What should we pay attention to when building brick walls?

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Technical standard for ordinary brick masonry (602- 1996)

1 range

This technical standard is applicable to masonry engineering of brick-concrete masonry, external brick internal formwork and brick wall with seismic structural columns in general industrial and civil buildings.

2 Construction preparation

2. 1 Materials and main machines:

2. 1. 1 brick: the variety and strength grade must meet the design requirements, and there are factory certificates and test sheets. Bricks of dry wall should be uniform in color and neat in edges and corners.

2. 1.2 cement: the variety and grade should be selected according to the masonry location and environmental conditions, and generally 325 ordinary portland cement or slag portland cement should be adopted.

2. 1.3 sand: medium sand is used, and the silt content of sand used to prepare mortar below M5 is not more than 10%, and that of mortar above M5 is not more than 5%. Before use, sieve with 5mm aperture.

2. 1.4 admixture: the curing time of lime shall not be less than 7d, or fly ash shall be used.

2. 1.5 Other materials: Rachel bars and embedded parts of the wall, wooden bricks should be painted with preservatives, etc.

2. 1.6 main machines and tools: shovel, planer, tile cutter, flat blade, wire support plate, wire pendant, small white wire, tape measure, molten iron level, measuring rod, small bucket, ash tank, brick ash, broom, etc.

2.2 Operating conditions:

2.2. 1 Complete outdoor and indoor backfilling and install ditch cover plate.

2.2.2 Complete the hidden inspection procedures of foundation and foundation engineering.

2.2.3 according to the elevation with cement mortar moistureproof layer.

2.2.4 Play the axis line of the wall, according to the actual size of the brick approach, pop up the position line of doors and windows, and go through the pre-inspection formalities after the experience line meets the design requirements.

2.2.5 According to the design elevation requirements, a number of skin poles are set, and the spacing between skin poles should be 15 ~ 20m.

2.2.6 Mortar shall be prepared by the laboratory and prepared for mortar test (6 pieces as a group).

3 operation process

3. 1 process flow:

Mortar mixing

↓

Precise operation → Bricklaying → Bricklaying wall → Inspection and evaluation.

3.2 Brick pouring: Clay bricks must be watered and wetted the day before laying. Generally, 1.5cm water is suitable for soaking all sides of the brick, and the water content is 10% ~ 15%. Dry bricks are not allowed to build walls at room temperature. Brick walls saturated with water content shall not be used in rainy season; It is difficult to water in winter, so the consistency of mortar must be increased appropriately.

3.3 Mortar mixing: the mixing ratio of mortar is by weight, the measuring accuracy of cement is 2%, and the sand and gypsum are controlled within 5%. Appropriate use of mechanical mixing, mixing time is not less than 65438±0.5min.

3.4 Brick wall:

3.4. 1 group masonry method: masonry generally adopts the masonry method of "one shun and one ding" (full of ding), "plum blossom ding" or "three shun and one ding". Brick column masonry method shall not be adopted after four weeks.

3.4.2 Brick paving (dry bricklaying): In general, when the first layer of brick paving is used for the exterior wall, two gables are paved with cut bricks, and the front and rear eaves are paved with strips of bricks. According to the played position line of doors and windows, carefully check the size of the wall and crib between windows, and whether its length conforms to the brick row module. If it does not conform to the module, you can move the position of the window left and right. If there is any broken work, seven or four bricks should be arranged in the middle of the window and pasted with battlements or other inconspicuous parts. When moving the position of doors and windows, attention should be paid to the installation of warm risers and the opening of doors and windows. In addition, when arranging bricks, it should also be considered that the brick wall at the middle edge of doors and windows will not be damaged when closed. Therefore, comprehensive consideration should be given when arranging bricks. When laying the first brick on the front and back eaves walls, it is a good job to consider throwing the window and laying bricks, and dividing the window angle into seven pieces.

3.4.3 Selection of bricks: Bricks with neat edges and corners, no bending and cracks, uniform colors and consistent specifications shall be selected for the drywall. The sound is loud when knocking, and the burnt brick changes color. Deformed bricks can be used on foundations and interior walls that do not affect the appearance.

