Chinese review materials

1. Expression methods: narration, description,

Lyricism, explanation, discussion

2. Rhetorical techniques: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, antithesis, Quotation, questioning, rhetorical questioning, repetition, intertextuality, contrast, metonymy, irony, synesthesia, truthfulness

The functions of rhetorical techniques:

(1) Its own function;

(2) Combined with the context of the sentence.

1. Metaphor and personification: vivid images;

Answer format: vividly write + object

image + characteristics.

2. Parallelism: imposing, strengthening the tone, cohesive, etc.;

Answer format: emphasizing + object + characteristics

3. Asking questions: arousing readers Pay attention and think; stimulate readers' interest in reading.

Answer format: draw readers’ attention and thinking about +object+characteristics

Rhetorical questions: emphasize, strengthen tone, etc.;

4. Repeat: emphasize... ...strengthen the tone

5. Contrast: Emphasize...Highlight...

6. Irony: Irony...

3. Techniques of Expression: Symbolism, Coincidence, contrast, foil, setting up suspense, echoing before and after, suppressing the desire before expressing it, supporting the object to express the ambition, showing the ambition at the end of the chapter, combining movement and stillness, borrowing objects to express emotions, association, imagination, foil (positive contrast, contrasting), seeing the big from the small, borrowing from the past Satire on the present, expressing one's feelings directly, and describing from the side

Appreciation of expression techniques:

1. Seeing the big from the small: This article starts from the topic of... that we are familiar with, and grasps the... ...Characteristics allow us to understand profound life principles from ordinary trivial matters. (Or a lofty ideological realm can be reflected from ordinary little things; or a beautiful spiritual quality can be shown from ordinary little things.)

2. Contrast: This article skillfully uses contrast to skillfully combine... and... It is presented in front of the reader's eyes, allowing the reader to naturally feel the changes (or pros and cons) of... from the comparison, thus clearly showing...

3. Symbol: This article uses symbolic writing techniques to capture the similar characteristics of... and..., and better achieves the purpose of expressing... through accurate description and portrayal of....

4. Coincidence: This article cleverly uses coincidence, which is not only unexpected by the readers, but also within the reasonableness of life, and expresses the theme well...

5. Circumference: This article uses the method of circumference. The author's original intention is..., and first..., so that readers can have a more comprehensive and profound understanding...

6. Contrast: This article uses the method of foil, Using the... of... to set off the... of... makes the author's expressive intention for his object of expression more clear to the readers and enhances the expressive power of the article.

7. Background: This article uses a lot of environmental foil to put the subject's psychology in an environment, which better expresses the character's inner world and enhances the expressiveness of the article. .

8. To express one's ambitions through things: This article cleverly uses the writing method of expressing one's ambitions through things. The author firmly grasps the characteristics of... and depicts them carefully, thereby implicitly expressing the author... ideal (or outlook on life or attitude towards life or spiritual quality).

9. Zuzhang Xianzhi: This article uses the writing technique of Zuzhang Xianzhi, laying out the narrative layer by layer, and the mystery is suddenly revealed until the end..., which makes people feel suddenly enlightened, and then turns into a deep understanding. think.

10. Suspense: This article cleverly uses the writing technique of suspense. It first throws... to the readers without explaining the reasons, setting up layers of doubts to firmly grasp the readers' interest in reading. Better achieve the purpose of expressing one's own theme

4. Six elements of narrative: time, place, character, cause, process and result

5. Narrative order: the role of forward narration, flashback, and interlude. Answer format:

Supplementary explanation...makes the story plot more complete, makes the plot more smooth and compact, and makes the writing rich and varied. The characters highlight and deepen the theme.

The role of flashbacks: answer format

The opening of the chapter points to the question, creating suspense, leading to the following, arousing the reader's interest in reading, and making the article compact.

6. The person and role of narrative:

The role of the first person:

It makes the story intimate and real, and makes it easier to express one's feelings directly.

7. The angle of describing characters: frontal description, side description

8. The method of describing characters: language, action,

expression, psychology, appearance, Details

9. Methods of describing scenery: combining movement and stillness (using movement to describe stillness), combining generalization with specificity, from far to near (or from near to far)...

