Shandong History

Introduction to Shandong

Shandong Province is also known as Qilu, Donglu, and Ludong, or Lu for short, and the provincial capital is Jinan City.

[Pinyin]: shān dōng shěng

[English]: Shandong Province

Population Geography

The total area of ??Shandong Province is 15.78 million square kilometers (accounting for 1.6 of the total land area, ranking 19th), with a water area of ??about 2,100 square kilometers (lakes). The total population of Shandong Province at the end of 2007 reached 93.67 million, and the urban population was 43.79 million. The population urbanization rate 46.75, with 1.338 million college students and 42,000 graduate students. The urbanization level in 2007 was 46.75, gradually approaching the world average of 50. In 2008, the total population of Shandong Province will be controlled at around 94.24 million. Longitude: 114 degrees 19 minutes east longitude - 122 degrees 43 minutes latitude: 34 degrees 22 minutes east latitude - 38 degrees 23 minutes north latitude. It borders Hebei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces from north to south.

Climate characteristics

The climate type is temperate continental monsoon climate, with concentrated precipitation, rain and heat in the same season, short spring and autumn, and long winter and summer. The annual average temperature is 11.0℃ (Wendeng) ~ 14.2℃ (Jinan), the highest monthly average temperature is 23.5℃ (Chengshantou) ~ 27.4℃ (Jinan), and the minimum monthly average temperature is -4.4℃ (Zhanhua, Wudi) ~ -0.8℃ (Zaozhuang), the annual precipitation is 584 (Liaocheng) ~ 905 (Zaozhuang) mm, with an average of about 710 mm in the whole territory, and the frost-free period is 173 (Laiyang) ~ about 250 days (Yantai).

The annual sunshine hours are 2300~2900 hours, and the heat conditions can meet the needs of crops for two crops a year. Since more than 60% of precipitation is concentrated in summer, waterlogging is easy to occur. Droughts often occur in winter and spring, which have the greatest impact on agricultural production.

Topography

Shandong, formerly the land of Qilu in ancient times, is located on the eastern coast of China, on the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and in the north-central section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The provincial capital is in Jinan. The land is about 420 kilometers long from north to south and about 700 kilometers wide from east to west. The total land area is 156,700 square kilometers, accounting for about 1.6% of the country's total area, ranking 19th in the country. The west is connected to the inland, bordering the four provinces of Hebei, Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu from north to south; the central part is high and Mount Tai is the highest point in the whole territory; the Shandong Peninsula in the east extends into the Yellow Sea, and faces the Liaodong Peninsula across the Bohai Strait in the north, guarding Beijing. Tianjin and the Bohai Bay face each other across the Yellow Sea to the east and the Korean Peninsula. To the southeast, they face the wider Yellow Sea, overlooking the East China Sea and the southern Japanese archipelago. In recent years, Shandong has also become one of the most economically developed provinces in China.

The terrain of Shandong has a protruding central part, which is the mountainous and hilly area of ??central and southern Shandong; the eastern peninsula is mostly a gently undulating hilly area; the west and north are the northwest Shandong plain area formed by the alluvial accumulation of the Yellow River, which is the center of the North China Plain. part. The mountains within the territory account for about 15.5% of the total land area, hills account for 13.2%, depressions account for 4.1%, lakes and swamps account for 4.4%, plains account for 55%, and others account for 7.8%.

The rivers in Shandong belong to the Yellow River, Haihe River and Huaihe River basins or flow into the sea alone. The average river network density in the province is 0.24 kilometers per square kilometer. There are more than 5,000 rivers with a length of more than 5 kilometers. Among them, more than 1,000 are more than 50 kilometers in length. The more important ones are the Yellow River, Tuhai River, and Majia River. , Yi River, Shu River, Dawen River, Xiaoqing River, Jiao Lai River, Wei River, Dagu River, Wulong River, Dagu Jia River, Si River, Wanfu River, Zhu Zhaoxin River, etc.

Lakes in Shandong are mainly distributed in the contact zone between the south mountainous area of ????Shandong and the plains of western Shandong, with a total area of ??1496.6 square kilometers and a water storage capacity of 2.353 billion cubic meters. The larger lakes include Nansi Lake (collectively known as Weishan Lake) and Dongping Lake.

