Epistemological idioms?

There are 40 philosophical principles (in materialist dialectics epistemology) contained in famous sayings, phrases, idioms and proverbs.

1, heaven and earth are in harmony, and everything is born by itself. Everything in the universe exists naturally, regardless of human will. This shows that nature exists objectively.

2. daydreaming during the day and dreaming at night. Explain that consciousness is a reflection of matter. For another example, some fairy tales, religious rumors and scientific fantasies that we often hear are also reflections of objective things. However, some are distorted, and some are illusory or exaggerated.

3, a clever woman can't cook without rice. Explain that without matter, there will be no consciousness reflecting matter. It fully embodies the principle that matter determines consciousness.

4. Bury your ears and steal the bell. It violates the principle that matter determines consciousness. Try to replace objective reality with subjective desire. Another example is "painting cakes to satisfy hunger", "looking at plums to quench thirst", "honest people buy shoes" and "cutting feet to fit shoes".

5. Looking horizontally, the ridge edge becomes a peak, and the distance is different. Whether the consciousness is correct or not is directly related to one's position, viewpoint and method of looking at problems. Another example is "the public says that the public is right, and the woman says that the woman is right", and so on.

6. Different people have different opinions. Explain the same thing, because different personal knowledge structures have different opinions. For example, a picture of the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, from the aesthetic point of view, economists from the perspective of economic development, historians from the perspective of social history.

7. Where there is a will, there is a way. Explain that consciousness has a reaction to matter. Correct consciousness will promote the development process of things; It will hinder the development of things. Another example is "lose the whole game, benefit modestly", "man will conquer nature", "everything depends on man" and "ingenuity alone"

8. The form of existence is the existence of God, and the form of gratitude is the elimination of God. It shows that human body and spirit are unified and inseparable. This is a materialistic view, which holds that form survives from spirit, and form thanks spirit. Another example is "Heaven and earth combine to create everything, and Yin and Yang alternate", which means that everything in the universe is not created by God, but the result of its own contradictory movement, and it also belongs to materialism.

9. there is nothing outside the heart. It means that matter exists in people's consciousness, and there is nothing outside consciousness. This belongs to the idealism of "being is being perceived", "things are a collection of ideas" and "opening your eyes to be bright and closing your eyes to be silent".

10, not only for the top, not only for books, but only for reality. This is Comrade Chen Yun's consistent guiding ideology, which requires us to proceed from reality and seek truth from facts in practical work, and to oppose dogmatism, bookishness, empiricism, superstition and slavish obedience. In other words, we should adhere to materialism and oppose idealism.

1 1, running water does not rot, and the home shaft does not bite. It shows that matter and motion are inseparable. Movement is the fundamental property of matter, and matter cannot be separated from movement; Matter is the carrier of movement, and movement cannot be separated from matter.

12, carving a boat for a sword. It is to look at the problem from a static point of view, which violates the view that matter is moving and changing. Another example is Waiting for the Rabbit.

13, people can't step into the same river twice. Explain that objective things are constantly moving and changing. On the contrary, some people put forward that "people don't even have a chance to step into the same river once", which is going to extremes and denying relative stillness, and it is an agnosticism.

14, the sky is always there, not for forgiveness or death. It means that natural changes have certain laws, and will not exist because Rao is a holy king, nor will he die because Jie is a tyrant. Another example is, "Hongyan went out of the northern part of the Saibei and traveled thousands of miles." "Eat southern rice in winter and return to the north in spring." It shows that the movement of organisms follows the laws of natural selection and survival of the fittest. "The changes of heaven and earth, storms in cold and summer, floods, droughts, moths and locusts are all regular." (Shen Kuo)

15, "Seedling encourages growth". It shows that the process of biological growth follows certain laws, and trying to replace objective laws with subjective will is bound to be punished. Another example is "how bold people are, how productive the land is" and "human reason is natural legislation".

16, chopping wood does not follow the routine, and chopping wood is exhausting. Explain that the law is objective, give full play to subjective initiative and build on the basis of respecting objective laws, otherwise, it will not succeed.

