General situation of Fenhe water conservancy

The development history of Fenhe River is very early. Shipping on Fenhe River began in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. In 647 BC, there was a famine in the state of Jin. Starting from Guanzhong, the State of Qin used a wooden boat capable of carrying tens of thousands of kilograms of grain to transport a large amount of grain to the State of Jin along the Weihe River, the Yellow River and the Fenhe River.

During the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, irrigation and planting in Fenhe River basin were paid attention to. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to develop agricultural production in Hedong and avoid the difficulty of water transportation to the east of Sanmenxia, the prefect of Hedong County suggested "crossing the canal to irrigate Pi's family in Fenyin (now Hejin)". Later, according to the suggestion of Fan Bu, tens of thousands of people were sent to repair the canal, and some gains were made after the canal was completed. During the reign of Emperor Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (58-75 AD), it was planned to build an east-west canal between Hutuo River to "turn to Shandong Cao Cao and use Qin Jin". According to the research of Yang Shoujing, a geographer in Qing Dynasty, the route is "Dangjiao City, Beishan Mountain in Taiyuan, Digging Graves and Yangqu". From the northern part of Xinzhou to Dingxiang Club, floods flooded.

Sui and Tang dynasties were the prosperous periods of water transportation and irrigation in Fenhe River. In the third year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (AD 583), Chang 'an was empty, and Cao Fen's millet of Jin was given to the capital. "Cao Zhou entered the river from Wei, the river entered Fen, and Cao entered Fen Jin" (Volume 14 of the Book of Jin Cheng Lue). During the reign of Tang Kaiyuan, Pei Yaoqing "benefited Cao. (Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Records of Food Goods), it can be seen that the navigation capacity of Fenhe River is very high, and the water transportation capacity is great.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, due to the relocation of the capital in the early Song Dynasty and the diversion of Fenhe River and Shanxi River to Taiyuan for many times, the Fenhe dike in Taiyuan was vandalized. Therefore, the shipping of Fenhe River dropped sharply than before, and there was no record of water transportation for a long time, only a small amount of sailing activities.

According to documents, after the mid-Tang Dynasty, the trees in the Qinling Mountains and Longshan Mountains were completely cut down, which could not meet the needs of building palaces. "There are no giant trees near the mountain, so it is better to seek orchids near the house" (The Book of the New Tang Dynasty (volume 137), Biography of Pei Yanling). Luliang Mountain is close to Kaifeng, Luoyang and Beijing, and has the convenience of Yellow River, Fenhe River and land transportation, so it has become a key area for logging. After logging near the capitals of various countries, wood will be obtained from Shanxi. "There are different kinds of wood in the north of Shanxi, and those who seek wood for palaces all return to the world" (Jin Wen of Liu Zongyuan). In the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 65438 +0065438 +00 -65438 +0065438 +06), cypress trees in Lanxian, Lishi and Fenyang were cut down, with as many as 30,000 to 40,000 loggers. A lot of wood was cut down. "First, it drifted into the Fenhe River along the tributaries, and then the raft went down the Fenhe River. Therefore, there was a scene of thousands of rafts going down the river at that time. Fenhe River Basin was reclaimed and cut in Tang, Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Before this, the green mountains and green waters with dense forests and grasslands became barren hills and mountains everywhere, the water volume was greatly reduced and soil erosion was intensified. Fenhe River, which is convenient for irrigation and shipping, has gradually become a turbid stream with uncertain droughts and floods, shrinking water sources and bare feet in Nana Ogawa.

