Where does Mashan Kualou come from?

Mashan Kualou is a geographical indication certification trademark. Mashan Kualou is an agricultural product with geographical indication.

Mashan Town is a well-known hometown of Chinese herbal medicines. There are more than 100 kinds of wild Chinese herbal medicines such as Trichosanthes miltiorrhiza, salvia miltiorrhiza, honeysuckle, and wild chrysanthemums. Local farmers still have the tradition of growing Chinese herbal medicines. Mashan is also one of the origins of Trichosanthes trichosanthes. It has been cultivated in Zhuangke and Jiaozhuang villages for more than 300 years.

Mashan is the authentic origin of Trichosanthes trichosanthes, with large-scale planting and high quality. , highly favored by medicinal material merchants. Kualou planting has become a local characteristic economic industry and an important source of income for local villagers. In order to adapt to the growing market demand, Mashan Town 0 put forward the idea of ??vigorously developing the Chinese herbal medicine industry and optimizing the agricultural industry structure based on local geographical conditions. It actively established school-site cooperation channels with Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine to give full play to the advantages of universities and provide medicinal farmers with Provide technical guidance and use the traditional Chinese medicine base as a scientific research base for universities. At the same time, relying on this base, the University of Traditional Chinese Medicine transforms research results, which not only improves the transformation rate of university results, but also provides high-quality services for local economic development, achieving a win-win situation for the school and the local area.

Regional Scope

Mashan Kualou is located in Mashan Town, Changqing District, Jinan, Shandong Province. It is located 40 kilometers southwest of the provincial capital Jinan, bordering Feicheng City to the south and 40 kilometers to the north. It is 20 kilometers away from the urban area of ??Changqing and 12 kilometers away from Jihe Expressway; it is adjacent to Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Fuzhou Expressway and Beijing-Shanghai Railway in the east, Provincial Highway 104 passes through the north and south of the town, and is adjacent to the Yellow River in the west. The town has jurisdiction over 53 administrative villages, with a population of 33,600 and a geographical area of ??8,900 hectares, of which 80 hectares are planted with Trichosanthes aeruginosa. Geographical location: Located at 116°9′-116°11′ east longitude and 36°01′-36°45′ north latitude. The average altitude is 99.1 meters, which is 80 hectares lower than the designated protected area.

Natural ecological environment and human and historical factors

(1) Soil and landform conditions: The soil type is sandy loam, with a pH value of 6.8-7.4. It belongs to the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the hilly land in the mountains of central Shandong.

(2) Hydrological conditions: The territory is rich in water resources. Precipitation is the main source of surface water, and annual precipitation is relatively abundant and concentrated. The Bingu River flows through the north and south of Mashan Town. There is a national medium-sized reservoir at the north end of the town with a capacity of 13 million cubic meters. River runoff changes greatly seasonally, and the utilization of transit water is small. Groundwater resources are relatively abundant and water quality is excellent.

(3) Climate conditions: It has a semi-humid climate in the warm temperate monsoon zone. The main features are significant monsoons, distinct four seasons, and climatic characteristics of the lower reaches of the Huaihe River. The spring is windy, dry and rainless, and the winter is dry and cold. The annual average temperature ranges from 12.8 to 14.3°C. The monthly average temperature is the lowest in January, which is minus 2°C, and the highest in July, which is 26.9°C. The cumulative annual average sunshine hours is 2598.5 hours, with a maximum of 2897.9 hours and a minimum of 2254.2 hours. May has the highest sunshine hours, 281.1 hours, and February has the lowest, 173.7 hours. May has the highest sunshine percentage, which is 66, and July has the smallest sunshine percentage, which is 51. The average annual precipitation is 628.2 mm, and the average precipitation in spring (March-May) is 86.2 mm, accounting for 1.4% of the annual precipitation; the average annual precipitation in summer (June-August) is 399.3 mm, accounting for 64% of the annual precipitation; in autumn ( The average precipitation in September-October is 122.3 mm, accounting for 19% of the annual precipitation; the average precipitation in winter (December-February) is 20.4 mm, accounting for 3% of the annual precipitation. Precipitation is unevenly distributed in each month, with July being the largest and January being the smallest. The average first month of snowfall is December 7, the average annual snowfall is March 17, and the average number of days between the first and last snowfall is 101 days. The maximum snow depth is 21 cm. The annual average relative temperature is 62, with the maximum value appearing in July-August, at 76-79; and the minimum value in March-April, at 52-53. The annual frost-free period is 215 days, the average first day of freezing is October 30, and the average annual last day is March 31.

(4) Humanistic and historical situation: Gualou is a famous authentic Chinese medicinal material in Shandong. It has the functions of clearing away heat and eliminating phlegm, widening the chest and dispersing stagnation, and moisturizing the intestines. It is clinically used to treat lung-heat cough, chest obstruction and heartache with excellent results.