17, hardships, jade as jade. It shows that we must give full play to people's subjective initiative to respect and act according to law, so as to overcome difficulties and win victory under the guidance of law.

18, do what you can. In other words, in practical work, we should proceed from reality, seek truth from facts, and not do what we can't do, so that subjectivity and objectivity run counter to each other.

19, emancipate the mind and seek truth from facts. Emancipating the mind means that objective things are constantly changing and developing. In order to adapt to the changed situation, we must get rid of old ideas, superstitions and blind obedience. Seeking truth from facts is to proceed from objective reality, draw rules from it and act according to the rules. The two are unified, and without the spirit of seeking truth from facts, it is impossible to emancipate the mind; On the contrary, thinking can not adapt to the changed situation, and it is far from seeking truth from facts.

20, the opposite is complementary. It means that the thing itself contains two aspects, namely contradiction and unity. For another example, "complement each other" is the same.

2 1, a blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise. It embodies the principle of contradictory identity. That is, both sides of the contradiction not only depend on each other, but also transform each other under certain conditions. Another example is "modesty makes people progress, pride makes people lag behind", "losing the whole game, benefiting from humility" and "being prepared for danger in times of peace" all contain the principle of contradictory identity.

22. Know yourself and yourself. It embodies the principle of universality of contradiction. We are required to think about problems and stick to two-point theory and dichotomy in doing things. For another example, "hearing others say it is bright, listening to others say it is dark" and "no one is perfect, and gold is not red" belong to this category.

23, attack one point, not as good as the rest. It violates the principle of universality of contradiction, that is, it looks at the problem one-sidedly, makes a little argument and denies the dichotomy. Another example is "seeing the trees but not the forest".

24, the right medicine. The principle of conforming to the particularity of contradiction requires us to adhere to the concrete analysis of specific problems when observing and dealing with problems. Another example is "adjust measures to local conditions", "teach students in accordance with their aptitude", "a key opens a lock", "there are no identical fingerprints and two identical leaves in the world" and "everything is different".

25. Play the lute to a cow. Metaphor does not distinguish between objects and treats different things equally, which violates the principle of contradiction particularity. For another example, Zhang Guan and Dai Li, Copy It, One-size-fits-all, and A Wind all fall into this category.

26. Make the finishing touch. It means to be good at grasping the key points and keys in work. In line with the principle of principal contradiction. Another example is "catch the thief first", "let the cow lead by the nose" and "use it on the blade".

27. Although the lotus is good, it should be supported by green leaves. For example, people should be good at grasping the main contradiction in their daily work, but they can't ignore the secondary contradiction, because the quality of handling the secondary contradiction directly affects the solution of the main contradiction. Another example is that "one hero and three gangs" and "one fence and three piles" are the same.

28. Picking up sesame seeds and losing watermelon. It violates the principle of primary and secondary contradictions. Regardless of primary and secondary, grasp the secondary and lose the main. Another example is "grasping the eyebrows and beards", which also belongs to this category.

One finger and nine fingers. Comrades often use this metaphor to compare achievements and mistakes, which is the primary and which is the secondary. We are required to be good at grasping the main aspects of contradictions. Because the nature of things is mainly determined by the main aspects of the contradiction that obtains the dominant position, it is necessary to distinguish the mainstream from the tributary, the nine fingers and the one finger when observing and handling problems.

30. Put the cart before the horse. This violates the principle of contradictory primary and secondary relations, regardless of the mainstream and tributaries, and the primary and secondary are reversed. Another example is "usurping the role of the master", "the loss outweighs the gain", "not sticking to one pattern" and "not distinguishing good from bad".

3 1, paying special attention to the typical and giving consideration to the general. Based on the principle of the unity of two-point theory and key theory, we are required to be comprehensive in practical work and be good at grasping the key points and keys. Another example is "overall consideration" and "learning to play the piano".

