I would like to ask at least three details of important officials in the Qing Dynasty (urgent! ! )

Zeng Guofan (18 1 1 year 1 month 2/day-1March 872 12), the word Zicheng, word, number, stone. China was a strategist, philosopher and politician in Qing Dynasty. He is one of the "famous ministers of Zhongxing" and a writer. He is the founder of the prose "Xiangxiang School" in the late Qing Dynasty. Official to the Governor of Liangjiang, the Governor of Zhili, the University of Wuyingdian, the first-class righteous Hou Yong. Baiyangping, Xiangxiang, Changsha, Hunan, now belongs to Tianziping, Ye He Town, Shuangfeng County, Hunan Province, and Liu is a native of Bogezhuang, Gaomi County (formerly Zhucheng, Shandong Province)

Liu Yong (17 19- 1805), whose real name is Confucianism, was a "Liu" in posthumous title and a pawn in posthumous title. An official, politician and calligrapher in the Qing Dynasty, he was born in Gezhuang, Gaomi County (formerly Zhucheng, Shandong Province). Son of Liu Tongxun, a college student. In the sixteenth year of Qianlong (175 1), he entered the official career. Qianlong twenty years (1755), 10 June, his father (then governor of Shaanxi but Gansu) was imprisoned for handling military affairs. He was a lecturer in Imperial College London at that time, but he was also arrested and released more than a month later, reduced to editor. The following year, he studied politics in Anhui, served for 3 years, and was transferred to Jiangsu to study politics. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong (1762), he served as the magistrate of Taiyuan Prefecture, Shanxi Province. After thirty years of Qianlong (1765), he was promoted to Jining Daotai. The following year, he was removed from his post because of his successful embezzlement of public funds during his tenure as Taiyuan magistrate, and he planned to bring about his own destruction. Send a letter of exemption, and the military station (the post station of the Qing court in the frontier) effectively atones. In the second year, he was pardoned and still approved for editing. Qianlong thirty-five years (1770), moved to Jiangxi Salt Post Road. In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1772), he was a provincial judge in Shaanxi. The next year, due to the death of his father, he returned to Ding You. Forty-one years after Qianlong (1776), he returned to Beijing and was awarded a bachelor's degree in cabinet. 10 in June, he served as the deputy curator of Siku Quanshu Museum. The following year, he was re-appointed as a political student in Jiangsu. During this term of office, he illegally cited Xu Shukui's works to make contributions to the rebellion. As a governor, he achieved remarkable results and was named the governor of Hunan. At this time, the province is troubled and full of sorrow. Corrupt officials are rampant, and the people complain. He severely punished corrupt officials, surveyed and repaired city walls, got rid of bad habits and compensated the victims. He made great achievements and was promoted to the left capital of Duchayuan. In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782), in April, he served as the president of Santongge, and in May, he served as the official department minister, and was appointed to try the case of cronyism and graft of Shandong Governor Guo Tai (the uncle of the imperial concubine). He went to Shandong, disguised as a Taoist, and visited privately on foot to find out the facts. Shandong has been hit by disasters for three years in a row, and the state asks the government to offer a reward for famine. At the time of collection, all those who failed were investigated and dealt with, and nine scholars and juren who pleaded for the people in the province were slaughtered. When I arrived in Jinan, after the trial, I found that Taiguo already knew about the bribery case, so I collected money to cover up the crime. He truthfully reported to the court, ordered his wife to return to Beijing and opened a warehouse to help the people. At that time, the imperial concubine had interceded for the country, and some suggestions were attached to it. Based on the evidence obtained from private visits, he counted the crimes of the country, argued and finally brought the country to justice. In the second year of Jiaqing (1797), he was promoted to the University of Dongge. In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), at the order of Emperor Jiaqing, he handled the case of small Shenyang, a university student in Wenhua Temple, who was involved in party smuggling, extortion and accepting bribes. Not afraid of power, he immediately found out 20 crimes such as extortion and embezzlement by Xiao Shenyang and his followers, and reported them to the court. The emperor executed Xiao Shenyang and confiscated two-thirds of his property (232 million silver). Soon, Emperor Jiaqing named him Prince Shao Bao, and later appointed him as the curator of Canon Museum. He is proficient in politics, anecdotes, classics and history, and is good at textual research of ancient Chinese. He worked in imperial academy for three times, and served as an examiner after passing the provincial examination and taking part in the national examination. He also compiled Sikuquanshu, Xi Yu Ji and Textual Research on Old News of Sun. He is also good at calligraphy. His books look vigorous and rich in taste. It has the miraculous effect of "cotton-wrapped needles", which is as famous as Weng Fanggang, Liang,, and. His books are rich in pen and ink, rich in appearance and original. Part of the ink was sorted, copied and carved by his son Liu Shuzhi, and published as "Ai Qingtang Stone Carving". He is the author of Liu Wenqing's Collections of Translation (17) and Liu Wenqing's Poems in English (1).

