Tall slogan

Prep = preposition; Preposition, abbreviation of preposition

Pron = pronoun, abbreviation of pronoun

Noun, abbreviation of noun

V = verb, also refers to transitive verbs and intransitive verbs, abbreviations of verbs.

Conj = conjunction, abbreviation of conjunction

Adjective, abbreviation of adjective

Adverb, abbreviation of adverb

Art = article, the abbreviation of the article

Num = number, abbreviation of number

Int = interjection, short for interaction

U = uncountable noun, abbreviation of uncountable noun.

C = countable noun, short for countable noun.

There are many parts of speech, which are generally enough, but they are not commonly used ~

Some explanations will make you understand the meaning of part of speech more clearly ~ (Chinese-English comparison)

In Chinese, words with "de" are called adjectives and can be used as predicative or attributive.

This is similar to the situation in English, where adjectives are also used as predicative or attributive.

Example: beautiful

Han: She is very beautiful (of course, we usually say that she is beautiful without' truth').

She is a beautiful girl.

L 1: She's beautiful. She is a beautiful girl.

Chinese words with "land" are called adverbs plus verbs, which is similar to the situation in English. In English, when an adjective is converted into an adverb with the same meaning, "-ly" is added.

Example: Soon.

H: He runs as fast as he can.

L 1: He runs fast.

In Chinese,' de' is generally a verb+de+(adverb? ) Anyway, the last word is a complement.

In English, this usage and adverbial usage are almost only expressed in Chinese.

Example:

Han: He runs very fast.

L 1: He runs fast.

Some usages ~ tell you how to use these parts of speech ~

Adjectives/definite articles/indefinite articles are used to modify nouns.

Adj can modify countable nouns plural or singular definite articles can modify uncountable and countable nouns.

The indefinite article a/an modifies the singular of countable nouns.

Adverbs modify verbs or verb phrases.

Verb followed by adjective or present participle

Preposition followed by gerund

Generally used at the beginning of a sentence, there are be verbs and special interrogative words (how what where ...), while other imperative sentences are usually not … ...

Modal verb followed by verb prototype

The connecting verb (Lv. ) followed by the adjective original level.

Regular changes of noun-noun plural

Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are the proper names of a person, a place or an institution, such as Beijing and China. Common nouns are nouns of a class of people or things or an abstract concept, such as books and sadness. Common nouns can be divided into the following four categories:

1) individual noun: it means an individual in a certain kind of person or thing, such as a gun.

2) collective noun: a collection of several individuals, such as family.

3) Material nouns: physical objects that cannot be divided into individuals, such as air.

4) abstract nouns: abstract concepts such as action, state, quality and feeling, such as work.

Individual nouns and collective noun can be counted by numbers, which are called countable nouns, while material nouns and abstract nouns cannot be counted by numbers, which are called uncountable nouns. To sum up, the classification of nouns can be shown in the following figure:

_______________________________________

proper noun

||||||| Individual nouns |

Countable noun

collective noun

Common nouns

|||||||| Material Noun |

uncountable noun

|||| Abstract nouns

Regular change of nouns-plural of other nouns

1) When proper nouns ending in y or nouns ending in vowel +y become plural, directly add s to become plural:

Two Mary and Henry

Monkey-Monkey Holiday-Holiday

Comparison: Floor: Story-Story-Story

2) nouns ending in o in plural:

A. add s, such as: photo-photo piano-piano.

Zoo radio broadcasting;

B. add es, such as: potato-potato-tomato.

C. anything, such as zero-zero/zero.

3) When nouns ending in f or fe become plural:

A. add s, such as: believe-believe roof-roof.

Safe deposit box in the bay;

B. go to f, fe and ves, such as half-half.

Knife-knife-leaf-leaf wolf-wolf

Wife-wife life-life thief-thief;

C. or, for example, a handkerchief:

A handkerchief/handkerchief

Irregular changes of noun-noun plural

1) children-children's feet-feet-teeth-teeth

Mouse-mouse man-man woman-woman

Note: The plural forms of compound words with man and woman are also -men and -women.

