China's historic creation

Zheng Guoqu is a water conservancy project that uses Jingshui as water source to irrigate farmland in the north of Weishui. It is said in Historical Records of Rivers and Channels and Records of Rivers and Channels in Han Dynasty that its headwork starts from Zhongshan in the east and reaches the mouth of Hunhu in the west. Zhongshan and Xuankou, later called Zhongshan and Gukou respectively, are located in the northwest of Jingxian County, facing east and west across the Jingshui River. It is a water diversion project with a dam. From 1985 to 1986, Qin Jianming, an archaeologist, made a field investigation on the headwork of Zheng Guoqu Canal. After investigation and drilling, he found the dam residue that intercepted Jingshui in that year. It starts from the high slope named Jianzui, which is 18 meters away from the east bank of Jingshui in the east, and reaches the hill in the south of Wangliwan Village, which is more than 1 meters away from the west bank of Jingshui in the west, with a total length of more than 23 meters. Among them, 35 meters on the riverbed have been washed away by floods, and there is no trace to be found, while other remaining parts can be clearly seen. It has been determined that the bottom width of these remnants is still more than 1 meters, the top width ranges from 1 to 2 meters, and the residual height is 6 meters. It is conceivable that this project was very grand in those days.

About Zheng Guoqu's channels, Records of the Historian and Hanshu are all very brief, while Shui Jing Zhu Ju Shui Zhu is more detailed. According to the records of ancient books and the field investigation of modern people, generally speaking, it is located at the southern foot of Beishan Mountain, at the highest position of the secondary terraces in Jingyang, Sanyuan, Fuping, Pucheng, Baishui and other counties. From west to east, the ratio drops to .64/, and it intersects with Yeyu, Qingyu, Zhuoyu, Juqi (now Shichuan River) and other waters along the line. The main canal is arranged at a higher position on the northern edge of the plain, which is convenient for drilling branch canals to go south and irrigate large areas of farmland in the south. It can be seen that the design at that time was reasonable and the measurement level was already high. However, Jingshui is a famous sandy river. In ancient times, there was a saying that "there are several buckets of mud in Jingshui". According to the actual measurement in contemporary times, it is 171kg/m3. Zheng Guoqu uses the sandy Jingshui as its water source, and this slope is too small. The slope is small, the flow rate is slow, the sediment is easy to deposit and the channel is easy to be blocked.

After the completion of the canal, the economic and political benefits are remarkable. Historical Records and Hanshu all say: "When the canal is completed, it will be filled with water (silt), and more than 4, hectares of bittern land will be irrigated, and the harvest will be one acre. Therefore, Guanzhong is a fertile field, a year without disaster, and Qin will be rich and strong. There are six stones and four buckets in a clock, which is many times higher than the average yield of one and a half stones per mu in the middle reaches of the Yellow River at that time.

Fuping Zheng Guoqu Site: It flows through Fuping Zheng Guoqu, with a total length of about 15 kilometers and can irrigate more than 18, hectares. From the water intake to the main canal, there is a diversion canal embankment with a width of 15 ~ 2 meters, a height of 3 ~ 5 meters and a length of 6 kilometers. There are Zheng Guoqu Kou, Zheng Guoqu Ancient Road and Zheng Guoqu barrage. There are canal heads and trunk road sites rebuilt and added in the past dynasties after Qin Dynasty nearby, and there are a large number of stone tablets. After the completion of Zheng Guoqu, the irrigation area reached 2.8 million mu, which was the largest irrigation channel in ancient China, which enabled Qin to prepare for the war of reunifying China economically. At present, there are three hidden caves arranged north and south in the first site of Zheng Guoqu, namely, the water inlet of Zheng Guoqu Yinjing. Each dark hole is 3 meters wide and 2 meters deep, and there are obvious traces of whitewashed masonry outside the south hole. Seven large pits arranged obliquely from northwest to southeast began to appear on the ground, and the original underground main canals were connected between the pits, so it was called "well canal". Zheng Guoqu's vast engineering, reasonable design, advanced technology and remarkable effectiveness are rare in the history of ancient water conservancy in China, and also rare in the history of water conservancy in the world.

/view/113186.htm

Baiqu Baiqu is a famous ancient water conservancy project in Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province, China.

