Summary of knowledge points that must be remembered in Chinese at the beginning of Xiaoshengchu

# Xiaoshengchu # Introduction Xiaoshengchu is the most important exam for sixth-grade students. Students need to summarize some knowledge points that must be remembered if they want to get a good grade in Chinese. I strongly recommend the induction of Chinese knowledge points in Xiaoshengchu for everyone's reference. Welcome to read!

Basic knowledge points of Chinese in Xiaoshengchu

1. Over time:

A gentleman is always striving for self-improvement. The Book of Changes is a hundred years old if you are ambitious.

heirloom

Don't be idle, it's sad to be a teenager! "Man Jiang Hong" is easy for young people to learn from old age, and an inch of time is not light.

Lu Manman is Xiu Yuan, and I will go up and down. "Li Sao"

does not accumulate steps, and it is a thousand miles away; If you don't accumulate small streams, you can't make rivers and seas. "Xunzi"

2. Accumulate over a long period (classic couplets)

The ground is full of red flowers, and the sky is even clear and blue. (palindrome)

It's five o'clock in one night and two and a half in the middle of the night. It's in September and Mid-Autumn Festival in August in Sanqiu. (Numerals)

The emerald green is red, and there are birds and swallows everywhere, with ups and downs. (couplet)

There are green hills outside the building, white clouds outside the mountain, and clouds flying over the sky; Green trees by the pool, red rain by the trees, and rain by the stream. (thimble)

3. Accumulate over a long period (two-part allegorical sayings)

Liu Guanzhang's three sworn relationships in Taoyuan-Kong Ming borrows the east wind at the turn of life and death-clever use of the weather

Guan Gong goes to the meeting-straight to Xu Shu's Cao Ying-without saying a word

Liang Shanbo's strategist-none (Wu) uses Sun Monkey's face. -(Germany) Goethe

Let the horn of prophecy ring! Oh, west wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind? -(British) Shelley

The cause of fruit is noble, and the cause of flower is sweet, but let me do the cause of leaf in the shadow of silent dedication. -(India) Tagore

If life deceives you, don't worry, don't worry, be calm in gloomy days, believe it, and happy days will come. -Pushkin

Important knowledge points of Chinese in Xiaoshengchu

Explanatory method is a way to properly express the actual situation of things in concise language when writing explanatory articles. There are many explanation methods, and the explanation method should be chosen according to the characteristics of the explanation object and the purpose of writing.

The basic requirements of the language of expository writing are scientific, rigorous, accurate, concise and clear; Literary expositions also require vividness and vividness. Proper use of explanatory methods can improve the scientificity and accuracy of explanatory language, make the explanatory object more specific and vivid, make readers understand and understand the author's meaning more clearly, enhance persuasion, and sometimes enhance readers' reading interest and highlight the theme.

Explanations

There are 11 common explanations, including examples, categories, figures, comparisons, charts, definitions, quotations, interpretations, metaphors, imitations and assumptions.

Primary schools commonly have examples, figures, metaphors, comparisons, and classifications. The nature and function of the topic:

Examples are cited to illustrate things, so as to make the things to be explained concrete for readers to understand. This explanation method is called examples.

Benefits: It makes the meaning expressed in the article clearer and more understandable to readers, and specifically explains the characteristics of the object.

Example: Clouds can foretell the weather. For example, in Xinjiang, the appearance of clouds means that it will rain. -Reading the Weather from Clouds (giving corresponding examples according to a wide range)

Numbering

In order to make the things to be explained concrete, you can also use the method of numbering for readers to understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures must have reliable basis and try to be approximate.

Advantages: The explanation by listing figures can not only accurately and objectively reflect the facts, but also be convincing. It also embodies the accuracy of the explanatory text and accurately explains the characteristics of the explanatory object.

Example: Zhao Zhouqiao is very majestic, with a total length of 5.82 meters, a width of 9.6 meters at both ends, and a slightly narrow middle with a width of 9 meters. -"Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" (reflecting accuracy)

Metaphor

The explanation method of using the similarities between two different things to highlight the shape characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of the explanation is called metaphor.

The explanation method of analogy in explanatory writing is consistent with metaphor and association in figures of speech. The difference is that there are similes, metaphors, and metaphors in figurative rhetoric, while similes and metaphors are often used in descriptions, while metaphors are not suitable.

benefits: abstract things become concrete and vivid. Illustrates the characteristics of the object.

