"Refuse to get disease from "hands"" Read the answer text

"Is Background Radiation Hazardous?" Reading with Answers

Is Background Radiation Hazardous?

Fang Zhouzi

Is there anyone who claims to be? A popular science website called "Science Park" published an article signed by "Prisoners Breaking Free from Shackles". It said it was to introduce common sense about ionizing radiation. It claimed that background radiation was not harmful to the human body and said it was common sense. After being criticized by everyone for the lack of common sense in this statement, Wei Xinyu, the editor-in-chief of Polymer Materials, acting as a biomedical expert, wrote a large article proving that background radiation is not harmful to the human body, and continued to mislead and deceive readers. .

Before clarifying this error, we must first make it clear that the radiation we are talking about here does not include the low-frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by daily electrical appliances. Although there are so-called anti-radiation products on the market to prevent this type of radiation, in fact They are not harmful to the human body. The radiation we are talking about here refers to radiation that can ionize human cells and cause damage, including high-frequency electromagnetic waves such as gamma rays and X-rays, as well as alpha rays and beta rays produced by radioactive isotope decay or nuclear reactions. Particle flow.

When talking about this type of radiation, everyone immediately thinks of X-rays in hospitals or reactors in nuclear power plants. In fact, in our daily lives, we are unknowingly receiving various ionizing radiations. Some of them come from the sky. We are constantly receiving radiation from cosmic rays from space, and some of them come from the sky. Radioactive materials coming down from the ground, soil and stones are also constantly radiating to us. These radiations from the environment are called background radiation, also called background radiation. About 80% of the radiation that an average person receives comes from background radiation, and the remaining 20% ??is mainly from radiation received during diagnosis and treatment in hospitals.

Background radiation is also ionizing radiation, which can also cause damage to human cells. Of course, it is harmful to the human body. It is a lack of common sense to say that background radiation is not harmful to the human body. In theory, any dose of radiation may cause genetic mutations and damage cells. International radiation management agencies use the linear non-threshold model (LNT model). The basic assumption is that any dose of radiation may cause harm to the human body. There is no safe threshold. The greater the radiation dose, the greater the harm. The purpose of radiation protection is not to completely avoid radiation hazards, but to minimize them. Although the radiation management agency will give a radiation dose limit, it is actually just a reference value. It does not mean that a dose below this limit is harmless to the human body, but that the health risk below the limit can be tolerated. The radiation dose limit for professionals engaged in radioactive work is much higher than that of the general public. Is it because the body structure of professionals is special and they are less susceptible to harm than ordinary people? Of course not, but as professionals, they should and can withstand it. greater health risks.

Therefore, background radiation is harmful to the human body, but background radiation is everywhere and cannot be avoided. If it is not very high, it will have little impact on the body, so we have to let it go. But in some places, the background radiation is much higher than in other places. The background radiation that residents in some cities receive in a year is hundreds of times that of residents in other places, and even exceeds the amount allowed for professionals engaged in radioactive work in a year. These places have such high background radiation because the soil and domestic water contain high levels of radioactive substances. Although it has not been found that residents of these high-radiation areas have a higher incidence of cancer than other places, the harm of radiation to the human body is multifaceted and is not limited to cancer. For example, it has been found that the proportion of chromosomal abnormalities in the cells of residents of high-radiation areas is very high. high. Therefore, the harm of high background radiation to residents cannot be ignored.

In some places, part of their background radiation comes from radon gas released from soil and stone. The rays produced by radon gas have poor penetrating properties and cannot penetrate the skin. However, radon gas is a gas and can induce cancer when inhaled into the human body. It is the second largest cause of lung cancer after smoking. Therefore, the background radiation from radon gas cannot be taken lightly. Because radon is mainly released from the soil, it poses a greater threat to people living in bungalows or on the ground floor of buildings. If you live below the third floor, ask a professional agency to measure the radon content in the room.

If the radon content is high, you need to modify the room and take some measures to reduce the radon content, such as sealing the floor, sealing gaps in the walls, removing gas from the foundation soil, and ventilating the room. Stones such as granite can also release radon. Use these stones as little as possible in house construction and decoration. If they are used in large quantities, it is best to measure the radon content.

The intensity of radiation from cosmic rays is related to latitude and altitude. Areas at high latitudes receive more cosmic ray radiation than equatorial areas. People living in mountains and plateaus are exposed to more cosmic radiation than people living by the sea. But these differences are not huge, so don’t worry. But at high altitudes, the difference becomes even greater. The higher you go, the stronger the cosmic rays are. The amount of radiation you receive when flying at high altitude is about 0.01 millisievert per hour. Flying for 10 hours is equivalent to receiving a chest X-ray. To reduce cosmic ray radiation, there is no other way than reducing the number of high-altitude flights. As for astronauts, the harm they are exposed to background radiation is even greater.

In short, there is no need to worry about background radiation under normal circumstances, but for people who live in areas with high background radiation, people who live in residences with high radon content, or people who frequently make long-distance international flights , you still need to pay attention and take some preventive measures as much as possible. If there are currently no feasible preventive measures, then you have to endure it, but being unavoidable does not mean that there is no harm. It is ridiculous for the editor-in-chief of ?Science Park? to use unavoidable background radiation as the reason why background radiation is harmless. It lacks common sense to say that background radiation is harmless to the human body. Promoting such nonsense in the name of popular science will harm people. Love life and stay away from pseudo-science.

(Excerpt from Baidu Baijia 2016.4.26)

1. Read the original text. Which of the following statements is consistent with the first and second paragraphs of the original text (▲) (3 points )

A. The article signed by "The Prisoner Breaking Free from the Shackles" published by "Science Park" introduced the common sense of ionizing radiation. Through that article, it once again confirmed the basic fact that background radiation is not harmful to the human body. common sense.

