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Details of Zhan Tianyou.
Personal experience
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Zhan Tianyou, the word is sincere and quick. 186 1 was born in Nanhai county, Guangdong province. 1On July 8th, 872, Zhan Tianyou, who was only 12 years old, went to study in the United States as the first batch of formal international students from China.
Zhan Tianyou studied in Weihafen Primary School and Nuhafen Middle School in the United States. He graduated from Yale University with 188 1, and wrote his graduation thesis "Research on Wharf Crane", where he obtained his bachelor's degree and returned to China in the same year. After returning home, Zhan Tianyou went to Mawei Ship Administration School to study. After graduation, he was sent to Wu Yang, the flagship of Fujian Navy, as a gunner and participated in the Mawei naval battle. After the war, he was transferred to the Huangpu Naval Academy to teach.
Fujian navy flagship
From 65438 to 0888, Zhan Tianyou was recommended by his old classmate Mou to be an engineer in China Railway Company. Zhan Tianyou, which has been lost for seven years, has the opportunity to join the railway industry of the motherland. At this time, it was the construction of the Tianjin-Tangshan Railway. He didn't want to stay in Tianjin for a long time, so he went to the construction site to share joys and sorrows with the workers. As a result, it was completed and opened to traffic in only 80 days. However, Li Hongzhang played the role of Englishman Jinda and promoted Jinda as chief engineer. Zhan Tianyou's works were therefore copied.
1890, the Qing government repaired the internal and external railways (now Beijing-Shenyang Railway), and Jinda was the chief engineer. 1892, the project goes to Luanhe Bridge, and many countries want to win this business. Of course, Jinda took the Englishman first, but the Englishman Cox failed because the bridge could not be built. Contractors from Japan and Germany also failed. As the delivery deadline approaches, Jinda has to ask Zhan Tianyou. Zhan Tianyou made a detailed analysis of the reasons for the failure of various countries, and made a thorough survey of the geological soil at the bottom of Luanhe River. Later, he decided to change the pile location, adopt the traditional method of China, dive into the bottom of the river with divers from China, cooperate with machine operation, successfully complete the piling task, and build the Luanhe River Bridge. This victory has strengthened the ambition of the people of China. 1894 British engineering research association elected Zhan Tianyou as its member.
Since then, Zhan Tianyou has led the construction of railways such as Beijing-Tianjin Road and Pingyao Road (Pingxiang to Liling).
In order to please Nora, Yuan Shikai invited to build a Xinyi Railway (Gaobeidian to Yixian) in 1902 for the royal family to worship their ancestors. Nora is naturally willing to take the train to worship her ancestors. In order not to miss the use of ancestor worship in 1903, Yuan Shikai was ordered to finish it within half a year. Yuan Shikai appointed Zhan Tianyou as the chief engineer. Although this road is of little value, it is the beginning for China people to build their own railways, so Zhan Tianyou still attaches great importance to it. Zhan Tianyou completely abandoned the routine that foreigners had to air dry the roadbed for one year before laying the track. It took only four months to build the Xinyi Railway at a very low cost. It greatly encouraged the people of China to build their own railways and laid a good foundation for the later construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway.
Zhangjiakou is the hub of Beijing's entry into Inner Mongolia, the channel for tourists and businessmen from north and south, and has always been a battleground for military strategists. Therefore, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway has important economic and political value. As soon as the news that the Qing court was going to build the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Highway came out, Britain, the most influential country in China, was determined to win. Russia, which regards the north of the Great Wall as its sphere of influence, will never give in and the two sides will not give in to each other. Finally, an agreement was reached: if the Qing court did not borrow foreign debts and needed foreign craftsmen, the road would be built by China people, and neither side could reach out. In this way, the Qing government gave up the idea of asking foreigners for help and devoted itself to self-study.
1905 In May, the Engineering Bureau of Beijing-Zhangjia Railway Administration was established, with Chen Ren as general manager and Zhan Tianyou as general manager and chief engineer. 1906, Zhan Tianyou was promoted to general manager and chief engineer. Zhan Tianyou clearly knows the difficulty of this task. He must first resist cynicism from all sides: some people say that he is "overreaching", "only spending a few dollars" and even "daring". In a letter to Mrs Northrop, an American teacher, he said: "If the Beijing-Zhangjiang project fails, it will be not only my misfortune, but also the misfortune of China engineers, and it will bring great losses to China. Before and after I accepted this task, many foreigners publicly declared that China engineers could not undertake the arduous project of masonry and cave dwelling on the Beijing-Zhangjiakou line, but I persisted in my project. " . It fully embodies the patriotism and sense of national responsibility of China intellectuals.