Shandong’s coastline is 3,024.4 kilometers long. The mainland coastline accounts for 1/6 of the country’s coastline, ranking second in the country after Guangdong Province.

There are more than 20 natural harbors along the coastline; there are 326 islands with an area of ??more than 500 square meters in Shandong Province, 35 of which are inhabited, including 296 inland islands, of which the Miaodao Islands are composed of 18 islands, covering an area of With an area of ??52.5 square kilometers, it is the largest island group along the coast of Shandong; the coastal beach area is about 3,000 square kilometers, and the water area within the 15-meter isobath is about 13,000 square kilometers. These superior geographical conditions will make great achievements in maritime transportation and the development and utilization of marine resources.

Historical evolution

The eggshell high-handled cup of the Longshan Culture was unearthed from the Chengzi site in Zhucheng, Shandong in 1976.

[Prehistoric Era]

The Pleistocene "Yiyuan Man" fossil found in Yiyuan County dating back four to five million years ago is one of the examples of Homo erectus in China. In addition, the Stone Age civilizations excavated in Shandong include the "Beixin Culture" from 7300 to 6100 years ago, and the Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture from 4300 to 2500 BC. The earliest excavations of Chinese characters can be traced back to the pottery sherds of the Longshan Culture in Shandong.

Pre-Qin Period

(See: Qilu Culture) Shandong, located in the eastern part of the North China Plain, was influenced by the Chinese civilization very early influence. Before the establishment of the Shang Dynasty, eastern Shandong was the activity center of the Shang people and the central area of ??Shang rule. For the Dongyi people in eastern Shandong who had not been Hanized, the Shang Dynasty ruled through its allies, such as the Yan State and the Bogu State.

In the 11th century BC, King Wu of Zhou destroyed Shang Zhou and the world began to change. King Wu first granted the title of Jiang Taigong (named Shang, courtesy name Ziya) to Qi for assisting and meritorious service; King Wu's younger brother Zhou Gong (named Dan, later assisted King Zhou Cheng) was granted the title of Lu.

The State of Qi established its capital in Linzi. According to "Zuo Zhuan: The Fourth Year of Duke Xi", its territory "reached the sea in the east, the river (Yellow River) in the west, and Muling (today's junction of Yishui and Linqu) in the south. , north to Wudi (now Yanshan, Hebei)." The state of Qi "traversed trade and industry, benefited from fish and salt, and many people returned", integrated "Eastern Yi culture", "simplied its etiquette due to its customs", "promoted merit and merit", was pragmatic and innovative, inclusive, and had considerable national strength Heyday. Qi's industry, commerce and technology, such as the textile industry, are also very developed, and it has the reputation of being "the best in the world".

The capital of the State of Lu was Qufu, and its territory was described in "Poetry·Song of Lu·Gong" as "the rocks of Mount Tai, and the territory of Lu State. There were turtles and monasteries on the verge of death, and Dadong was desolate. As for Haibang and Huaihe The barbarians come together." The State of Lu adhered to the rituals and music of the Zhou Dynasty, "respecting honor and kinship", and developed agriculture. It was a "state of etiquette" that respected benevolence, tradition, ethics, and harmony.

The dragon pillar in the Dacheng Hall of the Confucius Temple in Qufu. Qilu culture has made a lot of contributions and far-reaching influence on the formation and development of Chinese culture. Confucius, who was born in Qufu, the capital of Lu, founded Confucianism here, which later became the cornerstone of China's social framework and values. Confucius, Mencius, Sun Tzu, Lu Ban, Bian Que, etc. are all outstanding representatives of Qi and Lu's multi-faceted contributions to Chinese civilization.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many other smaller vassal states in Shandong. There were as many as 55 states in "Zuo Zhuan" alone. Among them, the states with larger territory and influence include Lai, Ju, Teng and other states. , they were later mostly annexed by Qi and Lu. Duke Zhou marched eastward for three years, and suppressed the rebellion of Prince Zhou Wu Geng and Dong Yi. Qi and Lu then annexed the states of Yan, Bogu and others. Jiang Taigong attacked Lai State again, and Qi State's power expanded to the Jiaodong Peninsula. Entering the Warring States Period, Qi became one of the Seven Heroes; and today most of Shandong is occupied by Qi and Lu. In 249 BC, Chu State captured Lu State; in 223 BC, Qin State captured Chu State. By 221 BC, Qi became the last vassal state to be annexed by Qin. China was unified for the first time, and the land of Qilu became an integral part of China.

