How were cultural relics moved south?

1933 February, the first batch of cultural relics moved south, and after 1949, the cultural relics returned to the north one after another (the first batch 1500 boxes were brought back from Nanjing in 1953, and a large number of them were transported by1kloc-0/box. The main means of transportation are trains, cars and ships, which are transported in batches through several routes.

1933 Late at night on February 4, Wu Ying stayed in the Forbidden City like many people in the Forbidden City, waiting for thousands of boxes of national treasures and waiting for the order to leave Beijing. In the early morning of the 5th, the entrance to the Forbidden City was heavily guarded, and more than 2,000 boxes of national treasures of the Forbidden City secretly left Beijing on this day ...? When I left home, my wife asked, "Where are you going?" He shook his head and said he didn't know. Not only as the president's secretary, he didn't know that no one in the Forbidden City could tell the final destination and fate of himself and the national treasure at that time. ?

16 years later, the great migration of cultural relics in the Forbidden City, known as the "legendary journey" in the history of world cultural relics, began. From west to south, I went to Shanghai to wait for the exhibition. At Qianmen Railway Station, the escort Wu Ying visited the 18 car full of cultural relics one by one. All the precious documents, paintings and archives in the Forbidden City are there. Everything is priceless, not to mention the complete set of Sikuquanshu. It is priceless.

Therefore, Zhang Xueliang's cavalry is waiting outside the window. When the train starts, the cavalry will gather with the car to guard the guards. Wu Ying, the escort officer in charge of escorting the first batch of cultural relics, and 65,438,000 related escorts, monitors, gendarmes and guards of the Forbidden City were accompanied by three buses. The travel of cultural relics is completely secret and protected by local troops along the way. There are machine guns around the roof, and the whole car is full of policemen with guns. The people in the car lie down with their clothes on. Except for the express train, all other trains must give way to the traditional train first. Important pass, lights out in the car.

Cultural relics of the Forbidden City gathered in front of the noon gate and moved south? In order to avoid Tianjin and Japanese attack, the transfer route is: Pinghan Line turns to Longhai Road, then turns to Jinpu Line, and detours south. When the train arrived at Pukou Station, everyone found that there was no suitable storage place for more than 2,000 boxes of national treasures, and the national treasures could only be left on the train! All escorts know that the conditions on the train can't store cultural relics for a long time, not to mention the precious rare books, calligraphy and painting documents!

Wu Ying's mood was as low as freezing point. He knows that too many people compete for the right to move and store cultural relics in order to profit from it. People who really care about national treasures can't compete, they can only stay on the train and wait, wait, wait! When all the negotiations and struggles are settled. I didn't expect to wait more than 20 days. The local people often whisper about the train that has stopped for a long time. It turned into an unbridled sneer. At that time, there was a saying that "carrying a coffin to find a graveyard". Wu Ying listened to it many times, but every time he shook his head helplessly. ?

When the national treasure was finally allowed to be stored in Shanghai Renji Hospital and Sichuan Lvyeguang Company, Wu Ying could not tell whether he was happy or worried. It is reasonable to be happy that the national treasure finally has a place to store it, but it belongs to the French concession, which really insults the dignity of the national treasure. The national treasure has a place to live, and the Shanghai office of the Palace Museum in Beijing was established.

Since then, four batches of cultural relics have arrived in Shanghai on March 2 1 day, April 5, April 27 and May 22, with a total of five batches 19557 boxes. The next thing to do is to renumber and register the national treasures: Shanghai is in the Antiquities Museum, still in the library, now in the Literature Museum, and Gong is in the Secretariat. The collective name of "a public servant in Shanghai" is really unpleasant, but in any case, the national treasure has a temporary peace.

However, on the way to transshipment, the struggle between people began. A few months ago, the disagreement between Yi Peiji, the president of the National Palace Museum in Zhang Jihe, about the whereabouts of the national treasure has now turned into a fierce contradiction, and this contradiction is not only between them. Zhang Ji's background is Wang Jingwei, and Yi Peiji's background is authentic Kuomintang people such as Wu Zhihui and Li Shiceng.

Both sides moved backstage and brought up the rear, and the dispute between them almost became a dispute between the two factions. 1934, Zhang Ji and his wife colluded with the Supreme Court to accuse Yi Peiji of hiding the treasures of the Forbidden City, and at the same time accused Wu Ying of obstructing official duties. Dean Yi Peiji was forced to take the blame and resign. In the same year, 654381October 24th, the new chairman Ma Heng officially presided over the work in Shanghai. Soon, Wu Ying was forced to leave the Palace Museum where he worked 10 and go south to Wuchang with his family.

