What kind of house do Japanese live in?

here's the thing <; br> < br> The architecture and construction of residential quarters in Japan <: br> < br> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------< br> < br> Date: April 28, 25 22: 4: 25 Source: Original View: [large, medium and small] Author: unknown heat: 185 <; br> At the invitation of Japan OM Solar Co., Ltd., the Shanghai OM Solar Technology Delegation made a special investigation and technical exchange on the solar energy utilization of Japanese houses, and made a corresponding investigation on the buildings and their intelligence in Japanese residential quarters. < br> 1. The basic situation of residential community construction in Japan <; br> The purpose of this survey is to understand the general situation of residential buildings and their intelligent development in Japan. In principle, the construction of residential areas in Japan is developed by developers according to the laws of market economy, while the government carries out macro-policy regulation through the construction of provinces. The behavior of a construction subject in the construction market is generally managed by the local construction department according to the laws, regulations and local industry regulations promulgated by the Ministry of Construction. Others are guided by policies, such as evaluation, tax reduction and preferential loans. < br> Figure 1 shows a residential building in Sendai, which was awarded by the Minister of Construction in the third residential energy-saving appraisal in Japan. < br> < br> < br> < br> < br> Fig. 1 Panorama of the winning houses in the 3rd Japan Residential Energy Efficiency Appraisal <: br> < br> The construction of residential quarters in Japan has shown a trend of decentralization, and the suburbs of cities have become the main parts of residential quarters construction. The main reasons are: <; br> (1) The popularity of family cars, the popularity of highway networks and the orderly construction and management make the traffic problems not stand out because the houses are located in the suburbs; < br> (2) The urban land is crowded and the land price is high, which makes the construction of residential areas in Japan have to go to the suburbs; < br> (3) The suburban countryside has better living environment conditions, including air, water quality, noise and greening, which are better than the urban living environment. < br> There are generally three situations in the development of residential areas in Japan: the development of residential houses for market demand by developers; Housing development for personal needs; And the development of residential quarters under the guidance and support of government policies. The latter often enjoy the encouragement and preferential policies. < br> < br> 2. The characteristics and basic situation of intellectualization of Japanese residential community construction <; br> The characteristics of residential community construction in Japan are: <; br> (1) The principle of "people-oriented" is taken into account everywhere. The convenience of residents is fully considered in the construction of the whole residential area, such as the construction of water, electricity, gas and traffic roads in advance, and the sale of existing houses as houses with various functions, and the design principle of "comfort, safety and convenience" of residential houses is implemented. All equipment, functions and decorations are in place at one time for the convenience of users. Another example is that residential construction embodies the characteristics of different appearances, and the internal layout strives to reflect the unique and warm atmosphere. In addition, the layout is clearly divided, compact and convenient for living. Figure 2 shows the front balcony of the living room in the flowers with full sunshine and natural environment. < br> < br> < br> < br> < br> Fig. 2 demonstration residence in Sendai, Japan <: br> < br> The balcony in front of the living room among the flowers in the residential area <: br> (2) The intellectualization of Japanese residential quarters has two characteristics and purposes. First, the intelligent residence aims at the comfort, convenience and economy of residents. The consideration of energy saving and function is the focus of intelligent design; Second, the intelligentization of residential quarters brings efficient working conditions for property management, thus meeting the needs of residents to a greater extent. < br> Due to the relatively developed communication infrastructure, many residential areas in Japan have established local area networks for property management, so that residents can enjoy efficient property services, communicate through the property center or their own connection to the public network, or enter the public network from the local area network for so-called e-shopping, e-banking, e-commerce and e-consultation. < br> (3) Attach great importance to the environmental greening of residential areas. Grass can be planted everywhere in the residential area for greening. Implement the principle of "less land and beautiful environment". < br> (4) The construction of residential quarters in Japan attaches great importance to the energy saving of residential buildings. The government encourages energy-saving housing construction through awards, building regulations, norms and other policies and decrees. < br> < br> 3 Energy saving and solar energy utilization in Japanese residential areas <: br> Japanese residential areas attach great importance to energy conservation, and solar energy utilization is more common. The