32, the lips are dead and the teeth are cold. It embodies the view that things are generally related. Things interact and restrict each other within and between things, just like lips and teeth. Another example is "the city gate is on fire, which harms the fish in the pool", "the river is full, and the river is dry without water", "the mantis catches cicadas, and the yellowbird is behind" and so on.

33. Go fishing when you are tired. It goes against the view that things are generally related. I can't see the mutual influence and restriction between things. Only pay attention to the immediate interests, ignoring the long-term interests of the successive development process of things. Another example is "killing the goose that lays the golden egg" and "destroying forests to cultivate land", all of which fall into this category.

34. Those who do not seek the overall situation do not seek a domain. This means that the whole and the part are interdependent and inseparable. The part cannot be divorced from the whole, otherwise it will lose its meaning of existence. Therefore, when thinking and doing things, we must take the overall situation into consideration. Another example is "the prosperity of the country is the prosperity of the family, and the death of the country is the death of the family."

35. One careless move will lose the game. This means that the whole and the parts are inseparable. We should not only take the overall situation into consideration, but also ignore the influence of local connections on the whole. Otherwise, local failure often leads to global failure. For another example, "a mouse killed a pot of porridge" also means this.

36, visit fortune-teller know life. It violates the objectivity of connection, drags two unrelated things together and creates a "connection". For another example, "magpies report good news, crows report bad news" and "comets, ominous photos" all belong to this category.

Don't say goodbye for three days. This means that things are changing and developing. You can't look at people and things around you with the same eyes. Another example is that "the afterlife is terrible", "the latecomers come first" and Han Fei's "the world is different, things are different, things are waiting for change" all contain the view of development.

38. smug. This goes against the concept of development. We can't see the change and development of things, but look at things from a static point of view. Another example is "following the old rules", "sticking to the old rules", "not daring to cross the line" and Dong Zhongshu's "Tao originated from heaven, and the sky remains unchanged, and the Tao remains unchanged".

39. No pains, no gains. Explain an inevitable connection in the inheritance of things, namely regularity. Explain that internal factors are the basis for things to change. For another example, the proverb "The dragon gives birth to the dragon, the phoenix gives birth to the phoenix, and the son born to the mouse can make holes" also illustrates this truth.

40, near Zhu Zhechi, near Mohe. It shows that the external environment has an important influence on the development of things, that is, external factors are the conditions for things to change. For another example, "the power of an example is infinite", "a famous teacher makes a noble apprentice" and "a buddy kills people with loyalty" all illustrate the role of external factors.

4 1, the master leads the door, and learning lies in the individual. Explain that external factors work through internal factors. No matter how big the external factors are, they also work through internal factors. Otherwise, no matter how skilled a craftsman is, it is difficult to carve a rotten piece of wood.

42. Water drops will wear away stones. It embodies the principle of the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change, that is, the accumulation of quantity to a certain extent will cause qualitative change. Another example is "If you don't accumulate pace, you can't travel thousands of miles", "If you don't accumulate pace, you can't become a river and a sea", "If you don't give up, you can turn stone into stone" and so on.

43, don't do it with evil small, don't do it with good small. Explain that in the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change, we should distinguish right from wrong, distinguish good from evil, and weigh the interests. Useful things should persist and promote their qualitative change; Harmful things should be prevented from being delayed and transformed.

44. Enough is enough. It embodies the principle of moderation. Because only within a certain range and limit can things keep their original nature, when we need to keep the nature of things stable, we must control the quantitative change within a certain limit, which is to grasp the size and adhere to moderation. Another example is that "going too far is too late" and "extremes meet" all say that we should adhere to the principle of moderation.

45. A spark can start a prairie fire. It shows that although the new thing is weak at first, it conforms to the development law of objective things, has strong vitality and broad development prospects, so it will inevitably defeat the old thing in the end. For another example, "Qian Fan is on the edge of a sunken ship and Wan Muchun is in front of a sick tree" is also a metaphor for the invincible new things.