Liu Yong's family background.

Now, let's go back to the relationship between Liu Yong's family and Emperor Qianlong. Why is the relationship between them unusual? Liu Yong's family is definitely not the ordinary Han official family we imagined. The relationship between Liu Yong's family and several emperors in Qing Dynasty is very special.

The Liuyong family can be said to be loyal ministers of the Qing emperor, starting from the emperor shunzhi. The emperor shunzhi, also known as Fu Lin, inherited the position of the Qing emperor. Soon, the Qing army entered the customs on 1644, and immediately established the rule of the whole country. In the process of the Qing army conquering the Central Plains, the policy was not quite right, which caused the resistance of the Han people. The wrong policy of the Qing government aroused people's resistance, and the most typical example was the "haircut order".

After the Qing army entered the customs, it was stipulated that all Han men should follow the hairstyle of Manchu men, "pacify the four barbarians and settle the Central Plains". We often say "keep your hair, keep your head, keep your hair" and "shave your head and carry your load", and that's when it began to appear. The harsh "haircut order" aroused the resistance of the vast number of Han people, and the bloody cases such as "Yangzhou Ten Articles" and "Jiading Three Slaughters" started from this.

Of course, Liu Yong's grandparents do not belong to that kind of person. They had already surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, shaved their hair and changed their clothes. I'm here to explain the situation of Liu Yongzu.

Liu Yong's ancestors once lived in Liu Cun, Dangshan County, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province for generations (Dangshan County now belongs to Anhui, so Anhui people also think that Liu Yong is their hometown), and they are fellow villagers and kin with Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, he moved to Rizhao, Shandong Province. During Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty (1465 ~ 1487), he moved to Zhucheng, Shandong Province. Therefore, we often call Shandong people Liu Yong. At this point, the TV series "Prime Minister Liu" is not lying.

It is no exaggeration to describe the Liuyong family with "loyalty and filial piety are handed down from generation to generation". In Zhucheng, Shandong, no one dared to challenge the Liu family.

Liu Yong's great-grandfather Liu was admitted to the scholar in the late Ming Dynasty. When the Qing army entered the customs, the Liu family took the lead in submitting to the Qing Dynasty and gradually gained reuse. Since then, the Liu family has been in the imperial examinations for years, and their official career has gradually flourished.

Liu Yong's great-grandfather, Liu Bixian, took the Jinshi exam in the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652) and took the senior high school entrance examination in one fell swoop. From this year to the 19th year of Jiaqing (18 14) and 162 years, there were eleven scholars named Liu in Zhucheng, Shandong Province, who won 35 awards.

Liu Bixian, the first senior official of the Liu family to serve abroad, became the foreign minister of Guangxi after he was admitted to the Jinshi. Liu Yong's grandfather Liu later worked in Sichuan, and his second brother Liu Guo worked in Jiangnan to study politics. Yuan Wailang is an alternate official of the imperial court, and Jiangnan Political School is an official in charge of students' study and taking the imperial examination in Jiangnan area.

Liu Yong's grandfather, Liu, was a famous upright official in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. Together with Zhang Boxing and Chen Pengnian, he was included in the Biography of Officials of the State Dynasty.

Biography of Officials in the State Dynasty is the last volume of the eight-volume Biography of Officials in Past Dynasties, written by Zhu Shi and Cai Shiyuan, two famous ministers in Kang Yong. The "national dynasty" here actually refers to the Qing Dynasty. This book was written in the reign of Kangxi and officially published in the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729). Zhu Shi and Cai Shiyuan were appointed by Yong Zhengdi as teachers of Li Hong, the successor of the future Emperor Qianlong. In other words, Emperor Qianlong was introduced by his teacher before he became emperor, and he was already familiar with Liu Yong's grandfather.

