Tong Wei Yi Gang jokes.

Well, I come from Gansu, too. Here you are!

There are many ancient castles in Tongwei County, Gansu Province. During the Warring States Period, Qin Changcheng was built from southwest to northeast, and the city walls were built vividly. During the period of 1995, I made a special trip to the county seat, witnessed the ruins of the ancient Great Wall, such as the city, moat, pavilion, barrier, beacon tower and so on, and wrote an article about it. There are also two city sites built in the Northern Song Dynasty, namely Jichuan Ancient City and Ishikawa Ancient City. In addition, there are a large number of fort cities, commonly known as Zhai or Bao Zi. There are more than 130 fort cities in Ming and Qing dynasties scattered in Tongwei county annals, which is only a small part of them.

There are more than one thousand such castles in Tongwei County, which is the largest in China. Tongwei County was officially named as "the hometown of calligraphy and painting art in China" by the Ministry of Culture. If it is called "the hometown of thousands of castles in China", it really lives up to its reputation.

In the early autumn of 2005, I went to Tongwei County for special investigation and visited 10 castles for three days. Although the number involved is small, it covers many types of these castles, which shows that the county has a huge castle group.

This paper bypasses Qin Changcheng and the ancient cities before the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and focuses on the fort cities since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

A, the type and structure of fort city

Fort city in Tongwei county can be divided into three types: village fort, clan fort and family fort, which are different from local military and political cities at all levels and have the nature of civilian fort. As far as its scale is concerned, the village fort is larger, followed by the clan fort and the family fort is the smallest. From the architectural form, there are three kinds of castles: square castles, rectangular castles and circular castles. From the overall structure, they are all composed of city walls and moats. Every fortress has a door, mostly located in the south wall or the north wall. The door opening is narrow, and it is easy to be blocked in case of abnormal situation. There are houses, buildings and related living facilities in the fort.

Most village castles are built in mountainous areas or villages that live by mountains. Where there is a village, the village fort is built on the hill next to the village. The third shop, Xiangcheng Qiangwan Fort, was built at the southern end of Chengqiangwan Village in a rectangular shape. The existing fort wall is 3-8 meters high. To the north of Baomen, there are 1-2 piers on the east, west and south walls, and the ring trench is 5m wide and 4m deep. A platform with a width of 1.5 meters is built right opposite the fort gate, which extends 2 meters into the trench for abutment and overlapping the gate bridge. Once there are policemen, villagers can enter the fort through the portal bridge, and then they can dismantle the portal bridge. Baliwan Castle in Ishikawa Township was built on the north hill of Baliwan Village. The castle is round and the wall is 8 meters high. There are 8 wall-type platforms around, and the platform spacing is about 20 meters. It is not only within the range of the arrow, that is, throwing stones by manpower, but also can be connected with each other. Its design and construction fully consider the needs of national defense.

Family castles and family castles are permanent castles. Except for the tall walls, the houses in the castle are like water, which is the facilities of daily life. Family castles live together, and family castles are exclusive houses. From the architectural form, most of them are square castles and rectangular castles, and the four corners intersect at right angles. Only a few castles have corner piers and wall abutments, such as the abandoned castles in Nanping Mountain. The corner pier is 3 meters wide and 5 meters long. All castles have north-south gates, and the watchtower of 1-2 is built in the corner, commonly known as "high room". Take the clan fort of "Zhang Baye" in henan village, Pingxiang Town as an example. It is 44m long from east to west and 40m wide from north to south, with a total construction area of1.760m2, usable area of 2.6mu, external wall height of about10m, female wall of about1.2m, wall thickness of 6.4m, rammed layer of 6-8cm, and the southeast corner of the fort. The battery is now used by Tongwei County Public Security Bureau Detention Center. Another example is Anjia Chuanan Family Castle, which is 56 meters wide from east to west and 58.4 meters long from north to south, with a total construction area of 3,278 square meters and usable area of about 5 mu. The wall thickness is 6. 1 m, the rammed layer is 9- 10 cm, the original height of the external wall is 8 m, and the current residents have removed more than 1 m, except for the original castle door that is still in use, the new residence castle door has been opened. The fortress has no wall base and corner pier, and the watchtower may be demolished later. The outer ring trench of the fortress is 5 meters deep and 4 meters wide. Now there are six families living in the fortress, and each family has its own door and alley. Another example is Lijiaping National Fort in Jichuan Township, which is 63 meters long from east to west and 60 meters wide from north to south, with a total construction area of 3,800 square meters, usable area of about 6 mu, wall thickness of 4 meters, top width of 3.3 meters, rammed layer of 7- 10 cm and corner pier. The circular trench is 4 meters deep and 5 meters wide, and there is an abutment at the gate of the fort. The fortress is now an orchard with neat vegetable fields and fruit trees, which are full of vitality. People moved to Baonan Village and built their own houses.