For example, one Englishman and two Englishmen. But German is not a compound word, so the plural form is German; Bowman is a surname, and its plural is the Bowman family.

2) Simple isomorphism and complex isomorphism, such as:

Deer, sheep, fish, Chinese food, Japanese food

One Li, Two Jin, Yuan, Two Li, Three Mu, Four Jin

However, in addition to RMB yuan, cents and cents, USD, GBP and FRF all have plural forms. For example:

One dollar, two dollars; One meter, two meters

3) collective noun appears in singular form, but it is actually plural.

For example, the people's police cow itself is plural, so we can't say a people, a policeman and a cow, but we can say.

A person, a policeman, a cow, an Englishman, an Englishman, a Frenchman, a China, a Japanese, a Swiss and other nouns all use the plural when expressing the name of a country.

China people are hardworking and brave. The people of China are hardworking and brave.

4) nouns ending in s are still singular, for example:

A. Nouns in mathematics, politics, physics and other disciplines are uncountable nouns and singular numbers.

B.news is an uncountable noun.

C. America, the United Nations should be considered unique.

The United Nations was founded in 1945. The United Nations was founded in 1945.

D titles of books, plays, newspapers and magazines in plural form can also be regarded as singular.

Arabian Nights is a very interesting story book.

& lt& lt Arabian Nights. This is a very interesting story book.

5) refers to things that consist of two parts, such as glasses, glasses and clothes.

If you represent a specific number, you need to use a quantifier pair (double); Suit (set); A pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

6) The plural forms of some nouns can sometimes express special meanings, such as goods, water and fish.

Noun-expression of uncountable noun quantity

1) material nouns

A. when material nouns are transformed into individual nouns.

Cake is a kind of food. Cake is a kind of food. (uncountable)

These cakes are sweet. These cakes are delicious. (countable)

B. When a substance noun indicates the kind of substance, these nouns can be counted.

This factory produces steel. (uncountable)

We need all kinds of steel. (countable)

C. when the material noun indicates the number of copies, it can be counted.

Our country is famous for tea.

China is famous for its tea.

Two teas, please.

Two teas, please.

2) Abstract nouns are sometimes countable.

Four freedoms, four freedoms.

Four modernizations

Material nouns and abstract nouns can use a certain number of unit words.

For example:

A glass of water, a glass of water

A piece of advice, a piece of advice.

Noun-plural of attributive noun

Nouns are usually used as attributes in the singular form, but there are the following exceptions.

1) uses the plural as an attribute.

Such as: sports games

Student reading room

conference table

Department of foreign languages

2) Be a man, a woman, a gentleman, etc. When used as attributes, their singular and plural numbers depend on the singular and plural numbers of the nouns they modify.

Such as: male workers and female teachers

Officials and gentlemen

3) Some nouns ending in s are used as attributes, and s is reserved.

Such as: truck (truck)

Arms production

Customs documents

Clothes brush

4) When numerals+nouns are used as attributes, nouns generally remain in singular form.

For example, two dozen eggs two dozen/(twenty-four eggs)

Walk ten miles.

Two hundred trees, two hundred trees.

Five-year plan. Five-year plan.

Individuals can be represented in plural, for example, a seven-year-old child.

A detailed explanation of English grammar-part of speech II

Nouns-singular and plural of people from different countries

The common name (plural predicate) is one person and two people.

-

China, China and China.

Switzerland, one Switzerland, two Switzerland.

Yasuji of Australia

Australians. Australians.

Russian, one Russian, two Russians

Italian, one Italian, two Italians.

Greek, one Greek, two Greeks.

French, one French, two French.

Japanese, one Japanese, two Japanese

Americans, one American, two Americans.

Indians, one Indian, two Indians

Canadian, one Canadian, two Canadians.

Germans, one German, two Germans.

An Englishman, an Englishman and two Englishmen.

Swedes, one Swede, two Swedes.

Noun-noun case

In English, some nouns can add "s" to express all relations, and the noun form with this suffix is called the possessive case of the noun, such as: a teachers book. The rules of the possessive case of nouns are as follows:

1) Add "s" at the end of singular nouns and "s" at the end of plural nouns, such as schoolbags and men's toilets for boys.