46. There is no doubt about mountains and rivers, and there is another village. It embodies the principle of the unity of progress and stagnation in the development of things. The general trend of the development of things is forward, and the road of development is tortuous, tortuous in progress, and tortuous in progress. This requires us to think of possible difficulties when everything goes well; See the light in adversity and build up confidence in overcoming difficulties. For another example, "there are obstacles in science, and efforts can pass" also contains this truth.

47. The blind man touched the elephant. Metaphor only knows the superficial and one-sided phenomenon of things, but does not know the essence of things. Phenomenon is different from essence. Phenomenon is the surface feature and external connection of things, which is one-sided and changeable and can be directly perceived by human sensory organs; Essence is the relatively stable internal connection of things and the fundamental nature of things, which can only be grasped by human rational thinking.

48. Never change. It means that phenomenon and essence are closely related and inseparable. No matter how the phenomenon changes, it is an essential manifestation.

49. divert attention. The phenomenon of things is different from truth. "A diversion from the east to the west" is an illusion, and "a diversion from the west" is true. Its essence is to confuse the enemy and save yourself. Another example is Playing hard to get, Besieging Wei to Save Zhao, Dancing Sword in Xiangzhuang and Building a plank road to sneak into Chen Cang.

50. Buy bamboo slips and return pearls. It is said that in ancient times, a man saw a beautiful box containing pearls, so he paid a high price for the box and returned the precious pearls to the seller. Metaphor only looks at the phenomenon, not the essence. Another example is "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but toward which corner of the mountain".

5 1, be intimate when you know people. Metaphor perceptual knowledge needs to rise to rational knowledge. Because perceptual knowledge is only a superficial and one-sided understanding of things, only when it rises to rational knowledge can it be an understanding of the inner nature of things.

52. A blind man rides a blind horse. Metaphor is a blind practice without correct theoretical guidance. Because the correct theory reflects the essence and laws of objective things and has a guiding role in practice. Another example is "Without revolutionary theory, there would be no revolutionary movement".

53. Practice makes perfect. In other words, only by accumulating a large number of perceptual materials can we rise to rational understanding. To have a large number of reliable perceptual materials, we must go deep into reality and practice repeatedly, and avoid "skimming flowers" and "skimming water".

54. When you frown, your thoughts will emerge. Metaphorical perceptual materials can only rise to rational understanding after being processed by human brain thinking. Because the perceptual materials people get are often mixed with essence, truth and falsehood, which are separated from each other and difficult to distinguish from the outside, it is necessary to go through the analysis and synthesis process of "removing essence, removing falsehood and retaining truth, from here to there, from outside to inside" to form a rational understanding. Another example is "thinking more about wisdom", "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and so on.

55. Handan toddler. It is a metaphor for blindly imitating others without thinking, which leads to self-defeating and jokes. This story tells us that to understand things, we must not only have "awareness", but also be good at thinking and thinking actively, otherwise it is impossible to form a correct understanding. Another example is "learning from the East is effective", and "swallowing dates" belongs to this category.

56. By analogy, one knows ten. It means that if people want to acquire new knowledge, they must master the thinking method of reasoning. Because only by learning reasoning (including deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning) can we grasp the regularity of things and expand and deepen people's knowledge.

57. It is never too old to learn. It is a metaphor that the objective world is constantly moving and changing, and so is human practice and understanding. The view of standing still and doing nothing does not conform to the objective reality.

58. Nothing ventured, nothing gained. Metaphor practice is the source of knowledge. Human knowledge is acquired through production struggle, class struggle and scientific experiment. Without practice, knowledge becomes passive water and rootless wood. For another example, "Truth is priceless and can only be found in practice", "Seeing is believing, seeing is believing" and "No discord, no concord".

59. Use books, but hate less. It means that practice is the driving force of cognitive development. Only in practice can people find their lack of knowledge, thus motivating themselves to pursue knowledge, broaden their horizons and deepen their understanding. As Engels said: "Once there is a technical demand in society, this demand will push science to more than ten universities." Another example is that "eating for a while makes you gain wisdom", "failure is the mother of success" and "learning is not enough" all belong to this truth.