Han Dynasty

Shandong is known as the "fertile soil thousands of miles away". It had developed agriculture and handicrafts in the early days. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, it has become China's economic center. Grains from Shandong continued to flow westward along the Yellow River to supply Guanzhong. Shandong was an important source of the "Silk Road" in the Han Dynasty. Linzi, Dingtao, and Kangfu (today's Jining) were the three major textile centers in the country. Since then, a large number of exquisite textiles have been continuously exported to the Western Regions.

The Han Dynasty established two states (first-level administrative regions) in present-day Shandong: Qingzhou in the north and Yanzhou in the south.

In the Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, wars continued frequently and the economy was somewhat damaged.

Tang Dynasty

In the Tang Dynasty, Shandong resumed development. At that time, it mainly belonged to Henan Road. During the Kaiyuan Tianbao period, millions of stones of corn were transported to Guanzhong every year, but prices in Qing, Qi (today's Qingzhou, Jinan) and other places were still far lower than other places in China. The Jinghua damask from Yanzhou and the fairy damask from Qingzhou in the Tang Dynasty are both exquisite fabrics that are famous throughout the country. In the late Tang Dynasty, wars broke out again.

Song and Yuan Dynasties

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the emperor was fatuous and treacherous ministers were in power. For the sake of national justice and the people of the world, Song Jiang and others rebelled in Shuibo Liangshan (now Liangshan County, Jining City, Shandong Province). ), this story was compiled into "Water Margin" by Shi Naian, which is one of China's four great classics. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, exploitation was severe, coupled with constant foreign invasion and barbaric rule, the society and economy were in a state of stagnation. By the Yuan Dynasty, there were only 1.26 million people and 380,000 households in Shandong. Compared with the Jin Dynasty, the number of people decreased by about 87 and the number of households decreased by about 75.

Ming Dynasty

The beginning of the Ming Dynasty The Shandong Chief Envoy Department was established (including Liaodong at that time). When the Ming Dynasty was restored, Shandong was "mostly uninhabited land" and the government rewarded the people for reclaiming wasteland. By the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393), Shandong's cultivated land area reached more than 72.4 million acres, 2.4 times that of the Northern Song Dynasty, ranking third in the country. After Emperor Yongle moved the capital to Beijing in 1421, Jining and Linqing along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal prospered due to the development of water transportation.

Qing Dynasty

By the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the cultivated land in Shandong reached more than 90 million acres. In the 1860s, Yantai became the first open port in Shandong. In 1895, during the Sino-Japanese War of 1895-1895, the Japanese army captured Weihai and the entire Beiyang Navy was annihilated. In 1898, Qingdao and Weihai were leased to Germany and the United Kingdom respectively. Germany also built the Jiaoji Railway from Qingdao to Jinan (1905) and the northern section of the Jinan-Puzhou Railway (1911), treating Shandong as its own sphere of influence. In 1899, the Boxers rose from Shandong and attacked Western missionaries throughout the province. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, in the face of threats from Russia and Japan, the Northeast was finally opened to Han immigrants. Coupled with Zhang Zuolin's encouragement measures in the early years of the Republic of China, tens of millions of Shandong farmers came to Guandong to make a living in the past 100 years, becoming an important part of the Northeast's population today. .

After the Qing Dynasty

In 1914, the Japanese army captured Qingdao from Germany. It was returned to China after the Washington Conference in 1922. In 1930, the Nationalist Government took back Weihai from the British. During the Anti-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945, the Japanese army occupied the railways and cities in Shandong, while the Communist Party established Yimeng Mountain, Jiaodong and other liberated areas in the countryside. After the Kuomintang Civil War broke out, in May 1947, Chen Yi's East China People's Liberation Army annihilated the Zhang Lingfu 74th Division, the elite unit of the Central Army, in Menglianggu. On September 24, 1948, Chen Yi's troops captured Jinan and captured Shandong Provincial Chairman Wang Yaowu in Shouguang on his way to Qingdao. On June 2, 1949, after the US military withdrew from Qingdao, the People's Liberation Army entered the city.