Three years later, the Nanjing branch of the Palace Museum was established, and the "Shanghai Mansion" moved to Nanjing and had a temporary "home". However, with the shelter of the national treasure, the comfort did not last long. Less than a year later, due to the July 7th Incident, Nanjing was in a hurry. After that, the national treasures moved south and then moved to the rear area in three ways: south, middle and north, and began their more wandering life.

Chongqing Ferry was the capital of Chongqing at that time, and it was the most legendary among all immigrants who wanted to return to Peiping after the robbery. Speaking of that history, Hu Changjian, director of the Cultural Management Department of the Municipal Museum, who has been engaged in cultural relics research for more than 30 years, is still deeply touched. Hu Changjian introduced that on May 22nd, 1938, cultural relics that had been moved for more than five months secretly entered Chongqing from Hankou, and more than 9,000 boxes of cultural relics arrived in Chongqing, mostly calligraphy and painting. The warehouse should be well concealed and solid, with three final cultural relics storage points.

The first place is the warehouse on the second floor of Chuankang Foreign Firm, which is today's post office building in Datong Street, Yuzhong District, which was a good building at that time. The second is the Andasen foreign firm warehouse in Shishan, Nan 'an. At that time, * * * rented four warehouses and stored nearly 4,000 boxes of cultural relics. Anderson is Swedish, and his warehouse is tall and strong. The third place is Jishi foreign firm warehouse, located in Wangjiatuo, South Bank. ?

When the first batch of more than 700 boxes of cultural relics arrived at Linjiangmen Wharf, the dock porters first moved the cultural relics boxes to the second floor of a simple wooden structure "Hutchison" warehouse temporarily rented by the riverside. Because the boxes were too many and too heavy, the floor was crushed with a bang and two boxes were broken. At that time, the escort came out sweating with fear, and he quickly opened the box for inspection. There were two white porcelain lords in the Ming Dynasty, one with a broken leg and the other intact. 1in April, 939, Japanese planes began to bomb Chongqing intermittently. National treasures must be evacuated from Chongqing as soon as possible. ?

1947, the National Treasure of the Forbidden City, which had drifted for many years, gathered in Xiangjiapo, Chongqing, and finally got the opportunity to load the car and transport it back to Nanjing. ? After the car left Qianjiang, in order to avoid another car overturned again, the car broke down, but the "stone drum" was still intact. When the national treasure left Beijing, people in the Forbidden City had a headache about how to package it. Finally, the antique dealer of Liulichang taught the packaging methods of fragile cultural relics such as porcelain, jade and bronze, such as wrapping, bundling and filling.

Every national treasure is wrapped in several layers of paper, and then tightly wrapped with straw rope. After packaging in turn, fill the gap with cotton and nail the box cover to seal it. People in the Forbidden City specially bought many ordinary porcelains for repeated experiments to ensure that they were not damaged, and then they began to box them with such a program. The whole southward migration lasted 10 years, and hundreds of thousands of national treasures experienced twists and turns, but few people were damaged. From Chongqing to Nanjing, the whole journey is more than 3000 kilometers. These cultural relics were transported by road and water for 56 days and finally arrived in Nanjing safely. ?

The cultural relics removed from the Forbidden City include more than 9,000 paintings and calligraphy, more than 7,000 pieces of porcelain, more than 2,600 pieces of bronzes, mirrors and seals, countless jade articles and 3,773 boxes of documents. In addition to well-known works, it also includes the archives of various departments in the Qing court, the records of emperors in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and notes on residences. The cultural relics of the Forbidden City include all the major categories of ancient culture and art in China, and are unrepeatable treasures handed down from generation to generation. ?

After the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, according to the statistics of the National Government, during the Japanese invasion of China, China suffered heavy losses in cultural relics, but the loss of cultural relics in the Forbidden City was very small. In the process of this legendary cultural relic moving south, people in the Forbidden City and people from all over the world made indelible contributions to the preservation of national treasures, which should be remembered by history. The national treasures of the Forbidden City scattered in Anshun, Emei and Leshan were concentrated in Chongqing on 1946, and then all of them were shipped back to Nanjing, ready to be shipped back to Beiping. ?

From the end of 1948 to the beginning of 1949, 2,972 boxes of cultural relics in South China were transported to Taiwan Province Province and kept in the Palace Museum. ? After 195 1 year, the cultural relics left in Nanjing were transported back to the Palace Museum 10000 boxes, and the remaining 222 1 boxes were left in Nanjing warehouse and owned by Nanjing Museum. ?

Of course, the national treasure's southward migration is not limited to the above, and the hardships and risks are beyond our imagination. After the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, according to the statistics of the National Government, the cultural relics in China suffered heavy losses, but the cultural relics in the Forbidden City suffered little, so that these national treasures finally returned to Beiping intact after more than ten years of twists and turns.