2) If the noun has the plural suffix -s, just add "",such as workers' struggle.

3) Any noun that cannot be added with "s" can use the structure of "noun +of+ noun" to express all relations, such as the title of a song.

4) When expressing the name of a shop or church or a family, the noun it modifies usually does not appear after the possessive case, such as barbers Barber Shop.

5) If two nouns are tied together and have S respectively, it means "there is difference"; There is only one S, which means there is * * *.

John and Mary's room (two rooms) John and Mary's room (one room)

6) For compound nouns or phrases, s is added at the end of the last word.

Be away for a month or two

Articles and numerals-the use of indefinite articles

Articles are function words, which cannot be used alone and have no meaning. Used before nouns to help express the meaning of nouns. There are three kinds of articles in English, one is definite, the other is indefinite, and the other is zero.

The indefinite article a(an) is homologous to the numeral one, which means "one". A is usually pronounced as [e] before consonant phonemes, while an is usually pronounced as [en] before vowel phonemes.

1) means "one", which means one; Of someone or something, meaning something.

A gentleman named Ling is waiting for you.

2) Represents a class of people or things.

Knives are tools for cutting.

Mr Smith is an engineer.

3. Phrases or idioms.

A little/a few/a lot/a kind/a pile/a lot/a lot/usually/in a hurry/for a minute/in a word/for a while/after a while/with a cold/try/pay attention/suddenly.

Articles and numerals-the usage of definite articles

The definite article the is homologous to the demonstrative pronoun this and that, which means "that(this)one", but it is weak and can be used with nouns to indicate one or some specific people or things.

1) refers to people or things that both parties understand:

Take the medicine. Take the medicine.

2) The person or thing mentioned above:

He bought a house. I have been to that house.

He bought a house. I have been to that house.

3) refers to the only thing in the world:

The sun, the sky, the moon and the earth

4) singular nouns are used together to indicate a class of things, such as dollars;

Fox fox; Or used with adjectives or participles to indicate a class of people: the rich; The living.

5) Before it is used in ordinal number and superlative adjective, it is only used in adjectives, very, identical, etc.;

Where do you live? I live on the second floor. Where do you live? I live on the second floor.

That's what I've been looking for. That's exactly what I'm looking for.

6) Used in conjunction with plural nouns to refer to the whole group:

They are teachers in this school.

They are teachers in this school.

7) All, equivalent to possessive pronouns, used before nouns representing body parts:

She grabbed my arm. She grabbed my arm.

8) Used before some proper nouns such as country name, institution, group, class, etc. Consists of common nouns:

People's Republic of China (PRC), People's Republic of China (PRC)

America America

She plays the piano. She can play the piano.

10) used before the plural nouns of surnames to indicate family:

the Greens

1 1) is used in idioms:

During the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening) and the day after tomorrow.

The day before yesterday, the next morning,

In the sky (water, fields, countryside)

In the dark, in the rain, in the distance,

In the middle, finally,

Generally speaking, go to the theatre by the way.

Articles and numerals-the usage of zero articles

1) country name, usually without definite article before the name: England, Mary; ;

2) General plural nouns, when indicating a class of people or things, do not need definite articles;

They are teachers. They are teachers.

3) When abstract nouns represent general concepts, they usually do not add articles;

Failure is the mother of success. Failure is the mother of success.

4) When material nouns express general concepts, generally no articles are added; When they express a specific meaning, they need to add definite articles;

Without water, human beings can't live. People can't live without water.

5) Don't put articles before nouns indicating time such as season, month, festival, holiday, date and week;

We go to school from Monday to Friday. We have classes from Monday to Friday.

6) Don't add articles before nouns that address or represent official titles and positions;

The guards brought the American to General Lee.

The soldiers sent the American to General Lee.

7) Don't add articles before the names of three meals, ball games and recreational sports, such as eating breakfast and playing chess.

8) When two or more nouns are used together, articles are often omitted;

I can't write without a pen or pencil. I can't write without a pen and pencil.

