Chinese Poetry Conference

Art

Rhetoric

In classical poetry, rhetorical techniques are quite common. Generally speaking, metaphors, hyperbole, personification, asking questions, and antithetical rhetoric are so common, except for rhetoric such as intertextuality and gold columns which are uncommon and somewhat difficult to understand.

Allusions

Allusions, commonly used methods of expression in ancient poetry, improve the connotation of work and have a certain impact on our reading. Sometimes, if the story is not properly understood the meaning of the direct impact of the whole work rises in value. It must be that the "story" of the work expresses a new meaning after an initial understanding of the original intention of the story through further understanding of the criteria. Generally speaking, the following situations should be paid attention to in the ancient poetry code.

The "points" and "faces" are uneven

Classical poems are generally shorter in length and have limited abilities. Many poems, but slices of life, output limited information to readers. Reader-oriented ideological clues. Excellent poets always express the most exciting and lively part of a beautiful life through vivid images. This is something that should be paid special attention to when appreciating poetry. Understanding this characteristic of poetry will help to have a good understanding of the deep content inherent in the work. Dialectical expression techniques

In ancient Chinese classics, landscapes are very important in creating performance art. Poems are romantic and aspirational. They often use the dialectical method of unity of opposites, but the two are opposite and complementary, thus forming the thought-provoking style of ancient poetry. The artistic charm enables readers to gain endless artistic taste in enjoyment. These dialectical expression techniques include dyeing, virtuality and reality, density, light and shade, clutch, elegance and vulgarity, right and wrong, being hidden, humility and so on. Involving poetry, such as the following middle school textbook, test for illustration.

1. Dyeing

Dyeing is a long-term painting. When painting, look at certain places, stain some places, so draw on the harmonious and unified picture. Borrowing from classical poetry, the author means that the positive intention is emphasized in some places and presented in some places. This is a relatively common lyric poem, usually used as a dye scene; using one word, one word at a time, to express feelings. Rendering is the outstanding will that will guide rendering, interdependence, and harmonious unity.

As Ma Zhiyuan's "The Sky is Pure and the Sand·Autumn Thoughts": "Withered vines and old trees are full of crows, small bridges and flowing water are home to people, the west wind is winding the ancient road and the horses are thin, the sun is setting, and the heart-broken people are at the end of the world." Among them, "The heart-broken people are at the end of the world." "At the end of the world" is the point; the rest of the sentence is "dyed", a sad rendering of lovesickness.

For example, Liu Yong's "Yulin Ling": "Since ancient times, sentimentality has hurt parting. This is more worthy of neglecting the willow bank where the willow bank is awake tonight on the Qingqiu Festival, and the dawn wind is waning.?". The first one is "point", which points out the "hurt parting". The rest of the sentence is "coloring", which does not hurt feelings. Li Qingzhao's "slow voice" is about the use of "suddenly warm but cold", "three cups and two light wines", "late wind", "swallows are also there", "yellow flowers all over the ground", "indus and drizzle" to render Sad emotions, and finally use "theme first, sadness," to point out my "melancholy".

Wang Shifu's "pavilion farewell" in [palace] [correct good], in front of "blue sky, yellow, west wind, north and south wild geese flying. Who knows dyed frost forest drunk" is dyed, "from "Human Tears" is the point. This approach is also used.

Page 2, according to actual situation

Virtual and classical poetry is one of the important arts. The so-called "real" poetry can be elusive to the visual, auditory and other sensory parts; the so-called "virtual" refers to the performance poetry that exists in the human mind and consciousness between parts. In other words, the method describes in detail the hypothesis as it is; the concrete, the real, the virtual abstract; the real evidence, the excuse for the hypothesis; the behavior as real, the hypothesis' words. In the object, the scene is real, fictitious love; seeing is believing, imagining fictitious; there is a real person, who is not fake; who is real, imaginary hermit; the present is real, fictitious past and future; It is called a real number, imaginary etc. are unknown. Depending on the actual situation, it can give people endless imagination and memories, and can also make the poet's emotional expression more profound and comprehensive.

For example, Li Bai's "The Road to Shu is Difficult" comes to virtual reality. From the Five Hills of Silkworm Jianguo, six people write about cuckoos crowing back to the dragon at night and riding camels every day. Their wild imaginations create an amazing road. Shu image.

Li Shangyin's "Jin Se" uses four allusions: "The dream of a small village fascinates butterflies, and the emperor's spring heart takes care of the cuckoo. The sea is bright with tears, and the blue field is warm with jade smoke" to write on the virtual dummy (past experiences, dreams, Frustration, etc.), which inspired the endless imagination of later scholars, and was called the "hazy poetry" of ancient times.

In Li Yu's "Poppy Poppies", "Asking you how much sorrow you can have is just like a river of spring water flowing eastward". Instead, it writes about imaginary reality, and the abstract "sorrow" becomes concrete and perceptible. The river water is fresh, exciting and unforgettable.