Shandong Gualou, especially Ren Gualou, ranks first in the country in terms of annual output and export volume. "Chinese Authentic Medicinal Materials" edited by Hu Shilin records: "Changqing, Shandong Province, is one of the authentic medicinal users." "Shandong Authentic Medicinal Materials" records: "Changqing has the largest output and the best quality." According to the old county records of Changqing, planting began in Mashanzhuangke and Jiaozhuang areas as early as the Qing Dynasty, more than 300 years ago. history. Mashan Kualou has excellent quality and is famous at home and abroad for its large size, thick and flexible skin, wrinkled and ribbed skin, orange-red color, sufficient sugar content and strong caramel flavor. Mashan Renguilou has a large output. According to records, the highest annual output of Shandong Gualou is 800,000 kilograms, and Changqing’s output is 460,000 kilograms. Mashan’s output accounts for more than 2/3 of the total output in Changqing County.

There is a municipal forest park in Mashan, where Mashan Kualou is located. It has a superior geographical location, good basic conditions, pleasant climate, many natural and cultural landscapes, and historical legends. The park is full of mountains, towering cypresses, dense forests and pleasant scenery. The main peak, Mashan, is 512.3 meters above sea level. It was originally named Gama Mountain. From a distance, the mountain looks like a horse, with hundreds of feet of cliffs. The mountain is steep and precipitous. There are famous places such as "Ten Cave", "Five Springs", "One Pie", and "Five Characters", which are related to Mount Tai and Mount Wufeng are both known as the "Three Mountains" in Changqing. There is a large plant slogan "Long Live Chairman Mao" planted on the mountainside made of millions of Platycladus orientalis. In August 2001, the Shanghai headquarters of the Guinness Book of World Records was officially named "The Plant Slogan 'The Best in China'".

Production technical requirements

(1) Origin selection and special content requirements: Mashan Kualou should be selected with flat terrain, soil depth of more than 1m, loose texture, fertile texture, good ventilation and drainage. , there is no sewage, flood danger, and the groundwater level is below 2.0m.

(2) Variety Selection and Specific Requirements: Mashan Trichosanthes includes Ren Trichosanthes and Sugar Trichosanthes. Due to the scarcity of Sugar Trichosanthes species and flesh, it has lost its economic cultivation value. Currently, the Mashan Trichosanthes selection is Rengui Tower.

(3) Production process management, including special usage regulations for agricultural inputs: The production process of Mashan Trichosanthes includes: land selection, propagation methods, vine introduction and pruning, male plants and pollination, and fertilizers Application, moisture management, integrated pest management and other production stages. Land Selection: Kualou likes a warm and humid environment and is relatively cold tolerant and intolerant of drought. Therefore, it is best to choose a place with more rainfall and convenient irrigation for cultivation. Trichosanthes is a deep-rooted plant, so it is best to choose sandy loam with deep, fertile soil. It can also be planted in front of and behind the house, but it is not suitable for planting in saline-alkali soil. Propagation method ① Seed propagation: Select mature fruits, take out the seeds, soak the selected seeds in warm water of 40℃-50℃ overnight before and after Qingming, take them out to cool slightly, mix them with wet sand, and place them at a temperature of 20℃-30℃ Under germination. When most of the seeds have cracked, dig holes 5cm-6cm deep at a distance of 1.5m-2m, sow 4-5 seeds in each hole, and cover with 3cm-4cm of soil: keep the soil moist, and seedlings will emerge in about 15-20 days. ② Split-root propagation In March-April, dig out all the roots and reed heads, and select those without pests and diseases, with a diameter of 3cm-6cm and a fresh white cross-section for planting. Cut it into small pieces of 7cm-10cm. Pay attention to using the roots of female plants, and appropriately match the roots of some male plants to facilitate pollination. Dig a trench with a row spacing of 1.6m-2m, a trench width of 30cm and a depth of 10cm. Place the roots flat in the trench with a plant-to-plant spacing of 30cm, cover with 4cm-5cm of soil and compact it. Seedlings will grow out in about one month. After vine introduction and pruning, leave 1 to 2 strong buds per plant as the main stem, and remove excess buds and side buds at the base of the main stem. Remove the core in time when the main stem reaches 1.5m-2m, leaving 3-4 side branches. Remove cores during the budding stage to promote flower bud development and increase fruit setting rate; during the fruit expansion stage, prune off the side branches at the fruit setting node and the leggy branches that have not set fruit. Male plants and pollinating male plants are planted on the side of the planting wheel, and multi-vine pruning is used to control growth without fertilizing. The growth height is within 2m. Artificial pollination can be carried out at 6-8 o'clock in the morning, and the flower pairing method is adopted, that is, the male flowers are picked and placed on the female flowers. Fertilizer application The management and use of fertilizers shall be carried out in accordance with NY/T496. Use of base fertilizer: Apply base fertilizer into the opened planting hole half a month before planting. It is appropriate to apply 2000kg of decomposed livestock manure, 20kg of decomposed cake fertilizer, 50kg of phosphate fertilizer, 5kg-8kg of compound fertilizer and 0.5kg of boron fertilizer per 666.7m2.