Since Liu Yong's father Liu Tongxun, the Liu family has produced two prime ministers, namely "Wen" Liu Tongxun, "Wen Qinggong" Liu Yong and "Wen Gonggong" Liu Zhizu Sun Sangong, and they have become real noble families. Among them, Liu Yong's father, Liu Tongxun, was highly valued by the Qing court. He used to be a cabinet scholar, governor of grain transportation, minister of industry, bachelor of imperial academy, minister of punishments, and head of Si Ku Quan Shu. In the nineteenth year of Qianlong, he added Prince Taifu. After the death of Liu Tongxun, the Qing emperor posthumous title called him "Zheng Wen"-the meaning of this word will be discussed later.

Liu Tongxun and the granary in the world

Mentioning Liu Yong's father, Liu Tongxun, I believe many people know it from the TV series "The Granary in the World". What was the food problem in the Qianlong period in history?

The food problem during the Qianlong period was actually man-made, and the direct responsible person should be Emperor Qianlong himself.

In the early years of Qianlong, for the sake of preventing famine, Emperor Qianlong decided to take out silver to buy grain to enrich the national grain depot. At that time, he even took measures such as prohibiting the use of grain to make wine, and failing students could use money to buy scholars. But the effect of grain storage is not ideal. In the past ten years, the national grain depot has only increased more than 6 million stone grain.

Due to the neglect of the most basic law of grain circulation, local grain prices soared, causing many riots, and hungry people often robbed grain and refused to rent.

Later, Emperor Qianlong relaxed the grain policy, and the crisis gradually subsided. Liu Tongxun had little to do with the grain case in the early years of Qianlong, but the granary in the world blamed this account on some corrupt officials and wronged them. In fact, there were not many corrupt officials at that time. Why? There are two reasons:

First, before Yong Zhengdi laid hands on him very hard, has killed many corrupt officials, making many officials can only be an official with their tails between their legs. How dare they corrupt!

Second, Emperor Qianlong has just ascended the throne, and many officials are still watching and waiting for the opportunity. The Qing emperor had a tradition of killing a group of former ministers as soon as he came to power to establish his authority, so even honest officials were afraid of being beheaded, let alone corrupt officials. Ao Bai was captured by Emperor Kangxi before and killed by Emperor Jiaqing. These are all living examples.

Liu Tongxun can be said to be prosperous in his official career. He used to be a minister in the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Punishment and the Ministry of Official Affairs, a bachelor in Dongge, a bachelor in imperial academy, and a master in the study. Because he is honest and promising, he is highly valued by Yongzheng and Qianlong.

Maybe someone can see that Liu Tongxun's position is interesting.

It's easy to say this first: the Ministry of Industry is equivalent to the Ministry of Construction, and the Minister of Industry is equivalent to the Minister of Construction. The punishments are equivalent to the public security organs, and the ministers of punishments are equivalent to the heads of public security organs. The examination and selection of officials in charge of the official department is equivalent to the personnel department and the organization department. The following are divided into four specific organizations, commonly known as "happiness, anger, sorrow and joy": happiness refers to the official selection department, which is in charge of filling vacancies, so it is called "happiness"; Anger refers to the assessment of the official department and the charge of punishment, so it is called "anger"; Sadness refers to Ji Xun's official office, which is in charge of Ding You, so it is called "sadness"; Music refers to the inspection of the official department, which is in charge of pension and grace, so it is called "music".

In addition, what are the official positions of University Dongting and imperial academy?

University students were founded in the Tang Dynasty and were initially led by the Prime Minister. There are four halls of calligraphy, painting, music and dance. The main duties of college students are to accompany the emperor to practice calligraphy, appreciate painting and music, and assist in choreography and dance practice. Confucian scholars in the Ming Dynasty were university students, and university students became cabinet ministers, responsible for drafting imperial edicts, replying to the memorial, and becoming de facto prime ministers.

University students in Qing Dynasty were honorary officials. Specially named for the three halls (Baohe, Wenhua and Wuying) and the three pavilions (Yuan Wen, Tijen and Dongge), Han people who are not members of the Hanlin family will not be granted this position (with a few exceptions). Liu Tongxun is a university student in Dongge among the three universities.