In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Pingyuan Province was newly established in eastern Shandong, northern Henan, and southern Hebei, including Heze, Liaocheng and other places in present-day Shandong Province. In 1952, the province was abolished and its jurisdictions were merged Entering Shandong and Henan.

In June 1953, Tengxian District was renamed Jining District. In July, the Huxi Prefecture and Yishui Prefecture were abolished, and the counties and cities to which they belonged were assigned to Jining, Heze and Linyi Prefectures respectively. In December 1954, Zibo Industrial and Mining Zone was abolished and Zibo City was established. In 1958, Laiyang District was renamed Yantai District. In 1960, Yi County was abolished and Zaozhuang City was established. In 1963, Dongming County of Henan Province was placed under Shandong Province. In 1964, Fan County was placed under Henan Province. In 1965, Guantao was placed under Hebei Province, and Ningjin County and Qingyun County in Hebei Province were placed under Shandong Province.

In 1967, the special zone was renamed as a region. The province has jurisdiction over 9 regions: Dezhou, Huimin, Changwei, Yantai, Linyi, Tai'an, Jining, Heze, and Liaocheng, and 4 provincial cities: Jinan, Qingdao, Zibo, and Zaozhuang. 5 county-level cities and 107 counties.

In May 1981, Changwei area was renamed Weifang area. In November 1982, Dongying City under provincial jurisdiction was established. In 1983, Yantai, Weifang and Jining were abolished and prefecture-level Yantai, Weifang and Jining were established. In 1985, the Tai'an region was abolished and Tai'an City was established at the prefecture level. In 1987, Weihai City was promoted to a prefecture-level city. In 1989, Rizhao City was promoted to a prefecture-level city. In 1992, the Huimin area was renamed Binzhou area, and Laiwu City was promoted to a prefecture-level city. In 1994, Linyi District and Dezhou District were abolished, and prefecture-level Linyi City and Dezhou City were established. In 1997, the Liaocheng area was abolished and the prefecture-level Liaocheng City was established. In 2000, Binzhou and Heze regions were abolished and prefecture-level Binzhou and Heze cities were established.

By the end of 2005, the province was divided into 17 cities: Jinan, Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Weifang, Zibo, Zaozhuang, Dongying, Jining, Tai'an, Rizhao, Laiwu, Linyi, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Binzhou and Heze There are 140 county-level administrative units in prefecture-level cities, and 1,941 township-level units, including 423 sub-district offices, 295 townships, and 1,223 towns.

Transportation

It is a province with developed transportation in my country. It has a complete range of transportation methods such as highways, railways, sea transportation, inland water transportation, and aviation, especially highway transportation.

Expressways

Shandong has a dense and high-quality expressway network with a traffic mileage of more than 3,000 kilometers, ranking second in the country. In 1993, the first Jiqing Expressway was built, connecting Jinan and Qingdao. The existing "three vertical and two horizontal" networks mainly include the north-south Beijing-Fuzhou, Beijing-Shanghai, and Tongsan lines and the east-west Nitong and Qingyin lines. Most cities in the province can be reached within half a day. Most of the newly built and under-construction expressways are based on the "five vertical, four horizontal and one ring" blueprint. Shandong Province plans to increase the mileage of highways to traffic in 2008 to 4,000 kilometers, so that 80 counties, cities, and districts in the province will be fully connected by highways.

Expressways in Shandong (sorted by mileage in Shandong)

Beijing-Shanghai Expressway Beijing-Shanghai 482 kilometers Dezhou North Linyi Honghuabu Dezhou, Yucheng, Jinan, Tai'an, Mengyin, Linyi

Jinan-Qingdao Expressway Jinan Qingdao 318 kilometers Jinan Bridge Road Interchange Qingdao Chengyang District Liuting Interchange Zouping, Zibo, Qingzhou, Changle, Weifang, Gaomi

Weiyan Expressway Weifang Yantai 272 kilometers of Jiqing Expressway Weifang Interchange Yantai Fushan District Pingdu, Laixi, Laiyang, Qixia