Before the drought in Guangxu three years ago, due to the pressure of population, the phenomenon of indiscriminate logging, reclamation and planting increased, soil erosion became more and more serious, and the water volume of Fenhe River decreased greatly. In the Ming dynasty, ships could only be placed on the river in autumn and summer, and the earth bridge was used as a crossing channel in winter and spring. In the Qing Dynasty, although it was supposed that "Fen could build ships and the south could build ships", there was no possibility of shipping on Fenhe River. Development of past dynasties

Fenhe River Basin is one of the cradles of ancient Chinese civilization, with a long history of water conservancy, and its achievements are mostly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of Fenhe River and the banks of its main tributaries. The benefits of drawing spring water for irrigation first appeared in the early Warring States period. "Notes on Water Classics" records: "It is difficult to benefit Er Quan in the old age, but the drought will not dry up, and it will not freeze in the middle of winter, and it will irrigate more than 100 hectares." During the period of Emperor An of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yicheng dug Luanchi Canal and irrigated the fields with Gaoxiang Mountain Spring, while Quwo County irrigated the fields with crimson water (boiling spring). In the 16th year of Huang Kai in Sui Dynasty (596), Linfen County ordered to "open twelve drums and piles of springs to irrigate more than 100 hectares of fields" in Liangdao, Jiangzhou. By the Tang Dynasty, in the middle and lower reaches of Fenhe River, except Jinci Spring and Gudui Spring, the active spring of Guangsheng Temple in Hong Tong, Longzici Spring in Linfen and Sanyu Spring in Longmen (now Hejin) all benefited from irrigation. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Hongshan Spring in Jiexiu County was also developed. The earliest record of using Fenhe River water to irrigate farmland was in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty in BC 128. Hedong satrap suggested building canals in the lower reaches of Fenhe River to irrigate the floodplain around Hejin and Ronghe River. Since the Tang Dynasty, many canals have been opened for irrigation on both sides of the middle and lower reaches of Fenhe River and on tributaries such as Hui River, Wenyu River, Xiaohe River and Changyuan River. Among them, the largest one was in Zhenyuan period of Tang Dynasty (785 ~ 805), and Wei Wu, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, presided over the irrigation of farmland with water diversion10.3 million hectares. In the second year of Xingbao in Jin Dynasty (12 18), Tongli Canal was built on the main stream of Fenhe River in Hongtong and Zhao Cheng counties. According to ancient records, hundreds of channels have been opened to divert Fenhe River, and the middle and lower reaches of Fenhe River are one of the developed water conservancy areas in China.

Irrigation district construction

There are 29 large and medium-sized gravity irrigation areas in the basin, with an irrigation area of more than 6,543,800 mu. Among them, there are 4 large-scale irrigation areas with an irrigation area of over 300,000 mu, namely Fenhe Irrigation Area, Xiaohe Irrigation Area, Wenyuhe Irrigation Area and Fenxi Irrigation Area. There are also 25 medium-sized irrigation areas. The total effective irrigation area is 2.78 million mu.

Fenhe Irrigation District is located in Taiyuan Basin in the middle of Shanxi Province, and its area is distributed on both sides of Fenhe River, starting from Shanglan Village in the northern suburb of Taiyuan City in the north and reaching Hongxiang Village in Jiexiu County in Jinzhong area in the south, with a length of about 140 km and a width of about 20 km from east to west. Fenyang Highway and Ciyao River are bounded in the west, Sanmenxia Highway in the east and Tongpu Railway in the south. The irrigation area spans Taiyuan, Jinzhong and Lvliang, covering 488 villages and 56 beneficiary townships (towns) in 12 counties (cities, districts). The whole irrigation area controls 2,055,500 mu of land, including cultivated land1568,400 mu. The designed irrigation area is1495,500 mu, and the benefit area accounts for nearly one tenth of the water area of Shanxi Province. It is one of the largest gravity irrigation areas in Shanxi Province. In addition to agricultural irrigation, Fenhe Irrigation District also undertakes the task of supplying water to public welfare undertakings such as Taiyuan No.1 and No.2 Thermal Power Plants, Taigang, Dongxihu Lake in Qingxu County, Jiaocheng Industrial Park, Fenhe Park and Forest Park in Taiyuan.