Baiqu was dug in the second year of Tai Shi of the Western Han Dynasty (the first 95 years). It was named Baiqu because it was suggested by Dr. Bai Gong of Zhao Zhong, and it is often called Zhengbaiqu together with the original Zheng Guoqu.

Baiqu starts from the south bank of Zheng Guoqu at the mouth of Chiyanggukou in the west (Water Classic Note: "Water flows out of Zhengqu South"), which leads the Jinghe River to flow southeast, passes through Chiyang and Quercus Yang to Xiabang, then turns south and flows into Weihe River, with a total length of 2 miles, benefiting more than 4,5 hectares of farmland. Because Jinghe River contains more sediment, Baiqu also brings fertile sedimentary soil to farmland in Guanzhong Plain. At that time, people praised: "A stone in the Jing River is worth several buckets of mud. And irrigation and dung, grow my millet. Clothing, food and capital, the mouth of hundreds of millions. " /view/84526.htm

Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum

Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is located at the northern foot of Mount Li, 3 kilometers east of Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province (the other two materials are: Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is located in Xiahe Village, 5 kilometers east of Lintong. The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located in Lintong District, 35 kilometers east of Xi 'an, and it is surrounded by mountains in the south, with lush forests. In the north, it faces the banks of the Weihe River, which twists and turns like a silver snake. Surrounded by towering peaks, the tall tomb is integrated with Mount Li, with beautiful scenery and unique environment. The mausoleum is grand in scale and imposing. The cemetery covers a total area of 56.25 square kilometers. The original height of the land on the mausoleum is about 115 meters, and it is still as high as 76 meters. There are double walls inside and outside the cemetery, with an inner city circumference of 3,84 meters and an outer city circumference of 6,21 meters. There are walls about 8-1 meters high inside and outside the city walls, and there are still ruins today. The burial area is in the south, and the sleeping hall and the convenient hall buildings are in the north.

According to historical records, Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, began to build a cemetery the year after he ascended the throne. It was completed in 28 BC and lasted for 39 years. (The other two materials: First, he was in office for 37 years, and the time to build a mausoleum for him was as long as 36 years; Second, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor started construction from the time of Qin Shihuang's accession to the throne, which lasted for 38 years. Li Si, the prime minister at that time, was the designer of the mausoleum, and was supervised by General Zhang Han. * * * has collected 72, manpower, and the largest number of people who use the mausoleum is close to 8,, which is almost eight times the number of people who build pyramid of khufu.

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first imperial cemetery in the history of China. Its huge scale and rich funerary objects rank first in the imperial tombs of past dynasties, and it is the largest imperial mausoleum. According to the principle of enjoying the splendor after Qin Shihuang's death, the cemetery was built in imitation of the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State, with a roughly zigzag shape. There are double walls around the mausoleum, with a perimeter of 3,87 meters inside and 6,21 meters outside the cemetery. At present, the large-scale ground buildings in the mausoleum area are sites such as sleeping halls, portable halls and garden temples. According to historical records, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, with a dual structure of building outside and inner city, with a quadrangular cone-shaped enclosure. The enclosure of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has formed a three-step ladder, with an approximate square bottom, with a bottom area of about 25, square meters and a height of 115 meters. However, due to more than 2, years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the current enclosure has a bottom area of about 12, square meters and a height of 87 meters (another information: the cemetery was 12 meters high at first, and it was "like a mountain", but it was reduced by more than 4 meters after weathering erosion and man-made destruction). The total area of the whole mausoleum area is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from scouring the mausoleum, Qin Shihuang also ordered that the north-south water flow be changed to the east-west direction.

There is an earthen mound in the south of the cemetery, which is 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The circumference of the inner city is 389 meters, and the circumference of the outer city is 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered horse burial pits, clay figurines pits, rare birds and animals pits, as well as human martyrdom pits, stables pits, torture pits and tombs of tomb-repairing personnel outside the mausoleum. More than 4 graves have been discovered.

The tomb of the First Qin Emperor is 55.5 meters high and 2 meters in circumference. According to the investigation, the whole cemetery covers an area of 22, square meters, and there are large-scale palaces and pavilions. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two cities, inside and outside. The inner city is square with a circumference of 2525.4 meters, and the outer city has a circumference of 6264 meters. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is far beyond the comparison of Egyptian pyramids.