Example: The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow. -"China Stone Arch Bridge" can make the object to be explained vivid. )

comparison

comparison is an explanation method of comparing two kinds of things and phenomena with the same or different categories to illustrate the characteristics of things. Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison. The characteristics of things often appear in comparison. When making a comparison, it can be a comparison of the same kind or a comparison of different kinds, and things can be "horizontally compared" or "vertically compared".

benefits: it highlights the characteristics of the description object.

Example: When the Yongding River flooded, it was very strong. Before, the riverbanks on both sides of the river were often washed away, but nothing happened to this bridge, which shows its firmness. -"China Stone Arch Bridge" (highlighting the characteristics of the explained object. )

classification

It is often difficult to explain the characteristics of things unilaterally. According to the similarities and differences of shapes, properties, causes, functions and other attributes, things can be divided into several categories and then explained one by one according to the categories. This method of explanation is called classification. Classification is an important way to explain complex things clearly. Sometimes the characteristics and essence of things need to be explained in several aspects, which is also a classification.

benefits: clear organization and clear at a glance. The characteristics of the object are clearly explained.

Example: According to the construction materials of the screen and the gorgeous degree of decoration, it can be divided into gold screen, silver screen, gold screen, painted screen, stone screen, wooden screen, bamboo screen, etc., so there is a difference between elegance and vulgarity in art, and it also reveals the different economic and cultural levels of users. -"Say" Screen "(Make readers understand the types of screens. )

Explaining the method and skills:

(1) Clearly explaining the object

When reading the article explaining things, whether it is the whole article or the whole paragraph, we must first grasp what the article explains, that is, what the object is. So how to find the right object?

① Look at the topics, many of which are the objects of explanation. Such as China Stone Arch Bridge.

② Grasp the first general sentence and the central sentence. Good expository texts often use this sentence to highlight the things and characteristics to be explained.

(2) Grasping the characteristics of things

The characteristics of things are mainly manifested in structure (inside and outside), shape (size, length, etc.), nature (hard, soft, cold, hot, etc.), change (dynamic, static, fast, slow), cause (simple, complex), function (width, positive and negative) and so on.

generally speaking, the main points to be explained in explanatory texts are often the characteristics of things. In addition to the key points of the explanation, it is also necessary to find out which aspects of the characteristics of things are introduced by the author and from which angles.

For example, the article Immortality of the Dead Sea illustrates the characteristics of the Dead Sea from three angles: first, the "death" of the Dead Sea (phenomenal characteristics), then the "immortality" of the Dead Sea (essential characteristics), and finally the "immortality" and "death" of the Dead Sea (current situation and future development characteristics). In this way, the comprehensive characteristics of the Dead Sea are revealed layer by layer.

Another example is Suzhou Gardens, which focuses on the general feature that "no matter where you stand, there is always a perfect picture in front of you", and explains it from five aspects: the layout of pavilions and pavilions; The cooperation of rockeries and ponds; Against the flowers and trees; The level of close-range prospect; As well as the carving and color of doors and windows. In this way, the characteristics of Suzhou gardens are comprehensively grasped by inductive analysis from different aspects.

(3) Inductive explanation methods

When reading an explanation article, you can mark the explanation methods used in the article while reading it, and then summarize which methods are mainly used, and then analyze the role of these explanation methods in accurately explaining the characteristics of things.

(4) Summarize the main points paragraph by paragraph

When summarizing the main points, we should pay attention to the role of the first enclosing sentence, the last concluding sentence or the questioning sentence, and the role of the statement that defines or explains the concept. You can sketch out these sentences when reading. Use complete sentences when summarizing the main points, and the meaning should be concise and to the point. On the basis of summarizing the main points paragraph by paragraph, the full text is divided into relatively independent parts by the method of "similar merger", the general idea of each part is summarized, and the general idea of each part is connected in turn, so that the explanation order of the full text can be clearly displayed.

the order in which descriptions are used depends on the description object. Generally speaking, the time sequence is used to explain the evolution and development of things; Spatial order is used to describe buildings; Introduce high-tech products or explain the relationship between things, in logical order.

(5) Grasp the center

On the basis of clarifying the order of explanation, we can easily see the basic structure of the article by analyzing the relationship between paragraphs and parts. If it is a total-fraction structure, we should also focus on the principle of combining the "fractions", whether they are parallel, progressive or contain the total score relationship. The progressive structure should focus on how the meaning of each layer develops step by step, from phenomenon to essence, from individual to general, or from result to reason and so on.

after grasping the structure, you can draw a schematic diagram of the structure. The center of explanation is to sum up an explanatory article to explain what characteristics of the things being explained or what things are explained. On the basis of clarifying the order of explanation and grasping the structure of the article, it is not difficult to summarize the center of explanation.

