The long and painful history of American police brutality.

Last month, a few hours after a jury convicted Jeronimo Yanez, a former police officer, of manslaughter in the shooting of 32-year-old Philando Castile, people in St. Paul, Minnesota closed Interstate 94. When they were driving along the highway in the dark, slogans such as "Black life is important" and "No justice, no peace" sounded, and the scene of "Fernando, Fernando" was familiar. A year ago, when Yanes pulled Casteel to kill him because his taillight was broken, a large-scale * * * activity broke out. Dashboard footage shows Yanes shooting from the open window of Casteel a few seconds after Casteel revealed that he owned and was allowed to carry hidden weapons. Casteel, a respected school nutritionist, was one of the 233 African-Americans who were shot and killed by the police in 216, which is an amazing number from the demographic point of view. African-Americans account for 13% of the American population, but they account for 24% of those killed by the police. According to * * *, the probability of black people being shot by police is 2.5 times that of white people in the United States, but today's < P > is not a recent phenomenon at all. A cardboard placard collected by the Smithsonian National Museum of African-American History and Culture and the placard seen in the new exhibition "More than One Picture" emphasize this reality. "Fifty years later, the information has not been solved," said Samuel Eggerton, who carried the poster on his hand and donated it to the Smithsonian during his visit to Washington in 1963. (Collection of Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, a gift from Samuel Y. Edgerton)

The yellow sign reminds us that the continuous oppression and violence have disproportionately shocked generations of black communities-"We demand an immediate end to police brutality! Samuel Eggerton, a university professor who donated the poster to the museum, said, "The poster is painted in red and white letters."

"The information remains unsolved after 5 years." . He carried it in the * * * in Washington in 1963 to show * * *. Fifty years later, the information on the poster sounds extremely timely. If it weren't for those yellow edges, this placard might almost be mistaken for any symbol of black life in the past three years.

"Someone asked the believers of the civil rights movement,' When will you be satisfied?' Martin Luther King said in his landmark speech in March 1963. After the long-term violent conflict between African-American citizens and the police, his words continue to cause * * * today. "As long as black people are victims of unspeakable horror of police brutality, we will never be satisfied.

"In 1963, the idea of police brutality lingered in people's minds, after years of police abuse of power, decades, and then centuries of oppression of African-Americans," said William Pretzer, senior history curator of the museum. A poster was collected by the curator of the National Museum of African American History in Baltimore, Maryland after the death of Freddie Gray. The collection of Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture didn't evolve into an organized institution until the northern cities decided to better control the rapidly growing population in the 193s and 194s. The first police station in America was established in Boston in 1838. The community most attacked by severe tactics is the recent European immigrants. However, when African-Americans fled the terror of Jim Crow in the south, they also became the victims of the cruel and punitive security in the northern city where they sought refuge.

In 1929, the Illinois Criminal Justice Association published the Illinois Crime Survey. The survey was conducted between 1927 and 1928 to analyze the reasons for the high crime rate in Chicago and Cook County, especially the criminals related to Capone. However, the survey also provides D data on police activities. Although African-Americans account for only 5% of the population in this area, they constitute 3% of the victims of police killings. The survey shows that

"There are many one-on-one conflicts between police and citizens, many of which are initiated by police," said Malcolm D. Holmes, a sociology professor at the University of Wyoming, who has extensively studied and written articles on police brutality. In the same year, President Hoover established the National Law-abiding and Law-enforcing Committee to investigate crimes related to prohibition except police tactics. From 1931 to 1932, the investigation team published 14 volumes of investigation results, one of which was entitled "Report on Illegal Acts in Law Enforcement". Although the investigation team did not completely solve the problem of racial differences, the reality of police brutality was exposed.

in the civil rights era, although many leaders of the movement advocated peace, the 196s were full of violence and destructive riots. The police used tear gas to disperse the * * *, which was photographed by an unidentified photographer. In 1966 (collected by Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture), in Peace * * * * *, the "KDSP" offensive dispersion strategy presented by w. howard greene Greenberg Gallery, such as police dogs and fire hoses, was the most widely known police brutality of that era. However, it is the violent public security prevailing in colored communities that causes distrust at the local and daily levels.

was one of the deadliest riots in Newark in 1967, when the police cracked down on the black taxi driver John Smith in a traffic jam. During the four-day riots, 26 people were killed and many others were injured. In 1968, President lyndon johnson organized the National Civil Disturbance Advisory Committee to investigate the causes of these major disturbances.

The cause of the riots in Newark is not the only conflict between police and citizens. The investigation team concluded: "Of the 24 mental disorders investigated, 12 were the' last' events before the outbreak of violence."

The investigation team identified apartheid and poverty as indicators, and announced remedial measures to reduce social inequality, and revitalized "the expansion and repositioning of urban renewal plans, giving priority to projects that directly help low-income families obtain adequate housing." Johnson, however, refused to repeat the mission.

Black newspapers reported police brutality throughout the early and middle 2th century, and the popularity of radio stories further spread these stories. In 1991, after the taxi driver Rodney King was beaten, the TV video vividly told the story of police brutality to a wider audience. The police officers who were acquitted used batons to beat gold for more than 5 times.

Today, live broadcast, Twitter and Facebook posts have blown up the police brutality beyond recognition, surpassing the black community and becoming the mainstream media. Diamond Reynolds, fiancé of Fernando Casteel, was in the car with her daughter when she was shot. He used Facebook live to broadcast the immediate consequences of the shooting on her mobile phone.

"Modern technology does allow, insisting that white communities should pay attention to these situations and incidents, Pretzer said,

With the development of technology, law enforcement equipment is also developing. Police departments with military-grade equipment have become the norm in American cities. Images of police wearing helmets and bulletproof vests riding tanks across the block, and stories of * * * whenever these incidents happen.

"What we see is the continuation of an unequal relationship, which has always been exac.