3.4.4 Slab angle: Slab angle shall be set before bricklaying, and the slab angle shall not exceed five layers at a time. The large angle of the new panel should be hoisted and tilted in time. If there is any deviation, it should be repaired in time. When setting the angle, carefully control the brick layer and elevation of the skin pole, control the size of the mortar joint, and make the horizontal mortar joint uniform. After the big horn board is finished, review it again. After the flatness and verticality completely meet the requirements, hang the line to build a wall.

3.4.5 Thread hanging: When laying a brick and a half wall, threads must be hung on both sides. If several people on a long wall use a straight line, there should be several branch points in the middle, and the small line should be tightened. Each layer of brick should be threaded to make the horizontal seam uniform, straight and smooth; When laying thick brick mixed water wall, external hand hanging line should be used, which can take care of the flatness of both sides of brick wall and lay the foundation for controlling plastering thickness in next working procedure.

3.4.6 Bricklaying: Bricklaying should adopt the "trinity" bricklaying method, that is, the full spread and extrusion operation method. Bricks should be leveled when laying bricks. If the hand is high, the wall will open; If the hand is low inside, the wall will be backed. Bricklaying must follow the line, "the top line, the bottom edge, and the left and right neighbors should be flat." The thickness of horizontal mortar joint and the width of vertical mortar joint are generally 10mm, but they should not be less than 8mm and not more than 12 mm ... In order to ensure that the main joints of drywall are vertical, deviation is not allowed. When the frame height is finished, it is advisable to play two vertical vertical lines at horizontal intervals of 2m to control deviation in sections. In the process of operation, self-inspection should be carried out seriously. If there is any deviation, it should be corrected at any time. It is forbidden to hit the wall afterwards. Dry wall is not allowed to be divided into three parts, and it is not allowed to move or sew at will on the upper part. Masonry mortar should be used with mixing. Generally, cement mortar must be used up within 3h, and cement mixed mortar must be used up within 4h. Overnight mortar is not allowed. Brick-concrete drywall should be jointed with the increase of build by laying bricks or stones, with joint depth of 8 ~ 10 mm, consistent depth and clean wall surface. Mix water wall to build by laying bricks or stones while scraping off the tongue ash.

3.4.7 Joint leaving: The corner of the external wall shall be laid at the same time. At the junction of internal and external walls, there must be a slope, the length of which should not be less than 2/3 of the wall height, and the slope must be straight. The segmented position should be at the deformation joint or at the corner of doors and windows. When the partition wall and the wall or column are not laid at the same time, the embedded Rachel bars can be left. According to the design requirements, two Ф 6 steel bars are embedded every 50cm along the wall. The embedded length is calculated from the left corner of the wall, generally not less than 50cm on each side, and 90 hooks should be added at the end. Construction of the hole should also leave horizontal Rachel reinforcement according to the above requirements. The top of partition wall shall be extruded with vertical bricks.

3.4.8 Pre-reserved holes for wooden bricks and Rachel reinforcement for walls: When wood bricks are embedded, the small heads are outside and the big heads are inside, and the number is determined according to the height of holes. The height of the hole is within 1.2m, with 2 pieces on each side; 1.2 ~ 2m high, with 3 pieces on each side; The height is 2 ~ 3m, and 4 pieces are placed on each side. Embedded wooden bricks are generally four leather bricks above or below the hole, which are evenly distributed in the middle. Wooden bricks should be preserved in advance. The reserved holes for installing steel doors and windows, hard frame formwork and heating pipes shall be reserved according to the design requirements, and shall not be chiseled out afterwards. The position, specification, quantity and spacing of Rachel bars in the wall shall be retained according to the design requirements, and shall not be misplaced or missed.

3.4.9 Installation of lintels and beam pads: When installing lintels and beam pads, their elevation, position and model must be accurate and covered with dust. If the ash thickness exceeds 2cm, use pisolite concrete to support it. When lintel is installed, the length of supporting points at both ends should be consistent.