Zhan Tianyou has surveyed three routes, and the second detour is too far. The third is today's abundant sand line. Due to the limited funds allocated by the Qing court and the short time, Zhan Tianyou decided to adopt the first route, that is, from Fengtai to Zhangjiakou via Xizhimen, Shahe, Jingnankou, Juyongguan, Badaling, Huailai, Ji Ming Post and Xuanhua, with a total length of 360 miles. The difficulty of the whole line is to close the ditch, where the mountains overlap and the cliffs are steep and varied. The difficulty of the project was not found in the whole country at that time, and it was rare in the world. The slope is very large, and the height difference between Nankou and Badaling is 180. Zhan Tianyou divides the whole line into three sections: Fengtai to Nankou as the first section, Nankou to Kangzhuang as the second section, and the rest as the third section.
/kloc-0 started construction on September 4th, 905, and/kloc-0 started track laying on February 6th, 2. On the first day of track laying, the coupler chain of an engineering vehicle broke, causing derailment accident. This has become evidence that China people can't build their own railways, and all kinds of slanders have poured in. However, Zhan Tianyou didn't panic, but thought calmly: the slope of this road is extremely high, and the connection performance between cars is slightly unstable, so the accident is hard to avoid. To this end, he used the method of automatic hook and finally solved this problem.
On September 30th 1906, all the first blocks of the project were opened to traffic, and the second blocks started at the same time. The difficulty lies in the second quarter. First of all, we must open four tunnels: Juyongguan, Wuguitou, Shifosi and Badaling. The longest length of Badaling Tunnel is1.092m.. This requires not only accurate calculation and correct command, but also new mountain cutters, ventilators and pumps. The former is not a problem for Zhan Tianyou, while the latter is not available in China at that time, and it can only be imagined by the hands of workers. They overcame many difficulties and finally completed the second bid section in September 1908.
The difficulty of the third bid section is second only to that of Guangou. The first one is Huailai Bridge, the longest bridge on Zhangjing Road, which is erected by 7 steel beams 100 feet long. Thanks to Zhan Tianyou's correct command, it was completed in time. April 2 1909 train goes to Xiahuayuan. Although the section from Xiahuayuan to Jimingyi mining area is not long, the project is extremely difficult. On the right is Yanghe River, and on the left is Rocky Mountain. A six-foot-deep tunnel should be opened on the mountain, and a seven-mile-long riverbed should be padded under the mountain. Zhan Tianyou paved the river bed at the foot of the mountain with stones paving the road on the mountain. In order to prevent mountain torrents from impacting the subgrade, cement bricks were used for protection, and the third section was successfully completed.
Zhan Tianyou never paid attention to the engineering difficulties, but Zhan Tianyou was extremely worried about man-made obstacles. There is a man named Guangzhai in Qinghe. He used to be a Taoist priest and a relative of the royal family Zaize. Both the ruling and opposition parties have influence. As soon as the railway passed its grave, he led the crowd to make trouble, stopped the project, and bribed heavily in private to demand diversion. The postal department is afraid to ask. There is the tomb of King Zheng in the north, the tomb of eunuchs in the south and the tomb of Nora's father Guigong in the west. I wonder how much time and money will be wasted to divert traffic. Zhan Tianyou is ashamed of taking bribes, never misappropriating them, and strives to stay or stay. Finally, because the five ministers were bombed when they went abroad, Zaize was too scared to talk about foreign affairs. Guangzhai agreed to pass through the grave wall because he lost his backer.
The road was originally scheduled to be completed in six years, but Zhan Tianyou finally opened to traffic in August 1909, 1 1, two years ahead of schedule, saving 282,000 silver. The successful completion of Zhang Jinglu is a victory for the people of China and a full expression of the patriotic spirit of patriotic intellectuals in China.
After the completion of Zhangjing Road, Zhan Tianyou was employed by Guangdong Commercial Yuezhong Railway Corporation as the company's prime minister on 19 10, and in May 2002, he also served as the office of the John-Sichuan Railway Association. Due to the corruption and incompetence of the China government and the competition of imperialism in China, this patriotic and talented outstanding engineer was unable to display his talents and was extremely anxious. Finally, he died in Hankou at 3: 30 pm on April 24, 2009, at the age of 59.