Qingdao Yantai Expressway 184 kilometers Qingdao Chengyang District Liuting Interchange Yantai Laishan District Jimo, Laixi, Laiyang

Jinan-Liaoning Expressway Jinan Liaocheng 147 kilometers Jinan Second Yellow River Bridge Guantao County Eping, Liaocheng, Guan County

Yanwei Expressway Yantai Weihai 86 kilometers Yantai Fushan District Bajiao Town Weihai City Tiancun Mouping

Qingwei Expressway Qingdao Weihai Kilometers Qingyan Expressway Jimo Interchange Weihai City Haobo Haiyang, Rushan, Wendeng

Beijing-Fuzhou Expressway Beijing Fuzhou Kilometers Dezhou Beizhangshanzi Dezhou, Yucheng, Jinan, Tai'an, Qufu, Tengzhou, Xuecheng

Tongsan Expressway Tongjiang Sanya 360 kilometers Yantai Fenshui Yantai, Laixi, Jiaozhou, Jiaonan, Rizhao

Ridong Expressway Rizhao Dongming Kilometers Rizhao Dongming Linyi, Qufu, Jining, Heze

Qingdao Yinchuan Expressway Qingdao Xiajin Qingdao, Weifang, Zibo, Jinan

Qinglan Expressway Qingdao Lanzhou Zhengyi Qingdao Zhucheng Yishui Yiyuan Laiwu Jinan

Dongqing Expressway Dongying Dawang Qingzhou

Jihe Expressway Jinan, Pingyin, Yuncheng, Heze

Railway

North and South The main ones running are the Beijing-Shanghai and Beijing-Kowloon railways. The Beijing-Shanghai Railway is the busiest. There are three double lines in Shandong, one of which is dedicated to freight. The construction of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway is planned.

The main east-west railways include Jiaoji, Lanyan and other railways. The Jiaoji Railway connects Jinan and Qingdao and is very busy. It is also an important port drainage channel for Qingdao and Yantai ports. From 2004 to 2005, the Jiaoji Railway underwent electrification transformation and became the first electrified railway in Shandong Province. The Lanyan Railway connects the two major ports of Yantai and Qingdao. There are also Shide, Yanshi, Xinyan, Hanji railways and some branch lines leading to mining areas.

The hub railway stations in the province and their connected railway lines are listed as follows: Jinan Station (Beijing-Shanghai-Jiaoji-Hanji), Dezhou Station (Beijing-Shanghai-Shide, managed by Beijing Railway Bureau) , Yanzhou Station (Beijing-Shanghai-Xinyan-Yanshi), Heze Station (Beijing-Kowloon-Xinyan).

Zibo, Shandong is the only city in the country that uses public transportation for railway passenger transportation (note: not subway, but diesel locomotive)

Aviation

The main international airport in Shandong There are Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport, Qingdao Liuting International Airport, Qingdao Jiaozhou Airport, Yantai Laishan International Airport, Weifang Airport, Linyi Airport, Weihai Airport, Jining Airport, Dongying Airport, and a maritime rescue airport located in Penglai City, Yantai .

Shipping

Shandong mainly has Qingdao, Yantai, Rizhao, Weihai, Dongying, Longkou, Yangjiaogou and other ports. Qingdao Port was founded in 1892. Its total foreign trade throughput was 120 million tons (2004), ranking second among seaports in mainland China. Its container throughput was 5.14 million TEU (2003), ranking third among seaports in mainland China. , (Shanghai Port is 15 million teu) and is also one of the world's 15 largest container ports.

Resources and Energy

Biological Resources

Shandong has many types and large quantities of biological resources. There are more than 3,100 species of various plants in the territory, including 645 species of wild economic plants. There are more than 600 kinds of trees, belonging to 74 species and 209 genera, mainly coniferous and broad-leaved tree species in the north temperate zone.

