Look for it urgently and explain it ~

When I was a child, I only knew that the shell and meat of dried litchi were brown. Went to primary school. The teacher taught Bai Juyi's Introduction to Litchi, and read that "the shell is like a red ribbon, the membrane is like a purple ribbon, the meat is like Bai Rubing snow, and the pulp is as sweet as cheese. Litchi is not red, which is really incomprehensible! Litchi meat, Bai Rubing snow, isn't it even more strange? Ask the teacher a question, the teacher has never seen fresh litchi, and the explanation is not clear, so he has to give up. If it is now, even if the teacher has never seen fresh lychees, he can find out scientific materials and explain them to the pupils who are a little obsessed.

Bai Juyi described the shape of litchi with concrete brushstrokes, but there are some shortcomings. Tapirs are silk fabrics, which are smooth, but litchi shells are rough. In the terminology of fruit science, there are small and decisive lobes on the surface of litchi shell, which are called lobes like tortoise shells. There is a prominent part in the center of the leaf, some of which are as sharp as thorns. This is the so-called flaky peak. Lobes are dense in size and flat in peak value, which varies with different varieties.

Ripe lychees are mostly dark red or purple. Born at the head of a tree, of course, you can't see its shell structure from a distance, only red comes into view, so it is very realistic to compare it to "crimson capsule", "red star" and "coral bead". As for the whole tree, even a forest, it will become a beautiful scenery of "flying flames want to wear the sky" and "red clouds are heavy". Litchi ripens in Guangdong from late April to July, and in Fujian from late June to August, with the peak in July. "Zhou Nan June Litchi Egg" refers to June of the lunar calendar, which coincides with July of the solar calendar. Litchi is also reddish, such as "March Red" and "Guilv" produced in Guangdong. There is also a kind of Huangmei, which is light yellow and reddish. Litchi is heart-shaped, oval or round, usually with a large pedicle and a slightly smaller top. The pedicel is slightly prominent around it, which is called fruit shoulder; Some are high and low. The top is called the fruit top, round or pointed. There is a groove from the top of the fruit to both sides of the pedicle, which is called suture. Appearance and concealment vary from species to species. There are some rare species in the old records, such as "dragon teeth" as slender as fingers and "pearls" as small as pearls. They are now extinct because of their lack of economic value.

Litchi is generally three or four centimeters in diameter and weighs more than ten or twenty grams. In the 1960s, Guangdong investigated and found that there were goose egg-shaped Dali and clove-shaped Dali, weighing 40 to 50 grams. There is also the "Nanmu Leaf" produced in Hejiang, Sichuan. "Atlas of Improved Fruit Trees in Sichuan" says that the weight is about19g, while "Cultivation in china fruit" says that big fruit weighs 60g. The so-called "film is like purple gauze" refers to the white film that clings to the inner wall of the shell. To call it "like purple gauze" is to mistake the pattern on the inner wall of the shell for the pattern of the membrane. In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Bo wrote a poem "Ode to Litchi Membrane", which describes throwing the shell and membrane on the ground when eating litchi, as if "the lotus petals fall before the wind and the peach blossoms are beautiful after the rain", which is an exaggeration.

Litchi pulp is mostly white and translucent, so it is absolutely correct to say that it is "snow in Bai Rubing". The others are yellow. From the botanical point of view, it is not the pulp, but the membrane outside the seed, which should be called aril. The real pulp is the film thrown away with the shell. The cell wall of litchi meat is very thin, so there is no residue left at the entrance. Sweet and slightly sour, suitable for raw food. Some are pure and sweet. Early maturing variety Suan. When litchi is dried or dried, the meat turns reddish brown and completely loses its white appearance.

Litchi is not resistant to storage, as Bai Juyi said, "The color changes in one day, the fragrance changes in two days, the taste changes in three days, and the color and fragrance are gone in four or five days." It is proved that the temperature can be kept at 65438 0℃ to 5℃ and can be stored for about 30 days. Further efforts should be made to extend the storage period to facilitate long-distance transportation, because litchi is not resistant to storage. In ancient times, Gong Yan wanted to eat litchi, so he had to send someone from the south to fly to Chang 'an or Luoyang, which brought people a lot of pain. Emperor Tang Ming did such a thing to spoil Yang Guifei. In the Tang Dynasty, Du Mu said: "Chang 'an looked back and led piles, and the top of the mountain opened a thousand times. "Riding the world of mortals princess smile, but it is litchi. It is a mockery of this matter.

Litchi is a seed, oblong, smooth and brown, and a few varieties are green. Excellent litchi, with undeveloped seeds and small shape, has lilacs, also called scorched pits. Now in Hainan Island, the deboned litchi kernel is even more degraded.