3.4. 10 constructional column method: before bricklaying, the position of constructional column should be well played according to the design drawings, and the constructional column should be inserted straight. When building a wall, the joint with the constructional column will be built into a horse tooth. The height of each horse tooth shall not exceed 30cm (i.e. five-skin brick). Ma Ya should take a step back first. Rachel reinforcement should be placed according to the design requirements. When there is no requirement in the design, generally two horizontal Rachel bars Ф 6 should be set along the wall with a height of 50cm, and the depth of each side into the wall should not be less than1m.

3.5 Winter construction: It is estimated that winter construction will start when the average temperature is lower than +5℃ or the daily minimum temperature is lower than -3℃ 10d. Bricks used in winter need to be defrosted before laying. Ordinary portland cement should be used for cement, and plastering should be frost-proof. If it has been frozen, it should be melted before use. Sand shall not contain frozen blocks larger than 1cm. When heating materials, water heating shall not exceed 80℃, and sand heating shall not exceed 40℃. Water properly when the temperature is positive, and stop when the temperature is negative. The consistency of mortar can be appropriately increased. Cement-free mortar should not be used in winter. When salt is mixed into mortar, Baume hydrometer should be used to check the concentration of salt solution. However, the project with special requirements for heat preservation, heat insulation or decoration shall not be mixed with salt, the mortar temperature shall not be lower than +5℃, and the salt content shall conform to the provisions of the winter application plan. When salt-mixed mortar is used for masonry, the reinforcement in masonry should be treated with anti-corrosion in advance, and two layers of anti-rust paint are generally applied.

4 quality standards

4. 1 guarantee project:

4. 1. 1 The variety and strength grade of brick must meet the design requirements.

4. 1.2 mortar varieties and strength should meet the design requirements. The average compressive strength of each test block of mortar of the same variety and strength grade is not less than the design strength value, and the minimum strength of any test block is not less than 75% of the design strength.

4. 1.3 Masonry mortar must be dense and full, and the mortar fullness of horizontal mortar joint of solid brick masonry shall not be less than 80%.

4. 1.4 It is forbidden to leave straight if at the corner of the external wall, and the practice of leaving straight if at other temporary breaks must comply with the regulations.

4.2 Basic items:

4.2. 1 Masonry staggered joints, brick columns and cribs without core-wrapping method; There is no gap between the window wall and the drywall; There are no 4 skin brick joints in each room (place) of the mixed water wall (joints refer to the overlapping length of the upper and lower skin bricks less than 25mm).

4.2.2 The mortar at the joints of brick masonry should be dense, and the joints and bricks should be straight; The horizontal mortar joint thickness of each joint is not less than 5 mm or there are no more than 5 bright defects.

4.2.3 The quantity and length of embedded lacing bars all meet the design requirements and construction specifications, and the deviation of lien spacing shall not exceed one skin brick.

4.2.4 The constructional column should be kept correct, and Malaysia should step back first and go straight up and down; Clean up the residual mortar.

4.2.5 drywall masonry is correct, vertical joints are smooth, scraping depth is appropriate and consistent, edges and corners are neat, and walls are neat and beautiful.

4.3 See Table 6-2 for allowable deviation items.

Table 6-2

Inspection method of allowable deviation (mm) of the project

1 axis position deviation 10 Check with theodolite, stay wire and ruler.

2 Foundation and wall masonry

Top surface elevation+15 shall be checked with level and ruler.

3 The verticality of each layer is checked with 2m support plate.

Total height ≤ 10m 10.

Check with theodolite or messenger wire and ruler.

> 10m 20

4 Surface flatness

Faceted drywall and column 5

Check with 2m guiding rule and wedge feeler.

Mixing wall and column 8

5 Horizontal mortar joint straightness

Clear water wall 7

Check the ruler quantity of 10m line.

Mixed water wall 10

6 Thickness of cement and mortar joint

(10 cumulative number of leather bricks) 8 Check the ruler against the leather pole.