There are 90 species of fruit trees, belonging to 16 families and 34 genera. Among them, Yantai apple, Laiyang pear, Feicheng peach, Leling golden jujube, Zaozhuang pomegranate, Dazeshan grape, Zhangqiu green onion, Laiwu ginger, Weifang radish, etc. are all from Shandong Shandong is known as the “Kingdom of Deciduous Fruit Trees in the North” due to its long-standing reputation as a specialty. There are more than 800 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials, including more than 700 kinds of plants. Shandong is a key production area of ??grain crops and cash crops in the country. It is known as "the storehouse of grain, cotton and oil, and the hometown of fruits and aquatic products." Wheat, corn, sweet potatoes, soybeans, millet, sorghum, cotton, peanuts, flue-cured tobacco, and hemp all have large output and occupy an important position in the country. There are 450 species of terrestrial wild vertebrates, accounting for 21% of the total species in the country. Among them, there are 55 species of mammals, 362 species of birds, 8 species of amphibians, and 25 species of reptiles. There are many kinds of terrestrial invertebrates, especially insects, ranking first among similar species in the country. Among the animals in Shandong, there are 71 species of rare animals under national first- and second-class protection.

Marine Resources

Shandong is endowed with unique marine resources. The offshore waters account for 37% of the total area of ??the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, and the tidal flat area accounts for 15% of the country's total area. There are more than 260 species of fish and shrimps that live and migrate offshore, more than 40 species of major commercial fish, and more than 100 species of shallow-sea shellfish. Among them, the production of shrimps, scallops, abalone, sea cucumbers, sea urchins and other marine treasures ranks first in the country. In addition, Shandong has built many large and medium-sized salt farms and is one of the four sea salt producing areas in the country. Shandong also has more than 4 million acres of inland water area available for breeding, more than 40 kinds of freshwater plants, and more than 70 kinds of freshwater fish.

Energy

Shandong is one of the important energy bases in the country. Shengli Oilfield is China's second largest oil production base, and the important mining area of ??Zhongyuan Oilfield is also in Shandong. Shandong's crude oil output accounts for one-third of the country's total. In recent years, the drilling scope of Shengli Oilfield has gradually entered the Bohai Sea. The extensive application of high-tech drilling technology has enabled the oilfield to maintain stable and high production. The area of ??coal-bearing strata in Shandong is 50,000 square kilometers, and the Yan (zhou) and Teng (zhou) mining areas are one of the top ten coal bases in the country. Shandong has sufficient power resources. By the end of 2004, the province's installed power generation capacity reached 32.92 million kilowatts, and the entire society's electricity consumption reached 164 billion kilowatt hours. By the end of 2006, the province's total installed power generation capacity reached 50.05 million kilowatts. The province's electricity supply and demand has shifted from an overall balance to a relative surplus, showing a trend of oversupply. Shandong Power Grid is the only provincial independent power grid among the six major power grids in the country.

Tourism Resources

Shandong is rich in tourism resources, with beautiful natural scenery and numerous cultural relics and historic sites. "World Natural and Cultural Heritage", "Honor of the Five Mountains" Taishan, "World Cultural Heritage" Confucius' hometown "Three Kongs" in Qufu, Linzi, the former capital of Qi State, "Wonderland on Earth" Penglai, "Taoist Holy Land" Laoshan, "Kite Capital of the World" Weifang, Jiangbei Water City Liaocheng, International Beer City Qingdao, International Wine City Yantai, Rongcheng "End of the World", Rushan "Silver Beach", "Spring City" Jinan, the wonder of the Yellow River entering the sea, Kunyu Mountain "the ancestor of fairy mountains", with Nuwa tonic Yishan, where the beauty of the sky is said to be legendary, Liangshanbo, known as the "Eight Hundred Miles of Waterbore" in history, which is famous for gathering the heroes of the Water Margin, and the Red Lotus Wetland of Weishan Lake in Tengzhou, are all good places for sightseeing.

Economic Status

According to the 2007 Shandong Provincial National Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin, preliminary calculations show that the province has achieved a gross product value (GDP) of 2.6 trillion yuan, ranking first in the country. The second place is only about 20 billion yuan more than the third place Jiangsu Province. The ratio of the three industries is 10.4:57.5:32.1. The import and export volume reached US$76.89 billion. GDP RMB 1,846.83 billion (2005) (Mainland China’s 11.3, 2nd) - Average per capita RMB 20,427.28 (2005)

Shandong is a major industrial and agricultural province, which is very important to Mainland China. The economic contribution is more than one-ninth; famous brands include Haier, Tsingtao Beer, Hisense, Doublestar, Aucma, etc., all of which are headquartered in Qingdao.