The construction of Home Fort is similar to that of Family Fort, but on a smaller scale. For example, Liujiapuzi in Xiguan Village of Pingxiang Town is 40 meters wide from east to west and 40.4 meters long from north to south. The wall thickness of the fort is 3.5 meters, the top width is 2.5 meters, and the rammed layer is 8 cm. There is a watchtower in the northwest corner. The Liu family lives in the fort, and now they are divided into two families. The moat has been filled and turned into an orchard. Inside and outside the castle wall, the garden is full of flowers and autumn fruits, which is a good place to live. Panjiapuzi in Songbao Village is connected with Sujiapuzi's abdomen, only 2 meters apart. There is a door in the north and a door in the south, all of which are square castles with a side length of 30 meters, with a complete moat and watchtower. Pan Shi and Zhang are in-laws, living in harmony for generations. Smaller ones, such as Jiabao in Anjiachuan village, are 22.4 meters long from east to west and 18.4 meters wide from north to south, with an effective utilization area of only 0.6 mu. The fort wall is 8 meters high and 3 meters thick, and the north wall opens the fort door. In addition, an ordinary fence will be built to enclose the fort. Although pocket-sized, it is a fortress city rammed according to specifications and has protective functions.

Second, historical background and records.

Tongwei County is located in the middle of Gansu Province, which is located in the traffic hub of Shaanxi and Gansu, with Longdong and Guanzhong in the east and the provincial capital and Hexi in the west. Since ancient times, it has been a battleground for military strategists, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China. Every time something goes wrong, the loyalists not only fail to protect the people, but harm the local government. In this case, people built a barrier to protect themselves, so there appeared a system of self-protection for people with thousands of castles. The village fort appeared first. Once there is a police, people in the village will take care of themselves. After the police were released, they returned to their villages, and their production and life remained the same. Over time, rich people built castles and lived, integrating defense with life. As a result, family castles appeared, family castles. Obviously, the village fort was jointly built by the whole village for collective defense. Family Castle Family Castle is the family behavior of noble families and wealthy families. For example, Li, the owner of Lijiaping Jiabao built in Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty, was the "21st Chinese Juror" of Daoguang Wuzike (1828). In Xianfeng 11th year (186 1), he was appointed as the magistrate of Xiangyin County, Hunan Province. Anjiazubao, built in the early years of the Republic of China, is owned by An Renshan. He graduated from Peking University in his early years and worked in the Ministry of Ma Hongkui, an important official of the Republic of China. His family background can be imagined.

There are many records about the offensive and defensive events of Fort City in local literature. In the forty-sixth year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (178 1), the Hui people in Tongwei and its surrounding areas were suppressed by the Qing army because of sectarian conflicts. In the forty-nine years of Qianlong (1784), more than 7,000 people returned to the army to defend Shifengbao, Zichuan Township, Tongwei Temple, and were besieged by the army. The fortress was breached, causing heavy casualties. During the Tongzhi period, a large-scale anti-Qing rebellion occurred in Gansu, and ethnic vendettas also appeared in the incident. From the first year of Tongzhi to the eighth year of Tongzhi (1862- 1869), Tongwei county was in war for years, and most folk fortresses had the experience of attacking and defending. Records such as "Nanjia Stone Castle was trapped, killing more than 2,000 people", "More than 10 castles in Xixiang were broken, killing more than 10,000 people", "Longyang Castle was attacked, but it was not defeated" and "The people bravely won at night" abound. There are no fewer than a hundred siege incidents in the civilian fortress in this county. In these siege events, whether it is village fort, clan fort or family fort, it has played an important military or paramilitary role.