The Hanlin Academy is also the official name. It was first set up in the Tang Dynasty, and its servants were called "Hanlin Bachelor". In the Qing Dynasty, imperial academy was responsible for compiling national history, recording the emperor's words and deeds, teaching history and drafting manuscripts related to ceremonies. Its chief executive is a bachelor in charge of the school, and its subordinate officials include a bachelor of attendants and a bachelor of attendants. Reading, giving lectures, editing, editing, reviewing and Jishi Shu are collectively called Hanlin. Liu Tongxun is the highest officer in imperial academy-a bachelor in charge of the hospital.

From this point of view, by the generation of Liu Yong's father Liu Tongxun, the relationship between Liu Yong's family and Emperor Qianlong has reached a new level.

Peak.

So, what did Liu Tongxun do to make Emperor Qianlong value it? How much does all this have to do with what happened to Liu Yong in the future?

Speaking of the reason why Liu Tongxun made Emperor Qianlong value it so much, let's talk about the inner world of Emperor Qianlong.

What Emperor Qianlong wanted to achieve most was "Li San".

What is "Li San"? "Lide, meritorious service". The ancients once said that people have three immortals: "first, you need virtue, then you need words, and then you need merit." The famous crosstalk performer Mr. Ma's "Li San" refers to "Lide, Liyan,

The "Li San" who made meritorious deeds. It seems that Teacher Ma did it.

The so-called "virtue" refers to political thought: the emperor's virtue is better, and he should be able to listen to different opinions, that is, he should be open-minded in coachable.

The so-called "making a statement" refers to culture: not only should the emperor's own articles be better, but all the good articles in the world should be carried forward, that is, we should attach importance to the development of cultural undertakings.

The so-called "meritorious service" refers to the military: during the reign of the emperor, the territory should be vast and constantly expanding.

Liu Tongxun, as an official of Han nationality, must also study the inner world of Emperor Qianlong and do his own job well, so as to appeal to his mind. Only in this way can he win the appreciation and attention of Emperor Qianlong.

So, how did Liu Tongxun bring honor to Emperor Qianlong's Li San?

How did Liu Tongxun "establish virtue" for Emperor Qianlong?

Liu Tongxun did the best of these three things in "establishing morality" for Emperor Qianlong.

The first thing: newly appointed local officials in the Qing Dynasty used to bring a group of cronies for future appointment, and these cronies often formed private parties. In order to reform this malpractice, Liu Tongxun wrote to the imperial court and suggested that local officials should not bring their cronies in the future. This proposal was approved by Qianlong and handed over to the official department for implementation.

The second thing: the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development once said that many officials in charge of money and grain depots in various provinces and counties were not doing their duty and had many disadvantages. Emperor Qianlong thought at that time that it was better to dismiss those who didn't do their best and let a pen paste (secretary) manage the money and food in the warehouse. So Emperor Qianlong summoned Liu Tongxun to discuss the matter with him.

Liu Tongxun repeatedly kept silent and replied to Emperor Qianlong: "I am old, and I don't have any good ideas for a while. Please let me think about it and give you an accurate answer. " The next day, Emperor Qianlong summoned Liu Tongxun again. Liu Tongxun suggested to Emperor Qianlong that state and county officials were the parents of the people. As long as they can serve the people, the warehouse will be solved naturally, and it is not necessary to remove all the officials in charge of money and grain storage in all provinces and counties. Its core meaning is not to give up eating because of choking.

Emperor Qianlong nodded and agreed with Liu Tongxun.

The third thing: During the supervision of the Yellow River Project in Henan, Liu Tongxun walked out of the station one night and walked along the riverbank. He saw dozens of ordinary people sleeping by the river who used trolleys to carry pole. People and animals are exhausted, and some adults and children cry at each other.

Liu Tongxun asked what was going on, and those people replied, "We are common people in a county, which is three days' journey from here. The county magistrate ordered us to transport the Poles here. But an official in charge of receiving materials needs money for every car. Without money, materials can't get in. We are all poor, where did we get the money? I stayed here for nearly ten days, and all my travel expenses were spent. I'm going to escape and can't leave, so I'm crying here. "

Liu Tongxun listened with a grain of salt, and then had a brainwave and told them, "I'm here to deliver goods, too. I have known an official for a long time. I will hand in the materials later. Now I'll pay for you. " Then I caught up with another car. When I arrived at the yard, I met an official. An official saw that Liu Tongxun looked good and dressed neatly, and decided that he was a rich gentleman in the countryside, so he doubled his demand and paid more than ten yuan. When Liu Tongxun had a slight argument with him, an official flew into a rage, ordered his followers to drive him away with whips, and detained his ox cart.