Separate the fertilizer from the roots with soil after application. Use of top dressing: During the budding period, apply flower-promoting fertilizer skillfully, and you can apply 4kg compound fertilizer per 666.7m2; after flowering and fruit setting, apply expanding melon fertilizer in combination with the whole technique, and it is appropriate to apply 5kg-10kg compound fertilizer and 5kg-10kg urea per 666.7m2. Water management: Always keep the pastoral soil moist during the growth period, especially after fruit setting; in case of drought, you can replenish water in the form of irrigation water, and avoid pouring head water. After heavy rains, prevent flooding and drain the accumulated water in a timely manner. Integrated pest control diseases include anthracnose, fusarium wilt, vine blight, viral diseases, and root-knot nematodes. The main pests include aphids, yellow-shou melons, melon borers, and Trichosanthes moths. Agricultural prevention and control methods mainly include: regular cleaning and cleaning of Gualou Garden, burning residual branches, diseased branches, garden weeds and fallen leaves outside the garden to eliminate the sources of pests and diseases. In winter, the frozen soil should be deeply plowed in the garden, and in early spring the soil should be plowed shallowly. Weeding should be continued, digging holes or trenches for fertilization, and sealing irrigation to kill larvae and emerging insects such as the yellow shougua and Trichosanthes moth in the soil layer, and reduce the insect population density. Chemical control methods are shown in the table below.

Main pests and diseases and their control methods

How to use pesticides for pests and diseases

For anthrax, use sprays such as Zinc, Shibaike, and chlorothalonil

For Fusarium wilt disease, apply carbendazim, dimethonium, etc. to the roots and apply to the affected area

For vine blight disease, spray thiophanate, Cuxi, etc. to the affected area

Root-knot nematode disease Soil treatments such as Kexianphos and Mingyishou granules, root soaking

Sprays such as virus disease virus A and bacteriotoxic cleanser

Sprays such as aphid quick-killing aphids and once-over sprays

Water the roots and spray with Huang Shou Gua Lesben, Phoxim, etc.

Spray the melon silk borer with Avermectin, Ruijingte, etc.

Gualou Translucent Wings Sprays such as abamectin, abamectin, Ruijinte etc.

(4) Regulations on product harvest and post-partum treatment: Trichomonas will begin to bear fruit 2 to 3 years after planting. Due to the long flowering period, the fruit Ripening is inconsistent and needs to be picked in batches in time. Then hang the fruit in a ventilated place to dry, which is the whole fruit tree. Avoid direct sunlight. You can also dig out the roots of the perennial Trichosanthes trichosanthes and cut them into small pieces to dry.

Typical product quality characteristics and product safety regulations

(1) External sensory characteristics: Mashan Trichosanthes is a perennial herb with tendrils on the stems, heart-shaped leaves, and white flowers. , dioecious, the fruit is oval or nearly round, dark green when harvested, the skin is yellow after drying, the fresh fruit weighs 300-400 grams, a few weigh about 500 grams; the dried fruit weighs about 150 grams, the seeds are oblong Shape, flesh brown-yellow, dry fruit taste sweet, slightly bitter and astringent. Trichosanthes trichosanthes root (traditional Chinese name Trichosanthes), fruit (Chinese name Trichosanthes), peel (Chinese name Trichosanthes), and seeds (Chinese name Trichosanthes) are all used for medicinal purposes. They are antipyretic, thirst-quenching, diuretic, and analgesic. Cough and expectorant effects. Gualou preparations have certain effects on coronary heart disease and cardiac pain.

(2) Intrinsic quality indicators: Triterpene fruit contains triterpene saponins, organic acids, fatty oils, resins, sugars, and pigments; seeds contain fatty oils; roots contain proteins, saponins, acids, etc.

Packaging signs and other relevant regulations

Packaging signs: In line with the regulations and requirements of the "Agricultural Products Geographical Indications International Label Design and Use Manual", the user of the sign should display it on his products or packaging. Uniformly mark the "Mashan Kualou" geographical indication of agricultural products and the combination pattern indicating the publicity.

The mark should be clear, clearly mark the product, product name, grade, weight (gross weight, net weight), and indicate the name or code of the inspector.

During transportation, be careful to prevent exposure to rain. It is strictly forbidden to use warehouses and carriages contaminated with residual poisons. Mixing and packaging with toxic substances is not allowed. Store in a ventilated and dry room.