After the Revolution of 1911, in order to revitalize the railway industry, Zhan Tianyou and his colleagues established the China Engineering Society, and was promoted to president. During this period, he devoted a lot of efforts to the training of young engineers and technicians. In addition to setting an example, he also encouraged young people to "study hard for invention" and asked them not to "favor one over the other, and not to fish for fame". Take others with sincerity, not yourself as a mirror. "
19 19, at the end of the first European War, Zhan Tianyou attended the international conference on the Far East Railway on behalf of the China government, braving the cold, and had an argument with the Japanese representative who tried to occupy the North Manchuria Middle East Railway in China, thus gaining China's right to protect the Middle East Railway. On the way home, he boarded the Great Wall again with illness and sighed: "Life has ups and downs, and the original road network dream made me regret it to the end. Fortunately, my life can be turned into a track crawling on the land of China ... "His persistent deeds of fighting against the great powers on the railway front, as well as his highly integrated quality of national spirit and scientific spirit, will be together with the bronze statue set up for him by later generations.
Zhan Tianyou never paid attention to the engineering difficulties, but Zhan Tianyou was extremely worried about man-made obstacles. There is a man named Guangzhai in Qinghe. He used to be a Taoist priest and a relative of the royal family Zaize. Both the ruling and opposition parties have influence. As soon as the railway passed its grave, he led the crowd to make trouble, stopped the project, and bribed heavily in private to demand diversion. The postal department is afraid to ask. There is the tomb of King Zheng in the north, the tomb of eunuchs in the south and the tomb of Nora's father Guigong in the west. I wonder how much time and money will be wasted to divert traffic. Zhan Tianyou is ashamed of taking bribes, never misappropriating them, and strives to stay or stay. Finally, because the five ministers were bombed when they went abroad, Zaize was too scared to talk about foreign affairs. Guangzhai agreed to pass through the grave wall because he lost his backer.
Nala spends tens of millions of dollars to build the Summer Palace every year, but is unwilling to pay for road construction. The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway relies entirely on the surplus of internal and external railways, but this money is controlled by the British HSBC. When entering the second phase of the project, HSBC deliberately made things difficult and delayed payment, which led to the delay. Zhan Tianyou was very angry because he was not good at getting close to powerful people and was ashamed of pandering to foreigners.
Imperialism always wants to seize this road. At the beginning of the project, Japanese Yujiro wrote to Yuan Shikai at the imperial gate, saying: China people can't afford to build this road, so it's safer to ask Japanese technicians. The Englishman Jinda also came to intercede for Japan. Zhan Tianyou flatly refused to hire any foreigners on this road. After the Juyongguan tunnel project started, hordes of foreigners often came to spy in the name of hunting, hoping that the project would fail in order to take advantage of people's danger. Zhan Tianyou set the tone for the people of China with excellent results.
1, in August, 905, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway officially started, and the intense exploration and route selection work began. Zhan Tianyou personally led the students and workers, carrying benchmarks and theodolite, running around the rugged mountains day and night. One evening, the fierce northwest wind roared in Badaling area, whizzing past with dust, which made people unable to open their eyes. The survey team finished the work in a hurry, filled in the survey figures and climbed down from the rock wall. Zhan Tianyou took the notebook, looked at the figures and asked doubtfully, "Is the data accurate?" ? "Almost," replied the surveyor. Zhan Tianyou said seriously: "The first requirement of technology is accuracy, and there can be no ambiguity or rashness. Statements like' probably' and' almost' will not be said by engineers. " Then, he picked up the instrument, braved the wind and sand, climbed to the rock wall again with difficulty, carefully surveyed it and corrected a mistake. When he came down, his lips were purple with cold.
Soon, exploration and construction entered the most difficult stage. At Badaling and Qinglong Bridge, there are overlapping mountains and steep walls hanging rocks, and four tunnels will be opened, the longest of which is more than 1000 meters. After accurate calculation, Zhan Tianyou decided to adopt the method of sectional construction: simultaneously drilling from the north and south ends of the mountain, opening a large well in the middle of the mountain, and then drilling from the north and south ends in the well. This not only ensures the construction quality, but also speeds up the project progress. When digging a hole, I dug a lot of stones by hand and picked out the spewing spring water one by one. Zhan Tianyou, as the chief engineer, has no shelf. He digs stones and carries water with the workers, and his face is covered with mud and sweat. He also encouraged everyone to say, "The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway is the first railway that we built with our own people and our own money. The eyes of the whole world are watching us, and we must succeed! " "No matter success or failure, it is definitely not our own success or failure, but the success or failure of our country!"