3. Density Manipulates Density

Poetry mainly refers to the description of the density of people, things, scenery and objects. Who is sparse, denser and denser. These large and sparse outlines focus on vividness; dense and mostly detailed descriptions, and renderings of key store writing. In poetry, writing is conducive to large sparse landscapes, and dense is conducive to writing a small scene; in words, music, and graceful ones, they are denser than those; bold ones are relatively sparse.

But in poetry, poets sometimes use the method of combining density, in a certain mood, such as in "The ape roars in the wind, the sky is saddened by Du Fu's "Climbing high," and the white bird flies back to the next boundless small in the clear sand of Zhu. Xiao Lamu, the headless rolling Yangtze River "four", the first two sentences are "wind", "sky", "ape roar", "Zhuqing", "white sand", "occupation" three images, there will be a dense atmosphere ; After two "autumns", an image of the "Yangtze River" shows sparseness and vastness. From an aesthetic point of view, because it produces a dense pressing feeling, because it produces a relaxed and sparse cheerful feeling, the slowness forms a close relationship to make the audience psychologically happy; and the author creates a sparse and dense artistic image, which then falls on Against the background of a unique landscape, they set off each other and give people rich imagination.

Another example is Wang Wei's "Mountain Dwelling in the Dark Autumn", "The sky is raining on the mountain, the moon is the weather in late autumn between the photos of pine trees, high rock springs," four, which also win the excitement of density. The first two sentences explain "rain in the empty mountain" and "Mid-Autumn Party". The writing environment and time can be described as sparse and simple; but after two sentences, "moon", "pine", "moonlight", "spring" and "stone" are written. ", "spray", the image is very rich; the sparse appearance is grand, showing a dense and quiet side, which is really refreshing.

4. The movement of things

The movement of the target state is the inspiration of many poets. They often combine some static and dynamic descriptions, so moving to see the static and the dynamic. In static, dynamic and static are intertwined, lining every action, with endless fun.

The cautious "Reading a book on a boat night": "I saw black fishing lanterns, solitary fireflies, scattered stars in the breeze." The first two sentences describe tranquility, and after two writing actions , given to Stardust.

Wang Wei's "Bird Flow": "The osmanthus is busy in autumn, and in the dead of night, it scares the crows when the moon rises in the spring mountain sky, which is the spring of Ming Dynasty." In order to write static and dynamic, flowers, moon, birds Moving, highlighting the quiet spring flow.

Du Fu's "quatrains": "Two orioles sing in the green willows, containing thousands of autumn snows in the Xiling Mountains, and ships thousands of miles away from Dongwu are moored at the gate... Egrets rowing on the sky window." The first two sentences of the written motion, draw two After writing a word, the tranquility of the word for a long time, the wide space, but still seeing the movement, thinking and then the golden, moving poet with a thousand miles of vision; good-looking photos.

Li Bai's "Looking at Tianmen Mountain" is sublime. "The Tianmen is opened and Chutian writes:" Magical flowing water, powerful strength; he also wrote gorgeously with "The clear water flows eastward here" The mountain is secluded, and the strong power is still and steep; then use "both sides of the green mountain" to write stillness, and there is movement in the stillness; "one on the side of the boat" writes action, and there is stillness in the movement; the contrast between static and dynamic has a confrontational effect Strength, and peace in the world, I really can write like a god!

5. Shading

In painting, it mainly refers to the depth of color and the gradient of light and dark. In literary creation, it mainly refers to color language. Concentrated, heavy strokes, fancy strokes; those pale, light strokes written, not yet engraved.

The author's personal pursuit of some light, pursuing some flashy; some tones and facilities, on the two backgrounds, vividly obtain artistic effects.

For example, Wang Anshi's "Fragrant Osmanthus Jinling Nostalgic" does not write the magnificent scenery of Nanjing well, and writes the gorgeous language of autumn with "Xiang Shijian", "Cuifeng", "Sunset", "Colorful Boats are clear" ; The house-viewing sighs and six fights for luxury goods, this is an ancient sorrow, plain language; with thick and light lining, it effectively strengthens the politicians' profound thinking when they see this ancient book.

Zhao "Yijianmei" again, writes "Red Lotus", "Jade Trap", "Luoshang", "Lanzhou", "Jin Shu", "Blue Moon" are not good, layered; write in the next part "Flower", "water", "like" lighter colors; matching tones, fully expressing the pain and the poet's longing; "strong", but unable to solve her own worries, "bright" makes her even more embarrassed?

6. People

Using language in elegant and vulgar style is an art. "Ya" is an elegant one, and "vulgarity" is very popular. Appropriate use of euphemisms and colloquialisms in poetry will taste and enhance the artistic charm of poetry.

Zhang Yanghao, "Sheep Tongguan · Nostalgia on the Hillside", the first seven "peaks and mountains are like gatherings, like angry waves, the mountains and rivers list Tongguan Road, Swansea is intended to be hesitant and undecided, the sad place of Qin and Han" At the end of February, "Xing, people suffered, people suffered" became more and more popular: such a vulgar Chinese character is elegant and fully expresses the concern for the pain felt by the common people!