The details are as follows:

1. Grasp the shape, color and taste of tangible things.

2. Use relevant scenery to highlight it and describe it from different angles.

3. Observe the same scene from different angles, such as looking down, looking up, and looking from a distance.

4. Use all human sensory systems

5. Use association and imagination skillfully

10. The angle of describing the scenery: vision, hearing,

Taste, touch, smell

11. Description (or lyrical) method: positive (also called direct), negative (also called indirect)

12. Narration Method: general narration, detailed description

13. What are the characteristics of the expression method:

14. Material selection and tailoring: such as whether the material is typical, real and novel, and whether the details are appropriate wait.

(1) The role of a certain sentence in the text:

1. The beginning of the text:

(1) The opening title;

(2) Exaggerate the atmosphere, lay the groundwork, set up suspense, and pave the way for the following;

(3) Lead the following;

2. In the text:

( 1) Connect the previous and the following;

(2) Lead the following;

(3) Summarize the above;

3. End of the article:

(1) Point out the center;

(2) Deepen the theme;

(3) Sublime the theme;

(4) Echo the beginning and the title

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(2) Answers to the meaning of sentences:

For such questions, there is often a word or phrase in the sentence that uses metaphor, contrast, metonymy, symbol and other expression methods. When answering questions, reveal the objects they refer to, and then clarify the sentences.

(3) Should a word in a sentence be replaced by another line? Why?

Verb: No. Because the word is written accurately, vividly and concretely...

Adjective: No. Because the word vividly describes...

Adverbs (such as all, mostly, very only, etc.): No. Because the word accurately describes the situation of... (expressing degree, expressing limitation, expressing time, expressing scope, etc.), after changing it, it becomes..., which is inconsistent with the facts.

(4) Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?

No. Because (1) it is inconsistent with the rules for people to understand things (from shallow to deep, from surface to interior, from phenomenon to essence) (2) This word has a one-to-one correspondence with the above (3) These words are in a progressive relationship, They are interrelated and cannot be interchanged.

(5) Summary of paragraph meaning

1. Narrative: Answer clearly (at what time and at what place) who did what and who did it

Format: (time + place) + person + thing.

2. Explanatory text: Answer clearly what the object is and what its characteristics are.

Format: Explanation (introduction) + description object + description content (characteristics)

3. Argumentative essay: Answer clearly what the issue of discussion is and what the author’s point of view is.

Format: What argument method is used to prove (demonstrate) + argument

1) Structure of the article* **Which ones are there...

2) What are the forms of articles...

3) List all the writing methods

4) Appreciate a sentence or A paragraph of text

Classification of modern reading question types in the high school entrance examination

1. Common question types in expository texts

1. Explain the judgment of the object and a summary of its characteristics

2. Explain the identification and function of the method

3. Define a certain noun term according to the context

Formula:

Definition = the defined item + is + the difference from the adjacent large concept + its genus concept

4． Explain the order

5. Find corresponding sentences based on the summarized characteristics

6. Summarize the differences between two things and complete the comparison table

7. Summarize the causes and harms of a certain phenomenon in the article

8. Find a way or method to solve a certain problem

9. Propose solutions or methods to a certain problem

10. Discuss your opinions and reasons on a certain issue

11. Explain the accurate and rigorous analysis of language or the characteristics of a certain sentence

12. Write sentences based on charts or related data

13. Summarize the main points, explain the factors and characteristics of things

14. Use the explanatory method to write words in imitation paragraphs

15. Write a promotional slogan or advertisement based on a certain object

2. Narrative Reading Comprehension

⒈The title is the eye of the article. What characteristics and functions does it have?

(1), novel and clever, attracting readers. (2), raise doubts and cause thinking. (3) Directly express opinions and attitudes. (4). Point out the structure of the article. (5). Show the clues of the article. (6) Point out the object of the article writing. (7) Use rhetoric. (8) Reflect the character’s mood and express the character’s psychological changes. (9), hint at the topic of the article. (10), leads to the following. (11), pun meaning. (12) Promote the development of the plot. (13) It not only summarizes the main content of this article (1 point), but also stimulates readers' interest in reading (1 point), and inspires people to understand the dialectical relationship between... (1 point).

⒉The main functions of social environment description:

(1). Explain the historical background of the work.

