) uneven lines.

Second, the length of the line.

1, even tone line

(1) Twelve tones: Alexander style, which originated from 12 century Alexander's story collection.

(2) Ten tones and eight tones

2. Strange sound lines

Thirteen, eleven, nine tones

3. The shortest distance between two points

Seven, six, five, four, three and two tones.

4. Long and short lines (here refers to regular long and short lines)

* Cross-line method: one sentence spans two or more lines (throwing words: leaving only one word to another line)

Third, the sound step (foot)

In Greek and Latin, a long sound and one or two short sounds are combined to form a step. French has no long and short sounds, so one sound counts as a step. Britain, England

The use of light and heavy sounds is equivalent to the long and short sounds in Greek. Several steps form a line of poetry, which is called "meter"

There are four common steps (X stands for soft voice):

1. Severity rule:

(1) iambic or iambus: one light and one heavy method.

(2)a peast: two light and one heavy methods: x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

2. Pay more attention to the law:

( 1) trochee: a x a x a x a x。

(2) dactyl: double and light a X X a X a X X X (I doubt it here)

* Extra method: If there is a "light tone" at the end of each line, then this light tone is not a step.

Fourth, the composition of rhyme.

1, Yongyun: The vowel of the last syllable in line A is exactly the same as the vowel of the last syllable in line B. If a vowel is followed by a vowel,

One or two consonants, then the consonants must be the same.

2, poor rhyme: not according to the normal rhyme law, rhyme is not harmonious enough.

(1) Symphony: Only vowels are the same, but the ending consonants of words are different.

(2) Alliteration: Only consonants are the same and vowels are different.

3. Rich rhyme: Not only the last vowel in the previous line is the same as the other line, but also the consonant before that vowel is the same. Or not only the last syllable is complete.

The vowels of the penultimate syllable are the same.

4. Yin and Yang rhyme: only one syllable of rhyme foot is called Yang rhyme, including two or three syllables called Yin rhyme.

5. The rhyme of the first sentence

* blank verse: usually ten tones per line, blank, and in step. Such as Shakespeare's Hamlet and Milton's Paradise Lost.

Five, the location of the rhyme:

1, rhyme method:

(1) A poem is divided into n paragraphs, each of which has exactly the same rhyme, rhyming feet, and is recorded as n abab.

(2) A poem is divided into n paragraphs, each with the same rhyme and different rhymes, and it is recorded as *n abab.

(3) capital letters indicate that the whole line overlaps, such as AbbaA A A.

(4) Capital r indicates the ending sentence of each paragraph.

2. Rhyme: aabb (French rimes suivies, the rhyming form of classical tragedy in French poetry)

(1) four-line rhyme: *n aabb

(2) even poems: *n aa (the five-step drowning rule in English poetry, called "hero")

(3) Three-way formula: *n aaa

3, rhyme: abab (French rimes croisées, western poetry is regular)

(1) double cross abab

* The English poem "Four Lines of Heroes": Four lines and five steps of submerged wave method intersect.

* Ancient French "folk songs": 3 BC+BC

*terza-rima (rhyme used in divine comedy): aba bcb cdc ded ee

4, rhyme: abba (French rimes enbrassées, sonnet convention)

5. Hybrid power:

(1) Far rhyme: rhymes with more than two sentences.

(2) Cross mixing:

Otava Rima's eight-part poem: abababcc

Royal Poetry Royal Poetry Festival: ababbcc

* Spencer Festival Spencer style: ababbcbcc

(3) Embrace each other, such as ababccb.

(4) Embrace each other: for example, abbccb

(5) cross and hug each other, such as ababccdeed.

Step 6 exercise restraint

* symbol:

(1) Overlapping sentences are written in capital letters, such as AbbaA A.

(2) Adding an apostrophe after a capital letter indicates another refrain. For example, ABA' b' BCB' c '……(B and B' have the same rhyme, but different sentences)

③ Sometimes used to indicate the end of a paragraph.

* The poem with the most overlapping sentences is "old French form", such as:

( 1)" rondeau):aabba aabR aabbaR

(2) "Rondel": Aba Baba Baba.

(3) "Rounding field": abaB bab abaB

(4) "Trio": Aba Ababou

(5)“Villanelle”:ABA ' Ababa ' Ababa ' abaa '

(6)“pantum”:ABA ' b ' BCB ' c ' CDC ' d ' ded ' e ' EFE ' f ' FGF ' g ' GBG ' a '

* Semi-overlapping sentence: the second half sentence is the same.

7. The level of English poetry: due to different rhymes.

Up (sonnet) and Rondo can be divided into three levels, and there can only be two levels of rhyme.

Six, Shang Lai (sonnet sonnet, originated in Italy)

Subparagraph (a):

A.4+4+3+3 (Italian, French)

B.8+6 (Europe)

c.4+4+6

d. 14

(2) Number of tones:

A. Twelve tones: "Alexander style", which is most commonly used by the French school.

B. English school: five-step submerged wave method, ten tones

C. Eleven, nine, eight, seven, six and five will do, as long as the number of tones in each line is the same.

(3) Rhyme:

(1) Official:

The first eight lines: Aba Aba

The last six lines: Fapai (1) inherited the Italian ccd eed.

(2) the French poetry itself ccd ede

United Kingdom (1) Milton cde cde CDE

(2) Keats CDC

(2) changes in the middle:

abba abba cdc dee abba abba

Father, father, father, father, father, father, father

abba abba cdd cdc

(3) Variants:

Small changes (rhyme foot changes, rhyme shape remains the same)

(1) The first eight lines have four rhymes, such as abba cddc eef ggf abba cddc eef gfg.

(2) The first eight lines have three rhymes, such as abba cbbc abba acca abba bccb.

(3) The first eight lines have two interlaced rhymes: abba baab.

Great changes (both rhyme feet and rhyme patterns have changed)

A. the first eight lines rhyme.

(1) The first eight lines have two rhymes: ababab.

(2) The first eight lines have two interlaced rhymes: ababababa.

(3) The first eight lines have three rhymes: abababacac ababccbb.

(4) The first eight lines have four rhymes: ababccd.

B. Use rhymes in the first eight lines

(1) The first eight lines have two rhymes: aabb aabb.

(2) The first eight lines and four rhymes: aabb ccdd

(4) Others

A. Shakespeare style: ababccdcd efefgg (three heroic lines in the first three paragraphs and a heroic puppet in the last paragraph)

B. Spencer style: ababbbcbccdcdee (the first three paragraphs and the three sentences "Four Lines of Heroes" are linked with rime, and the last paragraph is a sentence "

Hero doll ")

C. Sydney style: ababab cdcdcdee