Liu Tongxun saw that the official's behavior was worse than that reflected by ordinary people, so he hurried back to the station, shot an official with an arrow, and called a meeting of officials in charge of river engineering.

A little later, an official was taken to Liu Tongxun, interrogated a little, and then taken out to be beheaded. The official in charge of the river regulation project has knelt down and asked for forgiveness.

Insist on for a long time, Liu Tongxun ordered an official to come back, punish him with dozens of big sticks, and then put on heavy instruments of torture to show off along the river. The officials in the material yard were frightened by the news and never dared to bully the people again.

How did Liu Tongxun "make contributions" to Emperor Qianlong?

In terms of "meritorious service", what Liu Tongxun did best was the second battle of Jinchuan.

To understand this Jinchuan campaign, we must first understand a term-the toast system. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the central government set up an organization called "Tusi" in southwest minority areas, and appointed local minority leaders as chiefs, known as Tusi officials. The biggest difference between Tusi officials and ordinary officials is that Tusi officials can be hereditary, while ordinary officials have term limits. Tusi officials have autonomy in the administration within their jurisdiction, but they must pay tribute to the court on time, transfer soldiers from the army, and inherit their posts after approval by the central authorities. This is the toast system.

Because the position of chieftain can be inherited, it will often form local separatist forces, which is not conducive to the effective rule of the central government over the localities. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), Yong Zhengdi adopted the suggestion of E Ertai, the minister, and appointed a large number of officials to replace the chieftain in the vast areas of southwest China, which was called "changing the soil to the stream". However, until the Qianlong period, Jinchuan area in western Sichuan had not implemented the policy of "changing soil into water", that is to say, this area was still managed by Tusi.

In the 12th year of Qianlong (1747), Sharon, the chieftain of Dajinchuan, took the opportunity to annex Xiaojinchuan without the consent of the Qing court. Immediately, Emperor Qianlong sent his troops to defeat Sharon and restored the original state of Jinchuan area.

In the twenty-third year of Qianlong (1758), Langka, nephew of Da Jinchuan Tusi Shaloben, continued to make trouble, bullying the weak and fearing the hard, and confronted the court. Emperor Qianlong, who has always been overjoyed, had experience in using Jinchuan, and decided to use Jinchuan again to solve the problem forcibly. Considering the harsh natural conditions in Jinchuan area, Liu Tongxun once suggested using political means (that is, combining kindness with kindness) to solve the problem. However, Emperor Qianlong did not listen to Liu Tongxun's correct opinion and still insisted on fighting in Jinchuan area in the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773). As a result, as Liu Tongxun expected, the news of defeat came from the front line one after another. At this time, Emperor Qianlong was "bored" and didn't know whether to "fight" or "withdraw", so he quickly called Liu Tongxun and asked Liu Tongxun what to do in the future. At this time, Liu Tongxun considered that after years of fighting, both sides lost a lot. It is better to solve the chieftain system with all one's strength and completely quell the unrest in Jinchuan, so he replied, "We can still withdraw troops a few days ago, but now we can't." And recommended the great scholar Agui to take over as the former general, and finally won the second battle of Jinchuan. This also made Emperor Qianlong one of the "Top Ten Martial Arts".

How did Liu Tongxun "speak" for Emperor Qianlong?

In terms of "making a statement", what Liu Tongxun did best was to compile Sikuquanshu.

Emperor Qianlong, as one of the founders of China feudal society, especially understood the importance of ideological rule. At the beginning of his reign, he began to study and write poems, expand the number of imperial examinations and recruit talents from all over the world to serve him. At the same time, the library was ordered to open for revision, and a large number of historical books, such as Qing San Tong (i.e. Chronicle of Dynasties, General Examination of Dynasty Documents and General Code of Dynasties), were compiled successively.

In the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), Emperor Qianlong decided to compile a large series of books covering China's ancient and modern books in order to publicize his literary martial arts and further win over the world's literati. In terms of scale, it not only surpassed the Collection of Ancient and Modern Books edited by Kangxi and Yongzheng (10,000 volumes), but also surpassed the Yongle Dadian of Ming Dynasty (22,877 volumes), creating an unprecedented feat for China.