Third, the evaluation of cultural values

It is of great historical and cultural value to investigate and study a large number of folk castles in Tongwei County.

(1) Tongwei's Bao Min contains a lot of local historical information, including the specific historical plots of social development and political and military situation in central Gansu for hundreds of years. You can see many connections between ancient and modern, regional history and ethnic groups. Between the historical turmoil and today's stable and harmonious situation, we can not only find the material of perceptual knowledge, but also sum up many rational ideas.

(2) The ancient castle in Tongwei County provides a basis for accurately defining the research scope and related theoretical framework of the ancient city of China.

199 1 year, in my speech at the beidaihe seminar held by the great wall society of China, I once expressed the view that the extension of China great wall study should be expanded and the system of "China ancient city study" should be established. In the category of the ancient city of China, the Great Wall has a very important and even special position, but it cannot be generalized. There should be both the Great Wall system and the Acropolis system. The Great Wall system is a linear defense, mostly a peripheral defense; The siege system is grid defense, mostly internal defense. They are interrelated, but they cannot replace each other. Now it seems that the Acropolis system includes not only the capital, government, counties and pools, but also people's fortresses such as Tongwei County. Therefore, I have always called it "Fort City" in my expression. Although it is small and occupies less than one acre, it conforms to the concept of "deep ditch and high base".

The ancient city of China can be traced back to the Neolithic Age. During my visit to Tongwei County, I found an old castle of 194 1 year, and I thought it could be completely determined as the lower limit of the study of the ancient city of China.

(3) In the historical process, the folk castles in Tongwei County have gradually gained the significance of social and economic structure, and some forms of attachment and tenancy have emerged, from which we can perceive the stagnation of feudal manor economy in China since the Middle Ages. The manor structure and economic operation of Zhujiazhuang, Li Jiazhuang, Shijiazhuang and Chai Jin in Water Margin seem to have found the clues of the rise and fall, transfer and change in the process of the survival and development of Tongwei County. From this, we can dig out valuable research topics.

(4) The site of Bao Min in Tongwei County has the value of protection and development. If the local government can make protection and development plans on the basis of comprehensive investigation, it will bring tangible cultural and economic benefits to the local area. Originally published in China Great Wall Museum, No.23.

Distribution of mineral products in Tongwei county

The iron mine is located at Liujiayaopo, Sizichuan Township, the county seat of N 15 E, with a linear distance of 20km. Geographical coordinates: east longitude10518' 32 ",north latitude 35 23'16". Its mineralization occurs in the marble of Sinian Xinglongshan Group, and there are two ore-bearing beds above and below. The lower seam is 23 meters long and 3 meters thick, and consists of lentils of different sizes; The upper coal seam is 23.4 meters long and 3.2 meters thick, which is hydrothermal metasomatism. The main minerals are hematite, limonite and magnetite. At present, the reserves have not been proved and exploited.

The molybdenum mine is located in Xujiawan, Longshan Township, N68 E county, with a straight line distance of 27 kilometers. Geographical coordinates: east longitude10531'45 ",north latitude 3517' 48". Its ore-bearing quartz veins are distributed in Hercynian porphyry granite. The whole rock mass is 250m long and165m wide, all of which are mineralized. It belongs to hydrothermal veinlet disseminated ore, and the main mineral is molybdenite. At present, the reserves have not been proved and exploited.

The copper mine is located in Jiajiamen, Biyu Township, N85°E, with a distance of 13 km. Geographical coordinates: east longitude105 23' 34 ",north latitude 3512' 41". Its mineralized body is lenticular and occurs in Permian clastic rocks, with a length of 3 meters and a thickness of 1 m, which is sedimentary. The main mineral is malachite. At present, the reserves have not been proved and exploited.