Zhan Tianyou was born in detail.
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In the sixth year of Tongzhi (A.D. 1867), Zeng Guofan, a warlord from Hunan Province, became the governor of Liangjiang. Hong Rong, the first Yale graduate in China to study in the United States, gave him an "article" to send children abroad to the United States. Three years later, this "rule" was finally approved by the Qing government. International students * * * are divided into four groups, 120 students, aged from 12 to 15 years old. The Qing government also appointed Hong Rong to Hong Kong to preside over the enrollment work of "sending young children to study abroad".
At this time, Zhan had a fellow countryman named Tan Bocun who was doing business in Hong Kong. He likes Zhan Tianyou very much. 187 1 In the spring of, Tan Bocun made a special trip from Hong Kong to the South China Sea to persuade Zhan not to give up the opportunity to study in Zhan Tianyou, saying that this was a "foreign academician" and an "iron rice bowl" for life. Zhan hesitated until Tan promised to marry his fourth daughter (Zhan Tianyou's wife Tan Juzhen) to Zhan Tianyou, and the matter was settled.
In the 11th year of Tongzhi (AD 1872), Zhan Tianyou, who was only 12 years old, went to Hong Kong to attend a preparatory class for young children to go abroad. Soon, I was admitted. Recalling this history, Zhan Tianyou himself wrote: "I was twelve years old. On March 15th, 11th year of Tongzhi, I took a Shanghai ship from Hong Kong with Lord Tairong of Xiangshan Road and arrived in Shanghai on March 28th. Feng recruited him to Shanghai Overseas Bureau to read Tang Fan's book. Teacher Chen Lanbin, director of Gaozhou, taught Tang calligraphy and asked adults to teach Fan calligraphy, and went abroad to study on the eighth day of July. He was instructed to give formal students a robe and a top hat. On the same day, Mr. Chen Lanbin bid farewell to Shanghai and disembarked for Citigroup. "
In his second year in the United States, Zhan Tianyou entered Xihaiwen Primary School after a period of foreign language tutoring. In the second year of Guangxu (AD 1876), Zhan Tianyou was admitted to New Haven Haibin Middle School. It was in this year that the first railway in China, namely the small railway from Wusong to Shanghai, was opened to traffic. At that time, the gentry who read the sage books were shocked to see this behemoth. I think this strange thing has destroyed the landscape and endangered my own life. I actually gathered people to tear down all the railways and throw the tracks into the lake.
The domestic environment is so gloomy, but Zhan Tianyou chose the cursed railway major. Guangxu four years (1878), with the support of teachers Mrs. Nosobu and Hong Rong, was admitted to Yale University in the United States. I entered the civil engineering department and studied railway engineering. Three years later, I graduated from the undergraduate course and got the first place in the math exam. Among 120 formal students, he is the best, and he will be the most loyal to what he has learned in the future.
Zhan Tianyou's background at that time.
In the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1), Zhan Tianyou graduated from Yale University and returned to Shanghai. On the first day of landing, I heard that Zeng Guofan had died, and Li Hongzhang, a warlord of Huai Dynasty, took over as Minister of Beiyang. Overseas students were transferred from Shanghai to the Beiyang Minister's yamen in Tianjin by boat, waiting for the dispatch of the Qing government.
Zhan Tianyou lives in a small inn by the sea in Tianjin. The room was hot and stuffy, sweaty and uncomfortable, and his mood became more and more excited.
All the related international students went there. Only Zhan Tianyou, who was born in a peasant family, had no choice but to go. When he arrived in Tianjin, all the rich students stayed in the grand hotel, but he stayed in this shabby and dirty inn.
Although, he still has a letter in his pocket, which is an eight-part essay written by his most beloved teacher, Hong Rong, and is addressed to the powerful people in the DPRK, but Zhan Tianyou is embarrassed to take it out. He is Hong Rong's most proud disciple. When studying in the United States, Yung Wing encouraged Zhan Tianyou to be China's Ito blog post. He said that Ito Bowen advocated western learning to make Japan prosperous, and China needed his own Ito Bowen to make the country progress. At this point, Zhan Tianyou's mood is very excited. He is determined to work hard and save the country with science.