(6) Understanding language accuracy

Accuracy is the characteristic of explanatory language. Analyzing the language of explanatory writing is to see how words and sentences accurately explain the characteristics of things to be explained. Pay attention to analyzing the function of key words.

knowledge points required for junior high school Chinese

Pinyin

First, review points

1. Confirm the pronunciation of initials and finals, and remember 16 syllables as a whole.

2. Learn the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet List by heart, and remember the writing methods of 26 uppercase and lowercase letters.

3. Spell syllables skillfully and accurately, and read, correct pronunciation, read and learn Mandarin with the help of Chinese Pinyin.

4. Master the spelling rules of Chinese Pinyin.

5. Read the tones correctly and mark the syllables according to Chinese spelling rules.

2. Knowledge platform

1. Master 23 initials, 24 finals and 16 syllables of Chinese Pinyin.

(1) initial: BP M F D T N L G K H J Q X ZHCH SH R Z C S Y W

(2) vowel: Mi

① Single vowel (6): AOE I U u

② Compound vowel (9): aiei ui ao ou iu ie üe er (special vowel). : anen in un ü n ang eng ong

(3) Recognize the syllables as a whole: Zhi Chi Shi Ri Zi Si Yi Wu Yu Ye Yue Yin Yun Yuan Ying

2. Learn the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet by heart, and recite and write 26 upper and lower case letters in sequence.

(1) uppercase: ABC D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

(2) lowercase: ab c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

3. Mastering spelling methods, being able to spell syllables skillfully and accurately, and being able to read, pronounce and use Chinese pinyin.

(1) Two spellings: the first sound is light and short, and then the second sound is heavy, and the two sounds are connected and slammed.

gò u zà o lá ng bè i q ū g ? n hó ng qí

Construct a wolf to drive the red flag

(2) Three spellings: the sound is light, the vowel is bright, and the three-tone continuous reading is very convenient.

pi à o Liang qi ? o mi à o Xi ? o Ji à ng bi ā n Ji ā ng

beautiful and clever little generals will border the border

4. Read the tone correctly.

The change of the high, low, rising and falling of a syllable is called tone, which is an indispensable part of a syllable and plays an important role in distinguishing the meaning of a word. Different tones on the same syllable will produce different pronunciations and express different meanings at the same time. Such as: bāo (bag) báo (hail) b? o (full) bào (hug). There are only four tones in Putonghua, which are divided into level tone (-), rising tone (ˊ), rising tone (ˇ) and falling tone (ˋ). Their pronunciation is: one level tone, two rising tones, three turning tones and four falling tones.

5. Read and remember the intonation formula.

Tone symbols are marked on the main vowels of syllables, and you can remember the formula: don't let go when you see A, and don't say a single vowel when there is no A to find O, E, I and U in parallel; I don't write on the tone, but I don't write on the tone when I meet a light tone. Such as: adjourn (xi ū hu).

6. Understand the function and usage of sound insulation symbols.

when syllables starting with "a, o, e" are connected with other syllables, if the boundaries of syllables are easy to be confused, they should be separated by sound insulation symbols ('). The soundproof symbol (') is written in the upper left corner between the two syllables. Such as: piǎo 鸘鸘 o (fur coat).

7. Pay attention to the two points above and omit the rules.

when spelling syllables, when the vowel starting with u is spelled with initials j, q and x, the two points above u should be omitted, such as: giant (jùrén), and when the vowel starting with u is spelled with initials n and l, the two points of u cannot be omitted, because the initials n and l can also be spelled with the vowel u. Such as land (Lü dì) and green land (lǜdì).

8. Pay attention to the phonetic change of Er Hua.

"er (n)", as a suffix, follows other words. It can't form a syllable alone, but it is linked with the previous syllable, so that the vowel of the previous syllable has a tongue-rolling ending, which is called Erhua rhyme. When spelling a vowel, just add an "r" after the vowel of a vowel syllable. Such as Honghuaer (hóng huār).

9. Distinguish the flat tongue from the tongue. Z, C, S, zh, ch, sh are the sounds behind the tip of the tongue. When pronounced, the tip of the tongue tilts up against the front of the palate (E), so it is called tongue-popping. Words with Z, C and S as initials are all words with flat tongue; Words with initial consonants of zh, ch and sh are all words with a tongue.

1. Master the usage of capital letters.

① The first letter at the beginning of a sentence should be capitalized.

such as: yì tiá o dà yú yó ud ì o h ì iǐ qǐ le.