energy-saving work of residential quarters is clearly defined by the building regulations and norms promulgated by the Ministry of Construction of Japan. In terms of building thermal insulation and energy saving, the specification makes specific provisions on the wall structure, layered thickness and selection of thermal insulation materials. In terms of lighting, there are also many specific energy-saving measures. < br> In terms of power saving, solar energy is widely used in Japanese residential quarters, which mostly belongs to passive solar house system. The solar energy is efficiently collected by the sun-absorbing plate on the roof, and the hot (cold) air is automatically input into the room and hot water is supplied according to the needs of the room through its own solar cell automatic control system. The utilization of solar energy in residential quarters can not only save electricity, but also improve, protect and optimize the environment. It is a new green energy source, and it is also a direction of sustainable development and energy saving in residential quarter construction, so it is highly valued, supported and encouraged by the Japanese government. < br> The award-winning residence in Figure 1 includes solar panels on the roof, thermal insulation walls and indoor electrical energy-saving devices. Residential buildings equipped with solar energy devices can also be equipped with switching devices connected with the power grid, so that solar energy heating and water supply can be fully utilized at low peak power consumption, while at peak power consumption, solar energy can be used to switch electric energy to the power grid, so as to improve the utilization efficiency of solar energy. < br> In the early 196s and 197s, the solar installations in Japanese houses were generally small in scale and could only provide hot water and a small amount of heating. < br> Solar residential buildings built in Japan after 198s. Its solar energy device has a large scale and can basically provide users with hot water. Not only can heating be provided in winter, but also cool air can be provided in summer by using inverted facilities. < br> < br> Figure 3 shows a solar residential villa built in Japan in the 199s. The cost of the equipment system of this building using solar energy is about 2 million yen, accounting for about 1% of the total cost. However, this equipment can save residents 1, yen for hot water and air conditioning electricity every year, that is, the cost can be recovered by depreciation within 2 years. Not only that, houses equipped with solar energy utilization system can get low-interest housing loans and financing mortgages from the government, and implement a supportive tilt policy. < br> < br> < br> < br> < br> Fig. 3 Solar residential villas built in Japan in 199s <: br> < br> Fig. 4 shows the old people's room in Fangchuan Home for the Aged with solar energy-saving equipment in Bingsong area, Japan. The indoor solar heating is sent out from under the floor, and the operating buttons of various electrical equipment can be seen at the right door of the figure. < br> < br> < br> < br> < br> Fig. 4 The living room for the elderly in Fangchuan Home for the Aged with solar energy-saving equipment in Bingsong area, Japan < br> < br> In terms of balanced peak electricity consumption, some large-scale houses have adopted dry ice devices, that is, dry ice is made from electricity during low peak electricity consumption, while during peak electricity consumption, ice refrigeration is used for air conditioning to send cold air. < br> In terms of water saving. The problem of wastewater utilization, such as secondary circulating water, has also begun to be considered in Japanese housing construction. After simple treatment after ordinary domestic water, it is used for washing or greening for the second time. Fig. 5 shows the secondary water utilization system in a general household: the waste water from washing hands after defecation is automatically collected for the next toilet flushing. This set of equipment is very economical, simple and applicable, which shows the idea of energy saving in Japanese housing construction. < br> < br> < br> < br> < br> Fig. 5 Secondary water utilization system in general domestic toilets in Japan <: br> < br> 4 Conclusion <; br> Due to the characteristics of high marketization and individualization, the housing construction in Japan is not as many as that in China, so there is no strict division of "residential quarters" or "residential quarters". Often in a large residential area, it is developed by developers or individuals in stages and randomly according to the planning requirements of the government. < br> Nevertheless, the government's policy-oriented role is obvious. For example, factors such as energy saving and environment in construction are all guided by policy levers and laws and regulations. < br> The principles of "people-oriented", "energy saving first" and "environmental priority" in housing construction in residential areas give people a distinct impression. In the intelligent construction, slogans such as "3A" and "5A" are not emphasized so much, but based on the function, the intelligent residence aims at "comfort, safety and convenience" for residents. The intelligent residential area aims at "efficient, thoughtful and systematic" property management, and ultimately serves the residents. The intellectualization of residential quarters and the original intention of architectural design are integrated to achieve unity. This is the enlightenment of Japanese residential community construction and intelligence.