The flowering period of litchi is from early February to early April, which varies with varieties. Guangdong has double-season litchi, which blooms twice a year. Litchi has four seasons and blooms four times a year. The flower shape is small, green and white or light yellow, not dazzling. Flowers are divided into male flowers and female flowers, and only a few varieties have complete flowers. Male and female flowers often do not bloom at the same time, so it is advisable to choose suitable varieties to plant together to increase pollination opportunities. A litchi inflorescence can have one or two thousand flowers, but the result is always less than a hundred, so there is a proverb "litchi has ten flowers and one son". Litchi is an important nectar source plant with many flowers and long flowering period.

Litchi originated in China and is a special product of China. There are wild litchi forests in Hainan Island and Lianjiang, which can prove that China is the place of origin. According to records, Wei Tuo, king of South Vietnam, paid tribute to Emperor Gaozu, which shows that there were lychees in Guangdong at that time. Its cultivation history has been more than 2000 years since then. There are many records of litchi in Sichuan in the Tang Dynasty. Since the publication of Cai Xiang's Litchi Spectrum (1059), litchi in Fujian has also received attention. Litchi is also produced in Guangxi and Yunnan, but few people talk about it.

There are thirteen books about litchi in ancient times, including Cai Xiang's, and there are eight left. There is only one record in Guangdong. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were records of Chen Dingpu in Sichuan, Guangdong and Fujian provinces. Vegetable Garden is not only the earliest work in the annals of china fruit, but also the earliest work in the world. The contents include the origin, ecology, function, processing, marketing and historical events of litchi, and 32 litchi varieties are recorded. Among them, "Chen Zi" is still widely planted. "Song Gong Litchi", now called "Song Jiaxiang", has an old tree, which still grows in the Songshi Ancestral Hall in Putian and still bears fruit every year. This thousand-year-old tree is more precious.

Litchi is a subtropical fruit tree with mild nature, and Chengdu and Fuzhou are the northern limits of its growth. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once built the Fuli Palace and transplanted litchi to Chang 'an, but they didn't have any seeds. Those who vent their anger on nature protection actually put them to death. During their stay in Song Huizong, Fujian people "put small plants in clay pots, sailed to Quexia and transplanted Xuanhetang". Huizong once wrote a poem boasting: "Densely moved to Fujian Mountain, and no new litchi Dan was planted." Actually, it was only once that year. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a poem "Xinli Pian", which said that several plants of Changshu Gujia survived. "The immortal was originally a seamount, and since then Jiangxiang has sprouted." But how many years have you lived? There is no following. Now that science is developed, it is not necessary to move litchi northward in the future.

China has a vast territory, and different regions have different specialties. It is feasible to develop local characteristics according to local conditions. Litchi production should be vigorously developed in areas rich in litchi. Su Shi has a poem saying: "In the four seasons of spring in Luofu Mountain, oranges and bayberry blossoms are new." 300 lychees a day, it is better to grow into Lingnan people. "But how many people can there be for 300 yuan a day? The socialist modernized litchi production should be able to gradually meet the needs of the broad masses of the people.

First, the basic content of the text

In this paper, the shape, storage and transportation of litchi are accurately explained, and the habits, producing areas and cultivation history of litchi are generally introduced, which is full of confidence in the future of litchi production in China.

This paper is divided into two parts. The first part (1 ~ 10) explains the shape and fruit of litchi in three levels.

The first layer is the paragraph 1, which questions the teacher's introduction about learning "Litchi Picture Preface" in primary schools and leads to the topic of "Litchi". When I was a child, I only knew that "the shell and meat of dried litchi were brown", which was different from the litchi described in the preface to litchi, and the teacher couldn't explain it clearly when asking questions. This kind of opening is cordial and lively, which is in line with students' reading psychology. Quoting the poem of Bai Juyi's Preface to Litchi provides a basis for the different views on Litchi mentioned later.

The second layer is paragraphs 2-5, which mainly describes the external morphology (shell, color, fruit shape and size) of litchi. The author disagrees with Bai Juyi's statement that "the shell is like a red dragonfly", and thinks that "the dragonfly is a silk fabric with smooth silk fabric and rough litchi shell"; After explaining the color of "cooked litchi", the author doesn't feel full. Taking "crimson capsule", "red star" and "coral bead" as examples, it is vivid and lifelike. The fruit shape of litchi is heart-shaped, oval or round, and it is pushed out from the pedicle to the top and sides in turn. Speaking of the size of litchi, the author introduced the size and weight of litchi with the method of column data, which is true and credible.