Fluorite is located in Jinjixia, Sizichuan Township, N 15 W, the county seat, with a linear distance of 23 kilometers. Geographical coordinates: east longitude10511'00 ",north latitude 35 24' 41". Its ore body is vein-shaped, occurring in the Sinian Xinglongshan Group fault zone, and the ore belt is about 500 meters long. Fluorite is distributed in a network vein, with a maximum length of 3 meters. Generally, a single vein is of low-temperature hydrothermal type with a length of 1 to 2 meters and a width of 0.5 to 2 cm. Generally, it contains 30% ~ 40% CaF2, with the highest content of 44.55%. At present, the preliminary proved reserves are more than 654.38+10,000 tons, which have not been exploited.

Fluorite is located in Guandiwan, Longyang Township, the county seat of N76 E, with a straight line distance of 9 kilometers. Geographical coordinates: east longitude105 20' 44 ",north latitude 3513' 40". Its mineralization occurs in the external contact skarn zone of Hercynian biotite syenite. It can be seen that the vein is about 2 meters long and 3 centimeters wide, which is hydrothermal. Usually, it contains 27% to 37% CaF2 and 49% to 50% SiO2. At present, the reserves have not been proved and exploited.

Dolomite is located in Shifengbao, Longchuan Township, the county seat of N30°E, with a linear distance of 2 1 km. Geographical coordinates:10521'40 "e, 35 22' 33" n. Its ore body is irregular lentil-shaped, occurring in the Sinian Xinglong Mountain Group, with a thickness of 100 m to 200m and a length of more than 200m, which is sedimentary metamorphism. The mine is also distributed in Sizichuan and Jasper. It contains 20.77% MgO, 3 1.3 1% CaO, 1.2 1% SiO2 and 0.52% P2O5. At present, the geological reserves have been found to be 6.5438+0.587 million tons, and the prospective reserves are 7.4 million cubic meters, which have been mined.

Granite is located in Lulu Mountain, Beichengpu Township, the county town of N 17 E, with a linear distance of 13 km. Geographical coordinates: east longitude10517'10 ",north latitude 3519' 00". It is Hercynian fleshy red medium-fine grained biotite granite. The rock mass is 3 km to 4 km long and 0.7 km to 0.8 km wide. It is magma, and it is a high-quality stone. At present, the estimated reserves are about 200 million cubic meters, which have been mined.

Granite is located in Hejiapo, Maying Town, with a distance of 18.4 km, which is the county seat of N68 W ... Geographical coordinates: east longitude10503' 40 ",north latitude 3516' 30". It is Hercynian fleshy red fine-grained biotite granite with magma intrusion, and it is a high-quality stone. At present, the estimated reserves are 60 million cubic meters to 80 million cubic meters, which have been mined.

Granite is located in Biyu Gorge, Biyu Township, S60 E county, with a linear distance of 15km. Geographical coordinates: east longitude105 22'10 ",north latitude 35 08' 05". It is a Hercynian gray medium-fine black cloud plagiogranite. The exposure is 2000 meters long and 400 meters wide, which is magma. The given properties are determined to be high-quality stone. At present, the estimated reserves are 30 million cubic meters to 40 million cubic meters, which have been mined.

Diorite is located in Gaojiadian, Biyu Township, S49°E county, with a linear distance of 18km. Geographical coordinates: east longitude105 22'10 ",north latitude 35 04' 40". It is Hercynian intrusive body, and the rock is quartz diorite, which is exposed from 700 meters to 800 meters and is magma. It is a high-quality stone determined by its physical properties, and its trade name is dark green granite. At present, the reserves have not been proved and exploited.

Marble is located in Dingjiahe, Biyu Township, N88 E County, 9 kilometers away. Geographical coordinates: east longitude105 20' 52 ",north latitude 3512' 41". Its ore body is layered and occurs in Sinian strata, with a length of 25 meters and a width of 5 meters, belonging to sedimentary metamorphic type. In addition, it is also distributed in Sizichuan and Longchuan, with thick rock formations. At present, the proven reserves are about 7.4 million tons, which have not been exploited.