However, China has a long history and splendid culture, and there are numerous books in the past dynasties. To achieve this great cause, a wizard with profound knowledge, extensive reading and strong memory is not enough to shoulder this heavy responsibility.

Qianlong was reasonable, and lined up the scholars with one hand and one hand. He was convinced that Liu Tongxun, a university student in Dongge, could hold the post of president, assisted by other universities and ministers. In his mind, a number of presidents and vice presidents were considered, but no one was qualified for the post of editor-in-chief.

On this day, Emperor Qianlong called Liu Tongxun to his palace again to discuss who would be the editor-in-chief. Emperor Qianlong sighed: "In ancient times, soldiers often said that a thousand troops are easy to get, but a general is hard to find. The compilation of this "Siku Quanshu" is a great achievement for thousands of years, which is even more difficult than the battlefield! I thought about it for a long time. Is there no one in China worthy of this position? "

Liu Tongxun had long wanted to recommend his favorite pupil, Ji Xiaolan, to the emperor. In the thirty-third year of Qianlong (1768), Ji Xiaolan was demoted from the army and sent to Xinjiang because of his "gaffes". At this time, it is a good time to call for the release of Ji Xiaolan. So Liu Tongxun said slowly, "The Holy One is the son of the real dragon. After the demise of the dynasty, the world was at peace and the four barbarians surrendered. It can be said that the people of the country are safe and the people are happy. This is an unprecedented era, and Wenzhi's martial arts are better than in the past. Today, the saints have created great achievements from generation to generation, which has become a magnificent chapter for generations. With the help of heaven, an assistant minister worthy of this position must have been dropped. It's just that the old minister is too stupid to recommend it rashly. "

Hearing Liu Tongxun say that he has found a good candidate, Gan Long advised, "It seems that someone has already chosen in your heart. Why don't you play quickly? "

Liu Tongxun saw that Qianlong was so eager to play hard to get that he refused to speak directly. He said with a smile: "Every dynasty has outstanding talents, but all previous dynasties are not comparable to the national dynasties. According to the old minister's view, the incumbent has worked for the Holy Family for many years and won the love of the Holy Family, which is well deserved. Just the wit has left home for several years, home can't remember at the moment ... "Speaking of which, Liu Tongxun deliberately sighed with regret.

Seeing that Liu Tongxun had a well-thought-out plan and deliberately beat around the bush, Gan Long urged, "Old Ai Qing, who is this man? You are quick to play for me! "

At this moment, Liu Tongxun said, "Your Majesty was busy with state affairs and lived in the frontier fortress for a long time, so I can't remember for a moment! This man is a scholar and a very talented person. Like Ji Xiaolan, he was a bachelor! "

After listening to Liu Tongxun's words, Gan Long pondered for a while and then asked, "Old Ai Qing, do you want to intercede for him?"

Liu Tongxun immediately knelt down and said, "Your Majesty is a wise guide. I won the favor of your majesty and was given a high position. I should try my best to serve you for a long time. I have been loyal to national affairs for decades. Now, long live my grandfather's thirst for wisdom. If you know without speaking, you will bury talents. Isn't this a sin? I tried to think that the ancients were still able to' raise their relatives inside and raise their enemies outside'. Today, my emperor is a wise Lord, so I dare to speak frankly. Ji Yun is a protege of the minister, but he is a favorite of the Holy Family. After entering the Jinshi, I waited on him respectfully and won the praise of the Holy Family. Since then, it has been extremely lenient to sit wisely in Urumqi and keep the' last words' case, cherish talents and avoid capital punishment. He was also diligent in the western region army and deeply regretted the past. Once he is pardoned and returned to Beijing, he will be able to live up to the grace of the Holy Father! " Liu Tongxun beat Kan Kan, which makes sense. Gan Long nodded.

During these three years, there was no Ji Xiaolan in the palace, and Qianlong always felt something was wrong. In many cases, he often thought that it would be nice if Ji Xiaolan were in Korea, especially when he was in poetry, subordination and harmony.