pumping station

There are 29 large and medium-sized electromechanical pumping stations in the basin, with a total installed capacity of 633,565,438+0 kW and an effective irrigation area of 5? 30,000 hectares (800,000 mu). There are two large pumping stations with an irrigation area of over 20,000 hectares (300,000 mu), namely Fennan Electric Irrigation Station and Xifan Electric Irrigation Station in the downstream. After 1949, Fenhe River, as the most important river course in Shanxi Province, was first included in the rules and plans of water conservancy construction in the whole province, and the comprehensive management and development of the whole basin persisted. Fenhe River Basin Planning Report was compiled in 1954, supplemented and revised in 1956 and 1986 respectively. 1972, the Fenhe River Basin Management Plan of Shanxi Province was compiled and promulgated. Subsequently, a number of plans and corresponding designs for river regulation in the upper, middle and lower reaches were formulated one after another.

River regulation in the main stream of Fenhe River includes dike consolidation, dredging, access, greening, pollution control and comprehensive development, including measures such as demolition and reinforcement of old dikes, construction of new dikes, dangerous work control, bank protection control, river regulation in the middle reaches, river obstacle removal and river regime guidance. While raising the flood discharge standard, we should basically straighten out and control the main rivers to ensure smooth flood discharge and stable river regime. Ensure the safety of life and property of cities, villages and towns, farmland and people along the river. After several renovations, the flood control capacity of Fenhe River, which is nearly 700 kilometers long, has completely reached the fortification standard stipulated by the Ministry of Water Resources. reservoir engineering

Three large reservoirs have been built in the whole Fenhe River Basin, namely Fenhe Reservoir, Fenhe Reservoir II and Wenyuhe Reservoir. There are also 0/3 medium-sized reservoirs/kloc-and 50 small reservoirs. The total control basin area is 17665 square kilometers, accounting for 45% of the total basin area. The total storage capacity is 1508 1 100 million cubic meters.

Fenhe Reservoir is the largest reservoir in Shanxi Province, located in the upper reaches of Fenhe River, north of Xiashijiazhuang Village, Dujiaoqu Town, loufan county. It is 22km away from Guancenshan/KLOC-0, the birthplace of Fenhe River, and 83km away from Taiyuan, the provincial capital, with a controlled drainage area of 5,268 square kilometers. The reservoir was built in 1958 and operated for 196 1 year. The designed total storage capacity is 72 1 100 million cubic meters, the maximum backwater length is 18 kilometers, and the maximum backwater area is 32 square kilometers. This is a large-scale water conservancy control project, focusing on flood control and irrigation, taking into account power generation and fish farming. The design criteria are once-in-a-century flood design and once-in-two-thousand flood check.

The second reservoir of Fenhe River is located on the main stream of Fenhe River, 30 kilometers northwest of Taiyuan City, at the intersection of Fenhe River and Liulin River. It is a large-scale water control project with flood control and water supply as its main function and comprehensive benefits such as power generation, tourism and aquaculture. The reservoir controls a watershed area of 2,348 square kilometers with a total storage capacity of10.33 billion cubic meters.

Wenyuhe Reservoir is located in the northwest of Beiyukou Village, Wenshui County, at the junction of the upper reaches of Wenyuhe River and the middle and lower reaches of Pingchuan. It is the valley outlet area of Wenyu River, belonging to one of the six major reservoirs in Shanxi Province, with a storage capacity of1.1.300 million cubic meters and a water surface of about 4 square kilometers.

Inter-basin diversion project

In order to solve the problem of insufficient water supply in Fenhe River, two inter-basin water diversion projects were built in the upper and lower reaches of Fenhe River at the end of the 20th century. Namely Wanjiazhai Yellow River Diversion Project in the upstream and Mafanggou Yellow River Diversion Project in Linfen in the downstream. In 2003, the annual water supply of Wanjiazhai Project was 3? 200 million cubic meters; Mafanggou Water Diversion Project introduces Qinhe River into Fenhe River through Caoyuling Tunnel, and supplies 20 million cubic meters of water to Linfen every year.