60. Apply what you have learned. It means that practice is the purpose of understanding. The fundamental purpose of human understanding is not to explain the world, but to change it. Therefore, it is not advisable to "sit on the road and talk on paper".

6 1. Facts speak louder than words. In other words, practice is the only criterion to test whether understanding is correct or not. Only practice can link cognition with objective things, and use the objective results of practice to test whether cognition conforms to objective reality. Another example is "what you say doesn't count, what you do" and "seeing horsepower from a distance and people's hearts for a long time".

62. Everyone is a saint. It means that people are the subject of practice and the creator of human history. It not only creates material wealth, but also creates spiritual wealth. The saying that "heroes make the world" is groundless. Another example is "two heads are better than one Zhuge Liang", which means the same thing.

63. It is the source of living water. The practical activities of the masses are the source of human spiritual wealth and various artistic activities, which is a metaphor. Without the fresh materials provided by the masses in practice, any creation will become a stagnant pool.

64. I feel like an armchair strategist, and I don't know if I should do it. It means that while learning indirect experience with an open mind and studying hard, we should also actively participate in social practice. Because indirect experience is valuable, it can only be digested, utilized, tested and developed in practice. Another example is "reading thousands of books and taking the Wan Li road", which also emphasizes the relationship between direct experience and indirect experience.

65. It is difficult for a lonely goose to lose its flock. Metaphor personal practice must be combined with the practice of the masses. If a person wants to do something and achieve something, he must take the road of combining with the people, otherwise he will accomplish nothing.

66. Share weal and woe. In other words, only in practice, a person is not afraid of hardship and fatigue, and dares to struggle with difficulties, can he achieve brilliant achievements. As Marx said, "there is no royal road to science, and only those who are not afraid of hardships in climbing rugged paths can hope to reach the glorious peak." Another example is Pu Songling's self-encouragement: "Where there is a will, there is a way. If you cross the rubicon, 102 Qin Guan will eventually return to Chu; " Hard-working people, daily value, hard service, 3 thousand Yue family can swallow Wu "belongs to this truth."

67. Both Yin and Yang are worried, so there is nothing outside and no gap. Both the image of the sky and the shape of the earth have their scope (Wang Fuzhi). The universe is a physical entity composed of primordial energy, and there is no other spiritual world outside the physical world. Laws are inherent in objective things and affirm the material unity of the world. Another example is "Qi depends on Qi", which is a material entity that changes day by day. Reason (spirit) cannot exist without Qi.

68. "The official of the heart thinks" (Mencius), "The heart is the king of form and the Lord of God" (Xunzi), "People's memories are all in the brain". The similarity of the three lies in that people's thinking activities must have a certain material organ foundation.

69. If you plant flowers on purpose, they won't bloom. It shows that all objective things exist independently of people's consciousness, and things and their laws of motion are objective.

70. Knowing means knowing, and not knowing means not knowing or knowing. Say what you know and admit what you don't know. This attitude is wise. This famous saying tells us that we should regard ourselves as an objective thing, proceed from our own reality and know ourselves correctly.

7 1. Ask for firewood in the mountains and fish in the water. Woodmen are familiar with the situation in the mountains, and fishermen know the habits of water, so they should ask for firewood in the mountains and fish in the water. This proverb shows that people should think and do things from reality.

Different people have different opinions, and the wise have different opinions, which shows the epistemological significance of this idiom.

Equivalent to western proverbs

A thousand readers, a thousand hamlets.

Tell us that everyone is an independent individual with different ideas, knowledge, insight and so on.

Tell me to understand and tolerate other people's ideas, even if we can't understand them now, don't completely deny others, but know how to respect them.

The Epistemological Significance of the Idiom "Different people have different opinions."

From the perspective of cognitive subjects, due to the differences of cognitive subjects (such as experience, thinking methods, thinking ability, thinking perspective, etc.). ), the same thing will have different understandings in different people's brains.

From the cognitive object, the same thing shows different phenomena, and different phenomena have different understandings in different people's minds.