(2). When answering, you must combine the local background at that time and point out what kind of social reality the relevant sentences describing the environment in the passage reveal.

The main functions of natural environment description (scenery description) sentences:

(1). Express regional scenery, remind time, season and environmental characteristics;

( 2). Promote the development of the plot;

(3). Exaggerate the atmosphere;

(4). Enhance the character image (or character’s mood and emotion);

(5). Highlight and deepen the theme.

⒊Identification of character description methods, summary of narrative elements, and analysis of narrative order

⒋Identification of main characters

⒌Find key correspondences in the text based on a certain prompt Words

⒍Analyze the character’s psychology or character traits or attitude or viewpoint or character through the character’s behavior, appearance, demeanor, movements, and language description, or analyze and explore other factors; why is this happening

⒎Find the corresponding specific descriptions of specific actions, language, appearance, psychology, and actions in the text through prompts from character traits and other factors

⒏Make an evaluation or summarize a life after reading the narrative. The truth or the inspiration it summarizes for you

⒐Talk about knowledge or opinions on a certain topic based on the meaning of the text and the reality

It can be divided into: describing the object, the emotion of the character, and Some content or form of the article raises one's own opinions or questions.

Answer guidance: Be able to accurately understand the meaning of the original text and the author's thoughts and feelings; you must have your own clear opinions and attitudes, and cannot be ambiguous; when answering questions, the language must be fluent, without any wrong sentences, and have a sense of hierarchy , you can quote poems or famous sentences to answer such questions to enhance your persuasiveness.

⒑ Write descriptive sentences imitating the sentences in the article (How does it feel to be in nature?

Visual description.)

Prepare slogan questions:

< p>(1). Statements must be short and concise;

(2). The following sentence patterns can be used: imperative sentences, metaphorical sentences, parallel sentences, dual sentences, symmetrical sentences, and poetry can also be used skillfully Famous sentences, proverbs, catchphrases, etc. are slightly modified to fit the context.

⒒ Develop associations and imagination based on the article or center, supplement the character’s language or psychology, or make other associations and describe them.

⒓ Analyze the characters’ emotions with key words (these punctuated words express the characters’ feelings)

⒔ Summarize the characters’ personality characteristics based on the storyline and character description

⒕Discrimination and brief analysis of writing methods

⒖Change the opening sequence to flashback

16. Clues:

There are various things that can be used as clues , roughly divided into seven categories:

① Use specific things as clues.

② Use characters or characteristics of characters as clues.

③ Use the central event as a clue.

④ Use thoughts and feelings or changes in thoughts and feelings as clues.

⑤ Use time passage or spatial transformation as clues.

⑥ Use what someone sees and hears as clues.

⑦ The light and dark lines are parallel.

17. Lyric way:

18 Appreciating a sentence: Evaluating and appreciating a sentence: You should start from two aspects

(1), evaluate the writing characteristics, Language characteristics, such as what rhetorical techniques and expression techniques are used, whether the language is vivid or beautiful, symmetrical or precise...

(2) Re-evaluate the ideological connotation, that is, clarify what point of view is expressed in this sentence , what feelings, enlightenment, education does it give you...

19. The person and function of the narrative:

20. Comment on the role of the added words or whether the added words can be deleted.

Answer ideas: ① Explain the meaning of the word in the context; ② Expression function, answer the role of the word in expressing thoughts, feelings or theme ideas. Sometimes you can also consider the role of the word in describing the artistic conception of the scene. Or it plays a role in expressing character and other aspects; ③ Reflecting the accuracy or vividness of language.

21. The deep meaning of philosophical sentences

The key to such test questions is to grasp the central word and understand the deep meaning and pun meaning of the words.

22. The function of key paragraphs

The function should be considered from two aspects

Structurally: transition from previous to next, leading the following or summarizing the previous, anaphora or Echoing from beginning to end.

In terms of content: opening the chapter with a topic, setting up foreshadowing, foreshadowing, deepening the center, highlighting the main theme, etc.

23. Key sentences

Mainly include five aspects:

① Sentences that highlight the topic; ② Sentences that describe, discuss, and express emotions; ③ Summarize the full text ④ Sentences that connect and link together (such as sentences that correspond to each other and transitional sentences that connect the previous and the next); ⑤ Sentences that use various rhetorical techniques (such as metaphor, personification, hyperbole, parallelism, antithesis, repetition, irony, question, rhetorical question , especially quoted sentences).