The pyramids in ancient Egypt are the largest above-ground tombs in the world, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China is the largest underground tomb in the world.

Records of the Historian record: "Through the Three Springs, copper descended to the coffin, and the palace was filled with hundreds of officials, and strange objects were moved and hidden. Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, and instill it by machine. There is astronomy on the top, geography on the bottom, and mermaid cream as a candle. If the degree is immortal, it will take a long time. " Archaeological findings show that the underground palace covers an area of about 18, square meters and the depth of the center point is about 3 meters. The cemetery is centered on the mound, and there are many funerals around it, which are rich in connotation and unprecedented in scale. In addition to the well-known burial pits for terracotta warriors and horses and bronze chariots and horses, more than 6 large stone armor pits, hundreds of figurines pits, civilian figurines pits and burial tombs have been newly discovered, and more than 1, cultural relics have been unearthed in the archaeological work of the Qin Mausoleum for decades. There are many cultural relics booths in the cemetery, which show some cultural relics unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum in the past 2 years. There is a waterway exhibition area to reproduce the scientific and thorough drainage facilities in the cemetery in that year; I believe that with the progress of archaeological work, there will definitely be more unexpected discoveries.

Ten city gates were found in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, with the north and south gates and the south gate of the inner wall on the same central axis. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery, and there are tombs leading to the tomb on the east, west and north sides. There are also four architectural remains juxtaposed on the east and west sides, which some experts think are part of the sleeping hall building. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor embodies the ritual system of "death is like life", which is grand in scale, magnificent in momentum and shute in structure.

The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where the coffin of Qin Shihuang was placed. There are more than 4 burial pits and tombs around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main burial pits are bronze chariots, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stables pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits, etc. Over the years, more than 5, important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses, Gao Che and An Che, unearthed in 198, are the largest, most ornate, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as the "crown of bronze".

Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which is located 15m east of the Mausoleum. It was discovered by local farmers who dug wells in the spring of 1974. From this, the treasure buried underground for more than 2, years came out, and it was known as "the eighth wonder of the world". In order to study the military, politics, economy, culture, science and technology in the Qin Dynasty, it provided very precious physical materials and became a precious wealth of human culture in the world. Three pits of terracotta warriors and horses have been excavated, and the pits are arranged in the shape of a "pin" from west to east. There are more than 8, terracotta warriors and horses and more than 4, bronze weapons in the pits. The discovery of terracotta warriors and horses is known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 2th century".

/view/6654.htm

The Forbidden City

is located in the center of Beijing, formerly known as the Forbidden City. It is the imperial palace of Ming and Qing dynasties, an unparalleled masterpiece of ancient architecture, and the largest and most complete ancient architectural complex in the world. Known as the first of the five largest palaces in the world (the Forbidden City in Beijing, the Palace of Versailles in France, Buckingham Palace in Britain, the White House in the United States, and the Russian Kremlin).

The Forbidden City was founded in 146 AD and was basically completed in 142. It was founded by Emperor Zhu Di of the Ming Dynasty. The Forbidden City is 961 meters long from north to south and 753 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of about 723,6 square meters. The building area is 155, square meters. According to legend, there are 9,999.5 rooms in the Forbidden City. In fact, according to experts' field survey in 1973, there are more than 9 courtyards and 98 houses in the Forbidden City, with a total of 8,77 rooms (and this "room" is not the concept of rooms today, but the "room" here refers to the space formed by four pillars). Miyagi is surrounded by a palace wall 12 meters high and 34 meters long, in the form of a rectangular city, surrounded by a moat 52 meters wide outside the wall, forming a castle with strict barriers. The buildings of the Forbidden City Palace are all wooden structures, with yellow glazed tile roofs and blue white stone bases, decorated with splendid colorful paintings. There are four doors in the Forbidden City, the main entrance is named Wumen, the east entrance is named Donghuamen, the west entrance is named Xihuamen and the north entrance is named Shenwumen. Facing the Shenwumen in the north gate, Jingshan, which is made of earth and stone, is full of pine and cypress trees. In the overall layout, Jingshan can be said to be the barrier of the Forbidden City complex.

according to its layout and function, the architecture of the Forbidden City is divided into two parts: the "outer court" and the "inner court". The boundary between "outer court" and "inner court" is Ganqing Gate, with the outer court to the south and the inner court to the north. The architectural atmosphere of the imperial palace is very different from that of the imperial palace.