The third layer is section 6 ~ 10, which mainly describes the fruits (membrane, meat, stone and flower) of litchi. The author disagrees with Bai Juyi's statement that the film is like purple gauze, and thinks that Bai Juyi "mistook the pattern on the inner wall of the shell for the pattern of the film" and should be "a white film in the shell that clings to the inner wall of the shell"; I object to Bai Juyi's statement that "Bai Rubing's skin is like snow", and think that "skin" is actually not meat, but an "aril" developed from a layer of "membrane", and "real skin is a membrane that is thrown away with the shell". Subsequently, the author explained the shape, color and species of litchi stone in concise language. The flower of litchi is not the fruit of litchi in content, but the flower and the fruit are inseparable, and only the flower can bear fruit, so it is introduced together. Its main characteristics are many litchi flowers and long flowering period. On this floor, paragraph 8 also introduces the storage and transportation of litchi. Obviously, storage and transportation does not belong to the category of fruit, but storage and transportation is mainly to keep litchi delicious and closely related to fruit, so it is introduced after "meat".

This part mainly introduces litchi fruit, and adopts the order of explanation from the outside to the inside.

The second part (paragraph 1 1 ~ 14) mainly introduces litchi production.

1 1 paragraph describes the origin distribution of litchi, which proves that litchi originated in China with "there are wild litchi forests in Hainan Island and Lianjiang"; King Nanyue paid tribute to Emperor Gaozu, which proved that litchi had been cultivated in China for at least 2,000 years. 12 and 13 ancient books about litchi, especially Vegetable Garden, are all used to show that litchi originated in China. In paragraph 13, in order to illustrate litchi's "warm-loving" habit, "Cheng and Min are the northern limits of its growth", the author lists the stories of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Gu and litchi in the poems of Harmony, indicating that predecessors loved litchi and wanted to move northward, but failed. Instead, they encouraged our scientists to work hard with the words "Now that science is developed, it may not be completely impossible to move litchi northward in the future". 14 quotes Su Shi's poems, which means that ancient poems are used today. In ancient times, only Yang Guifei and others could enjoy litchi. Today, we develop litchi production to benefit the working people.

From the full text, the order of the first part and the second part is from main to secondary.

Second, the comprehensive application of various interpretation methods.

Use analogy to make the explained things more vivid. For example, compare litchi to crimson sacs, red stars and coral beads, compare patches of litchi forests to "Flying to the sky" and "Hongyun Wan Li", and compare exotic litchi varieties to "Dragon teeth as thin as fingers, pearls as small as pearls" and so on.

Use the method of enumerating data to make the facts conclusive and more convincing. For example, when introducing the size of litchi, "it is generally three or four centimeters in diameter and weighs ten to twenty grams"; For example, when introducing the storage of litchi, it is said that "it is confirmed by research that the temperature can be kept at 1℃ to 5℃ and it can be stored for about 30 days"; Another example is to introduce the results of litchi, saying that "a litchi inflorescence can have one or two thousand flowers, but the result is always below 100", and so on.

Use examples to enhance the weight and persuasiveness of the article. For example, in order to let Yang Guifei eat fresh litchi, Tang "will send people to fly from the south to Chang 'an or Luoyang"; For example, in order to prove that litchi has existed in Guangdong for a long time, the example of "Wei Tuo, king of South Vietnam, presented litchi to Emperor Gaozu" was used.

It should be pointed out that the most prominent explanation method in this paper is quotation. There are as many as 20 quotations from ancient poems, historical materials and stories, which not only enhance the literary color of the article, but also enrich the content of the article. For example, quoting ancient poems and Bai Juyi's preface to litchi gives people a novel and fascinating feeling, which provides a basis for the author and Bai Juyi's different views on litchi.

Third, accurate and concise descriptive language

Language factors are very important for the author to present the object and content of interpretation to readers objectively and scientifically. The language of explanatory writing must be accurate and concise. For example, in paragraph 12, "Litchi 13 species are recorded in ancient books, including those in Cai Xiang", and it is more objective to add "now known" because "13 species" is only judged from the documents found at present, and there may be new discoveries in the future, which will exceed 6,500 species. For example, in paragraph 13, "It may not be completely impossible for litchi to move northward in the future", in a speculative tone, it actually means that it may happen in the future, but it is uncertain whether it will happen. For example, in paragraph 14, "litchi production should be vigorously developed in litchi-rich areas", but not all areas can vigorously develop litchi production, and the scope of "litchi-rich areas" is small, so it is possible to vigorously develop litchi production.