Although Zhan Tianyou has made great achievements in his studies, his relationship with Wu Zideng, who is being supervised by international students, is getting worse and worse. Wu Zideng is a well-known diehard. He thinks that it is "deviant" for China students to study abroad.
A few days later, the international students were finally introduced to the yamen of Beiyang Minister by Goshha. The man sitting in the main hall is Li Hongzhang, who enjoys a high reputation. Li Hongzhang glanced at the international students with his eyes and saw their messy dresses and hats. He thought: Can these student dolls be rich and powerful? Li Hongzhang tried to teach him a lesson, but he held back. He believes that most of these people have contacts with DPRK ministers, and many of them have also sent scripts and gifts. He was very dissatisfied with one of them, who was dressed in a suit and tie and didn't even have a braid. He looked up the man's name from the roster ―― Zhan Tianyou. I suddenly remembered a few words in Wu Zideng's letter: "If we let these government students go unchecked again. . . Returning to China after studying in the future will not only do no good to the country, but will cause endless harm. " Thinking of this, Li Hongzhang slammed the table and scolded: "Eccentric, no father, no gentleman!" "
Zhan Tianyou was very disgusted with Li Hongzhang's rude attitude, and wanted to refute a few words, but in the end he refrained from speaking. Gorshha immediately shouted: "Fujian-"This dramatic interview is over.
Back at the inn, Zhan Tianyou burned the eight-part essay that Graceful gave him. A few days later, Beiyang yamen made a list, and Zhan Tianyou's name was impressively at the bottom of the list. He was sent to Fuzhou Maritime Bureau and studied driving at the Naval Academy.
In this way, Zhan Tianyou learned what he couldn't use, and it took him seven years.
now
The Qing Dynasty was the most powerful feudal society in China (the so-called prosperous time of Kanggan); It was also the time when China suffered a catastrophe and was completely defeated by the world powers. This kind of historical research should be said a lot, and all kinds of statements are very comprehensive.
Nuzhen of Qing Dynasty entered the customs, unified China step by step and expanded its territory with the violence of massacre, the brutality of enclosure and the high pressure of tonsure. The literary inquisition oppresses the people in culture and always uses extremely barbaric means to squeeze the people. Make China lower constantly appear all kinds of resistance. Of course, by the time of Yongzheng and Qianlong, many cultural and economic glories were indeed created. Mainly because the country is big, the output value is high and it is relatively peaceful. The so-called crowing, peaceful. In fact, the extremely autocratic feudal society was never really calm, mainly manifested in the struggle for interests within the ruling class and lifeless slave performances; In the Daoguang period, it was indeed "the sadness of learning." Rulers such as Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong closed their doors to the outside world, which prevented the spread of western learning to the east since the Ming Dynasty. Domestic barbarism stifled economic and cultural progress. Therefore, China gradually fell behind the West in the "prosperous period of Kanggan", which is not worthy of boasting and pride of modern people, and is counted as "national pride".
The reason why the Qing Dynasty was corrupt and incompetent was that the emperor was trapped in the imperial palace bureaucracy, and the upper and lower bureaucrats were in cahoots. The Manchu bureaucratic system under ethnic discrimination has made a large number of Manchu princes and nobles with no morality, incompetence and few talents steal high positions for a long time; Most of the dignitaries in charge of the imperial court and provincial governors are hereditary and fatuous. China's national strength is consumed in the hands of these heartless dude, and all kinds of production have not developed.
In the Diary of British Envoy Mangane (in the late Qianlong period), he pointed out: "Since the northern or Manchu Tatar conquest, at least in the past 150 years, there has been no improvement, no progress, or retrogression; When we advance in the field of art and science every day, they are actually becoming semi-barbarians. " In Mangane's eyes, the truth of the prosperous period of Kanggan is: "amazing poverty is everywhere", "people are in rags and even naked" and "an army as shabby as a beggar". "All the rubbish we threw was eaten!" Mangane, the British ambassador at that time, was keenly aware of the decline of the Qing Dynasty, regarded the Manchu regime as "a broken ship" and predicted that it would be "no longer disciplined and safe".