9) When by is used with trains and other means of transportation to indicate a way, there is no article in the middle; By bus or train;

10) Some individual nouns do not use articles; For example:

Individual nouns such as school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, desk, class, town, church, court, etc. Directly after prepositions to express the deep meaning of nouns;

Go to the hospital.

Go to the hospital (not to see a doctor, but for other purposes)

1 1) ordinal number without article;

A. possessive pronouns before ordinal numbers

B.he won the first place in the race.

C. In fixed phrases, at(the) first, first, from the first to the last.

English Grammar-Part of Speech Detailed Explanation III

Articles and Numerals-Articles and Adjectives+Nouns Structure

1) both adjectives have articles, indicating two different meanings.

He keeps a black cat and a white cat. He has a black cat and a white cat.

The black cat and the white cat are hers. Both the black cat and the white cat are his.

2) If the last adjective has no article, it means something.

He keeps a black and white cat. He has a flower cat.

Articles and numerals-the position of articles

1) indefinite article position

Indefinite articles usually precede nouns or noun modifiers. note:

A. after the following adjectives: so, what, many, half,

I have never seen such an animal.

Many people are suitable for this job.

B. When the adjective before the noun is modified by adverbs, for example, so, too, how, however, it is enough that the indefinite article should be placed after the adjective:

This is the most enjoyable day I have ever spent.

Such a short time.

It's too far.

C.quite, ather is used with singular nouns, followed by the article.

But there are still adjectives before rather and quite, and indefinite articles can be placed before and after it. For example, quite a lot

D in the adverbial clause guided by as, when the slogan is a noun modified by an adjective, the indefinite article is followed by an adjective:

Brave as he is, he shivers at the sight of a snake. Brave as he is, he shivers at the sight of a snake.

When nouns are modified by comparative adjectives, indefinite articles are usually placed after comparative adjectives.

2）

The definite article usually comes before a noun or noun modifier, but after all, it comes before both, double, half, twice, three times and nouns.

All the students in the class went out. All the students in the class went out.

Articles and Numbers-Numbers

Words expressing quantity or order are called numerals, which are divided into cardinal words and ordinal numbers. Numerals representing numbers are called cardinal words; The number indicating the order is called ordinal number.

First of all, cardinality

1) Writing and reading of cardinal words: 345,345; ;

2) Basic words are usually singular, but plural words are often used in the following situations:

A. Used with the phrase of, it means an approximate number, but not a specific number, such as scores of people means many people;

B in some phrases that mean "a row" or "a group";

They arrived in twos and threes. They arrived in twos and threes.

C. it means "dozens of years old";

D. When expressing "year", use in+the+ number as a plural number;

E in the representation of multiplication, such as 3x5 = 15, three fives are (yes) five.

Second, ordinal number

Abbreviated form of ordinal number: the first-1st, the second-the second, the 31st-31st.

Third, the use of numbers.

1) multiple representation

A. subject+predicate+multiple (or fraction) +as+ adjective +as

Mine is three times as big as yours. Mine is three times as big as yours.

B. The size of subject+predicate+multiple (score)+(quantity, length ...)

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. The earth is 49 times as big as the moon.

C subject+predicate+multiple (score)+adjective (adverb) comparative degree+ratio …

The grain output this year is 8% higher than last year.

The grain output this year is 8% higher than last year.

D. You can also use by+ multiple to indicate the number of increases.

Grain output has increased fourfold this year.

Grain output has increased fourfold this year.

2) Fractional representation

Composition: radix represents numerator and ordinal number represents denominator. When the numerator is greater than 1, the ordinal number of the numerator is singular and the ordinal number of the denominator is plural:

1/3 one third; Three and three sevenths.

English Grammar-Part of Speech Detailed Explanation IV

Pronouns-usage of personal pronouns

1) The nominative case of personal pronouns is used as subject or subject complement in sentences, for example:

John waited for a while, but finally he went home.

John waited for a while, and finally he went home.

John hopes that the passenger is Mary, and it is indeed her.

John hopes that the passenger is Mary, and it is really her.

Note: In complex sentences, if the subject of the main clause and the subordinate clause are the same, the pronoun subject should be used in the subordinate clause and the noun subject should be used in the main clause, for example:

When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.