7. Clear the wall and have a roof

20 Pay-off and ruler quantity inspection shall be subject to the first leather brick at the bottom.

8 doors and windows Dongkou

Check the width of (rear plug) by 5 feet.

Door height+15 (-5)

9 reserved constructional column (width and depth) 10 foot quantity inspection.

10 Offset of upper and lower windows of external wall 20

Check with theodolite or messenger wire, and the bottom window shall prevail.

5 finished product protection

5. 1 Wall Rachel reinforcement, seismic structural column reinforcement, formwork concrete wall reinforcement and various embedded parts, heating and sanitation, electrical pipes, etc. It shall be protected and shall not be removed or damaged at will.

5.2 Mortar consistency should be appropriate, and mortar should be prevented from splashing dirty walls when building walls.

5.3 When hoisting platform scaffolding or installing large formwork, commanders and crane drivers should carefully command and operate to prevent collision with brick walls that have been built by laying bricks or stones.

5.4 The surrounding of the elevated feed inlet shall be covered with plastic film or wooden board to keep the wall clean.

5.5 For the walls and columns without floor slab or roof slab, measures such as temporary support should be taken to ensure the stability of the wall during construction when strong wind may occur.

6 Quality problems that should be paid attention to

6. 1 The foundation wall is staggered from the upper wall: the bottom of the foundation brick should be laid correctly, and both sides of the big corner should be equal. Back to the front of the wall, check whether the axis and edge are correct. If the deviation is small, it can be corrected at the foundation, and it is not allowed to retreat from the platform or walk out of the edge above the moistureproof layer.

6.2 Sewing of drywall: When arranging bricks, the vertical joints must be arranged evenly, and the height of bricklaying in the first step is completed. Hang straight elastic line in the vertical position of brick every 2m, and continue to hang straight elastic line when laying bricks in the second step. The length of the seven parts should be consistent from bottom to top, and the upper window must be perpendicular to the lower window.

6.3 Uneven size of mortar joint: ensure the elevation of pole is consistent, grasp mortar joint evenly when setting angle, and tighten the thread when laying bricks to prevent one layer of thread from being loose and the other layer of thread from being tight.

6.4 The vertical seam on the upper part of the window becomes alive: in order to make the walls and piles between the windows in order, the broken work should be placed in the middle or inconspicuous position, and the first row of bricks on the lintel should not be made alive at will.

6.5 Brick wall arching: When building the external brick internal formwork wall, 6cm× 12cm through holes are reserved on the upper, middle and lower sides of the window wall and the seismic column, and wooden formwork is placed on the external wall of the seismic column, and the formwork is firmly connected with the flower basket bolt. Concrete shall be poured in layers, and the vibrating rod shall not directly contact the external wall. The three-skin 12cm brick wall outside the floor ring beam should also be strengthened seriously. If the brick wall is found bulging during vibrating, it should be demolished and rebuilt in time.

6.6 Rough mixing wall: tongue ash is not scraped completely, and half a brick is used intensively, resulting in joints; The deviation on the back of thick brick wall is large; Brick walls crisscross to form spiral walls. Half a brick should be scattered on the larger surface of the wall. The first skin brick on the first floor or floor should check the elevation and height of the skin pole to prevent the spiral wall from being built at the top. Thick brick walls should be hung by hand.

6.7 The masonry at the constructional column does not meet the requirements: the constructional column brick wall should be built with big teeth and set with Rachel bars. Both sides should retreat from the foot of the column. When the chisel depth is 12cm, it is advisable to put one skin 6cm from the top, and then put another skin at 12cm, so as to ensure that the ground ash and brick slag impurities in the upper corner compact constructional column must be cleaned up during concrete pouring to prevent concrete.

7 quality records

This process standard should have the following quality records:

7. 1 materials (brick, cement, sand, steel, etc. ) factory certificate and retest report.

7.2 Mortar block test report.

7.3 subentry project quality inspection and evaluation.

7.4 Hidden inspection and preview records.

7.5 Winter construction records.

7.6 Design change and negotiation records.

7.7 Other technical documents.