The outer court, centered on the three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe, is the place where the emperor held the court meeting, also known as the "former court". It was the place where feudal emperors exercised their power and held grand ceremonies. In addition, there are Wenhua Hall, Wenyuan Pavilion, Shangyuan Courtyard and Nansuo in the east of the two wings; There are buildings such as Wuying Hall and Interior Office in the west.

The imperial palace is centered on the Ganqing Palace, the Jiaotai Palace and the back three palaces of Kunning Palace, with hall of mental cultivation, the East Palace, the West Palace, the Zhai Palace and the Yuqing Palace on its two wings, followed by the Imperial Garden. It was the residence of feudal emperors and empresses. Ningshou Palace in the eastern part of the Imperial Palace was built after Emperor Qianlong abdicated. There are Cining Palace and Shou 'an Palace in the west of the Imperial Palace. In addition, there are Zhong Hua Palace, Beiwu and other buildings.

After the completion of the Forbidden City, it experienced the Ming and Qing dynasties, and in the 5 years after the Qing emperor abdicated in 1911, it experienced 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties. It is synonymous with the supreme ruling core of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The 5-year history of the court in Ming and Qing Dynasties includes activities of the Emperors, hierarchy, power struggles, religious sacrifices, etc. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, in 1961, the State Council declared the Forbidden City the first batch of "national key cultural relics protection units". Large-scale renovation has been carried out since the fifties and sixties. In 1988, the Forbidden City was listed as a "World Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO. It is now the Palace Museum.

Nanjing Imperial Palace-Imperial Tea Garden Nanjing Imperial Palace, also known as the Ming Palace, was the imperial palace in the early Ming Dynasty.

It was built by Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of Ming Dynasty, in the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty (1366). It was located in the suburb of outer manchuria, the Qingcheng City of Yuanji. It was originally called "The New Palace of the King of Wu" and later called "The Imperial City". Because Zhu Yuanzhang had not proclaimed himself at that time, the scale of the new palace was limited, only the outer court and the inner court buildings in the middle road were built, but no palace was built in the open space on the east and west sides. The new palace was 79 meters wide from east to west and 75 meters long from Donghuamen in the east, Xihuamen in the west and Xuanwu Gate in the north. The entrance to the meridian gate is Fengtian Gate, and the main hall is Fengtian Hall. The front and rear of the hall are Wenlou and Wulou. The Palace of Honor is the Palace of Ganqing and Kunning, as well as the six palaces in the east and west.

In the first year of Hongwu (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne as emperor, taking Yingtianfu as Nanjing. In the following year, Zhongdu City was built in Fengyang. Because manpower and material resources were all concentrated on the construction of Zhongdu City and Palace, the expansion of Nanjing Palace was stopped again. In the following years, only the necessary maintenance was carried out on the existing palace.

In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), Zhu Yuanzhang abandoned the plan of building Zhongdu City and concentrated on building Nanjing. This time, two gates were added at the left and right sides of the meridian gate, and east and west corner gates were added at the left and right sides of Fengtianmen. In addition, buildings such as Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall were built. In the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), it was built again, and a palace wall was added outside the imperial city, with the new wall as the imperial city. The original imperial city was renamed Miyagi. In front of Miyagi, Duanmen, Chengtianmen and Jinshui Bridge were built to form a "T"-shaped square, which reached Hongwumen, built in 1373, to the south. On the west, there is the Governor's Mansion of the Five Armies.

After the Qing Dynasty destroyed Nanming, Nanjing was changed to Jiangning, the Imperial City of Ming Dynasty was changed to the Eight Banners Garrison City, and the General and the Dutong yamen were set up in the Forbidden City of Ming Dynasty. During the Kangxi period, the stone carvings of the Forbidden City were used to build the Putuo Mountain Temple. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom captured Nanjing, it did not use the Forbidden City as the base of the palace, but chose a new site to build a new palace in the city, and a large number of the Forbidden City were demolished here.