John went straight to the bank as soon as he arrived.

2) The objective case of personal pronouns can be used as an object or a preposition in a sentence, but it can also be used as a subject complement in spoken English. The first person can also be used as the subject in ellipsis sentences, for example:

I saw her with them, at least I thought it was her.

I saw her with them, at least I thought it was her. (her as the object, them as the preposition object, and her as the subject complement)

A.who broke the vase? Who broke the vase?

B.- me. -Me. I am the subject complement = it's me. )

Note: in the above two examples, her and me are subject complements respectively. Accusative is often used in modern English, and it should be she and I in formal style.

Pronouns-Substitution of Subject and Object of Personal Pronouns

1) The objective case replaces the nominative case.

A. In short conversations, when personal pronouns are used alone or not, more objects will be used.

-I like English. -I like English.

-Me, too. -I like it, too.

-More wine? Would you like some more wine?

-Not me. -I don't want it.

In informal comparison, the accusative case is usually used instead of the nominative case. However, if the predicate of comparative adverbial is retained, the subject can only use the nominative case.

He is taller than me.

He is taller than me.

2) nominative case replaces accusative case

A after the preposition but, in addition, the nominative case can sometimes be used instead of the objective case.

B. nominative cases are often used in telephone language.

-I want to talk to Mary. -I want to talk to Mary.

-This is her. -I'm Mary.

Note: the personal pronoun after the verb be or to be depends on the noun or pronoun before it.

I thought it was her. I thought it was her. (nominative-nominative)

I thought it was her. (accusative-accusative)

I was taken for her. I was cheated by her. (nominative-nominative)

They took me for her. They took me for her. (accusative-accusative)

Pronouns-the reference of pronouns

1) Anyone in indefinite pronouns, everyone, no one, anyone, someone, everyone, no matter who and who use it in formal occasions, He, His and He can be used instead.

Nobody came, did they? Nobody came, did they?

2) The reference of animal nouns is generally replaced by it or them, and sometimes he, he and she are used to express intimacy.

Give the cat some food. She is hungry. Give the cat some food. She is hungry.

3) nouns referring to cars or countries and ships are often used when they contain emotional colors.

Pronouns-the arrangement order of parallel personal pronouns

1) When the singular personal pronoun is the subject, the order is:

Second Person Address-"Third Person-"First Person

You-> He/she; It-> I

You, he and I should come back on time.

2) When plural personal pronouns are used as subjects, the order is:

First Person-"Second Person Address-"Third Person

We-> You-> they

Note: In the following cases, the first person appears first.

A. When admitting mistakes and taking responsibility,

It was John and I who made her angry.

It was John and I who made her angry.

B. When the elder speaks to the younger generation and the chief speaks to the subordinate, if the chief is the first person, for example, you and I try to finish it.

C. When the coordinate subjects only have the first person and the third person,

D. When other personal pronouns or nouns are modified by attributive clauses.

Pronouns-possessive pronouns

1) Possessive pronouns have both the function of expressing ownership and the function of reference, for example:

John cut his finger; It is obvious that there is a broken glass on his desk.

John cut his finger. Obviously, there is a broken glass on his desk.

There are two kinds of possessive pronouns: adjectives (mine, yours, etc. ) and nouns (mine, yours, etc. ). Adjective possessive pronouns belong to determiners.

Nominal possessive pronouns are equivalent to omitting the -S possessive structure of the central noun in usage, for example:

Jack cover means that the cover is a jack.

His hat means that this hat is his.

2) The syntactic function of nominal possessive pronouns.

A. As the subject, for example:

May I use your pen? Your effect is better.

May I use your pen? Yours works better than mine.

B. for example, as an object:

I love my motherland as much as you love your motherland.

I love my motherland as much as you love your motherland.

C. as a prepositional object, for example:

You should interpret what I said according to my meaning, not your meaning.

You should interpret what I said according to my meaning, not according to your own.

D. as a subject complement, for example:

My life is yours. It is yours. It is yours. My life belongs to you, to you, to you.

After all, there are many parts of speech, but these can give you a preliminary understanding of parts of speech, how to distinguish them and how to apply them ~ ~