24. Sentence comparative analysis questions:

Common question meaning: Is it okay to replace the original sentence with a modified sentence? Or, which one is better, the original sentence or the revised sentence?

How to answer questions and steps:

(1). Express your opinion (does it work or not, which one is better);

(2). Analyze the advantages of the original sentence;< /p>

(3). Analyze the shortcomings of sentence modification.

3. Argumentative essay reading

⒈Summarization of central arguments or sub-arguments

⒉Identification of argument types and their functions

⒊Citation of materials (flexible test of the functions of arguments)

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⒋Understanding the judgment, meaning and purpose of the argumentation method and finding examples based on the argumentation method

⒌The way of argumentation

⒍Write typical examples or truths based on the viewpoints in the text Arguments;

⒎ Structural relationships between paragraphs or relationships between sentences;

8. Find evaluative words;

9. Enlightenment or feelings received or related to reality Talk about opinions; 4. Summary of general test question types of various styles

1. Title, relationship between title and content, formulation or selection of title;

2. Stylistic judgment;

3. Write transitional sentences;

4. Find out what the pronoun refers to;

5. Emotional color;

6. Discrimination of expressions (which expressions are used and their functions, provide expressions and find examples);

7. Foreshadowing and anaphora, and finding the anaphora of the underlined sentence (specified sentence);

8. What is the role of summarizing or expressing techniques or ideological content based on the article's summary center or point of view or theme or content.

5. Test on key general questions

1. Comparative analysis of words (comprehension test of key words, synonyms, synonyms, antonyms or supplementary antonyms), understanding the meaning of words based on context, or comparing selections or talking about their expressive functions;

2. Finding and understanding of key sentences (topic sentences, subject sentences, transitional sentences, anaphoric sentences, summary sentences, profound meaning sentences, and descriptive sentences) or analysis of their functions or expression effects in the text;

3. Layer division and layer meaning summary;

4. Summarize the content, viewpoint, theme, center or presentation method or the meaning and function of the ideological content based on the article.

5. Judgment of expression methods

6. Summary of open question types

(1) Narrative description type:

1. Write descriptive sentences that imitate the sentences of the article. (How does it feel to be in nature? Describe it vividly.)

2. Develop associations and imagination based on the meaning or center of the text, supplement the character’s language and psychology, or make other associations and describe them.

3. Change the opening narration to flashback;

4. Use rhetorical techniques to imitate a certain passage;

5. Supplement the omitted content.

6. Evaluate the characters.

(2) Discussion type:

1. After reading the narrative, make an evaluation of certain factors or summarize a principle of life or briefly talk about the inspiration it gave you.

2． According to the meaning of the text and the reality, use something as a topic or talk about knowledge, opinions, feelings, and inspirations about a certain phenomenon.

3. Write down typical examples or rationale based on the viewpoints in the article.

4. Based on the daily accumulation of famous quotes and other arguments about a certain point of the article (limited to reading selected articles).

5. Judge whether the arguments used in the article are appropriate and give reasons.

6． Complete the connecting sentences.

7. From the perspective of language characteristics, find the most expressive and wonderful sentences in a certain paragraph of text. Write a sentence that you admire most and state why.

(3) Explanation:

1. Propose solutions, measures, and methods to a certain problem;

2. Supplement based on charts or related data Sentences;

3. Write imitation paragraphs in the way of speaking;

(4) Innovative question types:

1. Couplets (complementary couplets) , based on the article you read);

2. Modification of the paragraph;

3. Examination of famous works;

4. Use famous quotes in the article and provided famous quotes to discuss a certain topic Make cards with a theme;

5. Write philosophical mottos:

The following are two example sentences that make sense. Please write another object (such as "mirror", "kite" ...)

Write a sentence that not only fits the characteristics of the object but also contains the philosophy of life: Example:

(1) Candle: If you do not stand upright, you will inevitably shed more tears and shorten your life;

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(2) The moon: It is precisely because it is round and missing that people do not feel bored;

6. Write promotional slogans or advertisements based on a certain object;

7. Make reading cards;

8. Raise your own doubts about the original text;

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Continue to write the beginning and The end.