More importantly, the whole bureaucratic ruling class is generally hypocritical and pretentious, and has lost the motivation to move forward. It's just that when the strong stimulus comes, they have a little instinctive reaction, and they can't see the trend of world development and change at all, and they have no progress at all. Tributes and trade imports are all kinds of playthings. Jiaqing wants to be frugal, and a group of officials go to court like flower heads and make up for it more than others.
Bureaucracy is the most corrupt, mainly manifested in buying officials and selling titles. All kinds of officialdom are related to collusion between officials and businessmen and bribery, which not only caused the failure of the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty, but also was the root cause of the demise of the Qing Dynasty. If an official needs money, he must find ways to dig for money among the people. A group of "black hearts" create darkness, and the case of "Yang Naiwu Cabbage" is just the tip of the iceberg.
Even an enlightened official like Lin Zexu is ridiculously backward, thinking that the British are inconvenient to move in boots and easy to deal with. The understanding of the world west is not as good as that of the late Ming Dynasty. Why did the original tea and porcelain trade become "opium trade"? Why did the Westernization Movement finally come to nothing? The key is the result of royal fatuity, bureaucratic corruption and bad money eliminating good money.
Cultural backwardness lies in the lack of democracy, justice and a sense of crisis in keeping up with the trend. Blood and fear of death alone can't solve the problem. Without a good mechanism for learning science and technology, without innovative competition and without the rise of the masses, the prosperity of the country cannot be realized. When everything is money, try your best to turn the country into a home, and the luck of the great "Qing" will come to an end.
Corruption lies in privilege. The corruption in China lies in the autocratic monarchy and official position, which makes the selfish petty spirit everywhere drown the spirit of all young people. A group of mercenary people became "traitors" in disguise. When they concentrate on one thing, all they get is a crushing defeat. What is planted is "dragon seed", and what is born is flea.
China needs a great leader, a great political party and a great backbone. Without the determination and will to completely break away from the old traditional forces, it is impossible to change the history of "small-scale production cunning" and private ownership to divide people and countries. This is the fundamental reason why only socialism can save China.
In order to please Nora, Yuan Shikai invited to build a Xinyi Railway (Gaobeidian to Yixian) in 1902 for the royal family to worship their ancestors. Nora is naturally willing to take the train to worship her ancestors. In order not to miss the use of ancestor worship in 1903, Yuan Shikai was ordered to finish it within half a year. Yuan Shikai appointed Zhan Tianyou as the chief engineer. Although this road is of little value, it is the beginning for China people to build their own railways, so Zhan Tianyou still attaches great importance to it. Zhan Tianyou completely abandoned the routine that foreigners had to air dry the roadbed for one year before laying the track. It took only four months to build the Xinyi Railway at a very low cost. It greatly encouraged the people of China to build their own railways and laid a good foundation for the later construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway.
Zhangjiakou is the hub of Beijing's entry into Inner Mongolia, the channel for tourists and businessmen from north and south, and has always been a battleground for military strategists. Therefore, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway has important economic and political value. As soon as the news that the Qing court was going to build the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Highway came out, Britain, the most influential country in China, was determined to win. Russia, which regards the north of the Great Wall as its sphere of influence, will never give in and the two sides will not give in to each other. Finally, an agreement was reached: if the Qing court did not borrow foreign debts and needed foreign craftsmen, the road would be built by China people, and neither side could reach out. In this way, the Qing government gave up the idea of asking foreigners for help and devoted itself to self-study.
1905 In May, the Engineering Bureau of Beijing-Zhangjia Railway Administration was established, with Chen Ren as general manager and Zhan Tianyou as general manager and chief engineer. 1906, Zhan Tianyou was promoted to general manager and chief engineer. Zhan Tianyou clearly knows the difficulty of this task. He must first resist cynicism from all sides: some people say that he is "overreaching", "only spending a few dollars" and even "daring". In a letter to Mrs Northrop, an American teacher, he said: "If the Beijing-Zhangjiang project fails, it will be not only my misfortune, but also the misfortune of China engineers, and it will bring great losses to China. Before and after I accepted this task, many foreigners publicly declared that China engineers could not undertake the arduous project of masonry and cave dwelling on the Beijing-Zhangjiakou line, but I persisted in my project. " . It fully embodies the patriotism and sense of national responsibility of China intellectuals.
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