Another example is Bai Juyi's poem "Recalling Jiangnan", "Jiangnan is good, the scenery is familiar to me", "Can't Jiangnan", this word is popular; "When the sun rises, the flowers on the river are as red as fire, and when spring comes, the river is as green as blue", Elegant language. It is elegant and writes beautiful Jiangnan; it is not vulgar, and they have lost the unique feeling of intimacy and longing, which can be said to complement each other.

7. Cleverness comes from cleverness

It is also the use of artistic language. "Smart" crafts, "modest" are a combination of simplicity and innocence, often receiving unique, interesting artistic effects.

As Jiang Kui "Yangzhou Slow":. "Twenty-four bridges are still there, the waves are swaying in the heart, the cold moon is silent" is simple and innocent, the last two are the former handicrafts. Without the former, the two lost their back; without the latter, the former lost its due expression effect: before and after, Wang suddenly felt sad and felt the consistency of sighs due to the surge in traffic. Another example is "Su Muzhe" Zhou Yan

Status:. "The wind moves the leaves, the sun is dry, the rain is falling, the lake is clear, one" writes a rising sun, letting the dew dry, the front is relatively simple; the back writes two green water, the wind and water move, shake The leaves seem to be constantly lifted up, like a pen that is very smart. Net

, right and wrong

The poet expresses two aspects of feelings. "Le" means euphemistic and implicit, while "Zhi" means direct and clear. Generally speaking, when a poet is calm, he is tactful and reserved, and when he is excited, he expresses his joy. In real life, the author's thoughts and feelings are often complex changes, so the work always uses two techniques of bending and direct expression of emotions, and strives to make right and wrong complement each other wonderfully in their hearts.

For example, Li Bai's "Sleepwalking in Heaven and Saying Farewell" describes the wonderful world of fairyland, expresses the longing for heaven, and implicitly expresses the strong dissatisfaction with the way of "song" in reality; at the end of the poem, Shouting loudly: "A powerful thing that can crush my eyebrows and bend my waist, so I can't be happy." This is one of the expressions of "Zhi", a poet, who is completely frank and lovely in his personality.

Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing", although both right and wrong, is not as simple as Li Bai's, but in the title song; he wrote that the woman who played the pipa suffered from life experience and was under direct instruction and sympathized with the working class Fendai, but It is a tortuous expression of political setbacks, a deep understanding of reality and strong secular dissatisfaction. It's unfortunate to say that he is "direct", but he is so expressive that "musical" does not tell the whole story, the only complaint it shares. The use of twists and turns and straightforwardness, the poet's spirit, is really thought-provoking.

9. Downplay

"Implicit" and "explicit", the poet expresses his feelings in two aspects.

"Hidden and Revealed" is very similar to "Right and Wrong", and they are often said to be two, because this song is hidden, but it is obvious. In expressing deep inner thoughts and feelings, poets are often vague and inconvenient in their speeches, using taboo tortuous approaches; others have more direct expressions that are generally understood.

Zhu Qing, who "tested nearly a thousand pieces of water", obviously didn't know what to say about his examination, and was looking forward to a complete success. He was looking forward to Zhang Ji's help, but he couldn't hide his tortuous tone as a virtual bride. Ask the groom: "Ebrow fashion?" Hidden and can be described as a good performance.

Another example is Su Shi's "Jiang Chengzi" (ten years between life and death), which is obviously a memorial to his deceased wife and expresses his feelings, but also vaguely expresses his helpless political feelings of "face covered with dust, temples as frosty," It can be said that it is hidden too deeply.

At 10 o'clock, the clutch is the clutch

The digression is closely involved in the dialectical expression of the next topic. If you write the title, the content will be cramped; if the ink slips, the content will deviate from the topic. The clutch is to pay attention to writing, writing, writing on the positive side, writing in harmony, while writing, writing must be the next subject of service is the service of writing, let the intricate connections of Italian poetry, like real intermittent, swaying on site. This method is very prominent in chanting words, because the ancients advocated that chanting should strive for "no separation" and "no stickiness and no stagnation".

For example, Su Shi's "Water Dragon Yin": "Like a flower or not, but unfortunately no one teaches me when I fall down from the road near my home. Think about it, it is considered a measure of ruthlessness." Rouchang loss, intoxicated Johnson's sleepy eyes. To open and close the wind and dreams, find the place where the man is, and also call from Orioles. "Swaying into the title, I started to like Hua Feihua, and I thought of Yang Hua, and then I missed my wife Yang Hua." , people are never separated, between ordinary differential equations and flowers, things and love reach perfection.

Field, dialectical poetic expression technique, which is more than mentioned above, there are many more, such as angle, also reflected in "size", in the fusion of content and "unexpected and natural" syllable rhythm and "speed," etc.