However, Qianlong also has his unspeakable difficulties, so it is not good to recall Ji Xiaolan back to Beijing immediately. Since the idea of compiling Sikuquanshu was moved, Qianlong was also thinking that the editor-in-chief presided over by Ji Xiaolan was probably the most suitable candidate. Now Liu Tongxun is invited, which is exactly what he wants. Gan Long pushed the boat with the current and said, "For old Ai Qing's sake, I will forgive Ji Yun for going back to Beijing."

Therefore, Qianlong ordered Ji Xiaolan to return to Beijing as soon as possible. In June of the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), Ji Xiaolan returned to Beijing and became the editor-in-chief of Sikuquanshu.

The editing and proofreading of Sikuquanshu is an important event in the cultural history of China, as well as during the Qianlong period. For Liu Tongxun, his greatest contribution to Sikuquanshu is not that he is the president, but that he recommended a good editor. Because Liu Tongxun died soon after.

Liu Tongxun's death and Liu Yong's succession

In December of the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), Liu Tongxun entered the DPRK at dawn, went outside the East Gate, and died suddenly in a sedan chair at the age of 75.

Emperor Qianlong personally went to pay his respects, because the gate of the Liu family was short, and his sedan chair had to remove the top cover before he could enter. Emperor Qianlong was very moved and returned to the palace. He cried and said to his ministers, "I lost an arm!" Liu Tongxun is the real prime minister. " Therefore, after his death, he was specially given the name "Zheng Wen".

In ancient China, after his death, no matter the emperor or the ministers, the living ministers should judge him according to his life's conduct, and give posthumous title with corresponding words according to this judgment. General minister is two words, and the first word of a military commander is "Wu". For example, posthumous title after Yue Fei's death was "Wu Mu"; The first word of civil servants from Hanlin is generally "Wen", while the second word is somewhat different.

The word "Zheng Wen" is posthumous title, who was praised as an official by the Qing emperor. According to the posthumous method: virtue is well informed, people say "Wen" (it is stipulated in the Qing Dynasty that people who say "Wen" in posthumous title must be in the Imperial Academy, that is, they must have worked as officials in the Imperial Academy), and Jing * * * said "Zheng". In other words, officials who can be endowed with "integrity" should not only have both ability and political integrity, but also fulfill their duties and be loyal to the monarch and love the people. There were eight "Zheng Wen" in the whole Qing Dynasty. In chronological order, Liu Tongxun ranked second.

Besides Zheng Wen, Wenzhong is the second best. All ministers who are called "Wenzhong" are truly solid and respectable, such as Li Hongzhang and Lin Zexu. Ministers with military achievements can be regarded as "Wen Xiang", with Fu Kang 'an and Zuo.

After Liu Tongxun's death, Emperor Qianlong remembered the contribution of three generations of Liu Tongxun (Liu Bixian, Liu and Liu Tongxun) to the Qing Dynasty 120 years, and also remembered Liu Yong, the son of Liu Tongxun, the fourth generation of the Liu family. He formally decided that once Liu Yong's three-year mourning period expired, he would transfer Liu Yong, who had been an official for a long time, to work beside him. After that, there were all kinds of ridiculous rumors, such as teasing and impeaching the emperor, which were true and false, and were all incorporated into cross talk and TV series. This is a historical opportunity, which hides a mystery.

References:

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Interviewee: I can look at it the other way round-the person in charge of a school is1level 2 3-2 17:05.

Zuo (18 12- 1885) was an important military and political official in the late Qing Dynasty, one of the commanders of the Xiang Army and an important leader of the Westernization School. Word high-tech, floating village, number Shang Nong, Hunan Xiangyin (now the street shop town of Xiangyin County, Hunan Province) people.

Zuo was born smart, but he didn't have that big ambition. At the age of five, he went to Changsha, the provincial capital, to study with his father. 1827 (the seventh year of Daoguang) won the second place in Changsha government examination. He not only studied Confucian classics, but also applied what he had learned. He regarded those famous books concerning China's history, geography, military affairs, economy, water conservancy and other contents as treasures, which played a great role in leading troops to fight and managing finances. 1830, left into Changsha Chengnan Academy, and entered Changsha Xiangshui School founded by Hunan Governor Wu Rongguang the following year. He studied hard and got excellent grades. In this year's exam, he ranked first seven times. 1832 Participated in the rural examination held in Changsha, the provincial capital, and won the first place for Pursuit. However, in the following six years, he went to Beijing to take the exam three times and failed.