Kaolin mine is located in Hejiashan, Longshan Township, with the geographical coordinates of105 27 ′ 54 ″ e, 3516 ′ 28 ″ n, which is 69 E 2/kloc-0 from the county seat. There are 22 ore bodies in the Carboniferous coal measures stratum, which are layered. There are 7 main ore bodies, 420 ~ 949 meters long, 1 ~ 4.5 meters thick and 64.5 ~ 259 meters deep. The main minerals are hydromica and kaolinite, which are sedimentary minerals. It contains 52.33% silica, 28.24% alumina, 1. 1.8% ferric oxide, 0.76% titanium dioxide, 6.7% manganese dioxide, 1.07% calcium oxide and 0.42%. At present, the proven reserves are 4.966 million tons, which have been mined.

Limestone is distributed on the hillside of Liujiayao in Zisi Township. It occurs in the strata of Sinian Xinglongshan Group, in which the content of calcium oxide exceeds 54%. At present, the proven reserves are 2.4 million tons, which have been mined.

Andesite is distributed in Qingshixia area of Changjiahe Town. Its rock is dark green, uniform in particle size, hard in texture, good in crushing and bare in surface. The rock mass passes through the Carboniferous-Permian sedimentary strata and belongs to the product of Yanshan movement. At present, the proven reserves are about 654.38 billion cubic meters, which have not been exploited.

Quartz rocks are distributed in Longshan Township, Beicheng and other places, and are produced in pre-Sinian strata. It contains 98.3 1% silica, 1. 1% ferric oxide, 0.5 1% aluminium oxide and 0.33% calcium oxide. At present, the estimated reserves are 3 1.8 million cubic meters, which have not been exploited.

The coal mine is located in Hejiashan, Longshan Township, with a distance of N69 e 21km and geographical coordinates of105 27 ′ 54 ″ e, 3516 ′ 28 ″ n. The coal mine is a series of rocks and coal, with 5-6 layers of coal, of which 3 layers are thick enough for mining, and the thicknesses are 1 m, 0.6 m, 1 respectively, until the coal seam is stable and the quality is poor, which belongs to anthracite deposition type. At present, the proven reserves are 2.52 million tons, which have not been exploited.

Hot spring is located in Tang Chi ditch, 8 kilometers west of the county seat, with convenient transportation. Its geothermal water is produced in the fault contact zone between Variscan granite and Sinian mixed gneiss, and the spring water is deposited on the surface through the slopes on both sides of the valley. Due to the development of the fault zone along the gully, there are many springs exposed in the gully, including 1 1 hot springs. On this basis, in 1998, two geothermal wells were drilled in the county town, and the surface water temperature reached 5 1℃ to 54℃, which belongs to medium hot spring water. Its spring water salinity is 1.3g/L, its gas content is 16mm/L, it has the smell of hydrogen sulfide, and its PH value is greater than 8, which belongs to SO4, Cl-Na. Ca type water. The contents of elements in spring water (mg/L) are 645.8, CL is 276.3, Na+K is 363, Ca is 136.7, SiO2 _ 2 is 43, F is 4.94, Br is 1.36, and the Rn value is greater than 30 angstroms, which has the function of radioactive medicine. At present, the proven water output is 4000 tons/day and night, and the hot springs have been developed and utilized.

Hot spring is located beside Qingtuzhuang, 6 kilometers northwest of the county seat. There are five natural outcrops in the spring, and the water temperature at the spring mouth is 24℃, which is a low-temperature hot spring. The flow in Quan Shan is very small, with an estimated total flow of 4 liters per second. The chemical types of spring water are SO4 and Cl-Na. The salinity is 1.5g/L, and the PH value is greater than 7, which is alkaline. The content of soluble silicon dioxide in spring water is 25mg/L, and the fluorine content is more than 4mg/L. At present, it is proved that its water output is 350 tons/day and night, and it has not been used.

Hot spring is located 3 kilometers east of Yigangchuan Town. Its spring has 1 natural outcrop and two artificial outcrops, and the water temperature at the mouth of the spring is 25℃, which is a low-temperature hot spring. The flow in Quan Shan is small, with a total flow of 0.7L/s, and the water quality supply conditions are poor. At present, the proven water yield is 60 tons/day and night, which is not utilized.