B. The radiation sources that ordinary people receive are relatively single, mainly from background radiation, and a small part comes from the radiation received during diagnosis and treatment in hospitals.

C. Most of the radiation in human electrical appliances is radiation that cannot ionize human cells and cause damage, including high-frequency electromagnetic waves such as gamma rays and X-rays, as well as radioactive isotope decay or nuclear reactions. Particle streams such as alpha rays and beta rays are generated.

D. Biomedical expert Wei Xinyu, editor-in-chief of Polymer Materials, wrote a long article proving that background radiation is not harmful to the human body, and continued to mislead and deceive readers.

2. Based on the original text, the incorrect understanding of "background radiation" is (▲) (3 points)

A. "Background radiation" is also "ionizing radiation". , can also cause damage to human cells, and of course it is harmful to the human body. Theoretically, any dose of radiation may cause genetic mutations and cause damage to cells.

B. Background radiation is also called "background radiation". It includes radiation from cosmic rays from space and radioactive materials in soil and stones from the ground. Background radiation is not harmful to the human body. This There is no common sense in this statement.

C. Home decoration materials may also release radon. We should try to use these stones as little as possible. If they are used in large quantities, it is best to measure the radon content to avoid physical damage.

D. The LNT model is that any dose of radiation may cause harm to the human body. There is no safe threshold. The greater the radiation dose, the greater the harm. The purpose of radiation protection is not to completely avoid radiation. Hazards, but to minimize radiation hazards.

3. Which of the following statements about the original text is incorrect (▲) (3 points)

A. We must beware of "background radiation" everywhere. As a small category of background radiation, the intensity of cosmic radiation is related to latitude and altitude. People living in mountains and plateaus receive more cosmic radiation than people living at the seaside.

B. Among various occupations, astronauts are relatively exposed to the greatest harm from background radiation. Because the higher you go, the stronger the cosmic rays are.

To reduce cosmic ray radiation, there is no other way than reducing the number of high-altitude flights.

C. The author tells us to love life and stay away from pseudo-science. The editor-in-chief of ?Science Park? said that background radiation is harmless to the human body, which lacks common sense. Promoting this nonsense in the name of popular science will harm people.

D. The purpose of radiation protection is to minimize radiation hazards. Although the radiation management agency will give a radiation dose limit, it is actually only a reference value and sometimes varies from person to person. It does not mean that lower than this limit, it is harmless to the human body.

Answers to the test questions:

1. Answer C

It is relatively difficult to analyze this question. To answer this question, you must first understand the question clearly. The trap of this question is Suppose that the concept is changed in the question, and the question is about the options that are consistent with the content of the first and second paragraphs of the article, so item B is eliminated first; item A is wrong, and the article published by Science Park itself has errors, so again It confirms that this statement deviates from the content of the original text; item D is made out of nothing, and the original text says that Wei Xinyu fakes Xi Yixi and hopes to be a biomedical expert; so the correct answer is C.

2. Answer D

The basic assumption of the analytical LNT model is that any dose of radiation may cause harm to the human body. There is no safe threshold. The greater the radiation dose, the greater the harm. The purpose of radiation protection is not to completely avoid radiation hazards, but to minimize radiation hazards. Item D is a partial generalization.

3. Answer A

It is difficult to analyze this question, and candidates are likely to choose option B incorrectly. Combining the penultimate paragraph of the article, we can see that statement B is correct. Item A is inconsistent with the meaning of the original text. The original text refers to: People who live in the mountains and plateaus of Xiyixi are exposed to more cosmic radiation than those who live by the sea. However, these differences are not very big, so don’t worry? There is no need to be on guard everywhere.

"Rejecting Diseases from Hands" Reading with Answers

Rejecting Diseases from Hands

Globally, more than 3.5 million children are infected every year Diarrhea and respiratory infections claim lives. As the saying goes, disease enters the body through the mouth, but in fact, the mouth is wrongly accused, and the real culprit behind the disease is often ignored by us. In our daily life, we can hardly do anything without our hands. The communication between hands is warm, but the ubiquitous germs can use it as a breeding ground, so the hands become the carrier of germ transmission. According to a study by a research team at the University of Colorado Boulder, each person carries more than 150 types of bacteria on each hand. You can open a supermarket selling bacteria! In addition to bacteria, pathogens such as fungi and viruses can also be used. Spread widely by hand. Research has found that hands are also one of the ways to spread influenza!

Regarding this sudden H7N9 influenza crisis, although its source and mode of transmission are still uncertain (it is currently believed that it cannot be transmitted between people) ), but it is prudent to prevent infection by maintaining basic hygiene, and handwashing is the most basic public hygiene recommendation for preventing infectious diseases. To prevent influenza, in addition to minimizing contact with live poultry and wearing a mask when going out, you must wash your hands in time after coming into contact with high-risk people or birds.

Research shows that washing hands with soap is one of the most effective measures to prevent diarrhea and respiratory infections, which can reduce the number of children who die from diarrhea by 50% and the number of deaths from respiratory infections by 25%. Washing hands can also effectively prevent diseases that are transmitted through hands, such as diarrhea, influenza, hand, foot and mouth disease, pneumonia, trachoma, ascariasis, etc.

In addition, according to a handwashing survey involving more than 3,000 people, only 4% of people in our country can wash their hands correctly. Regarding hand washing, do you have the following questions?

Which one is better, washing hands with running water or quick-drying hand sanitizer? A domestic small sample study shows that quick-drying hand sanitizer has an effective effect on hand bacteria. The removal rate is obviously not as good as hand washing with running water. This reminds us that although quick-drying hand sanitizer can remove some hand bacteria, it can never replace the combination of running water and soap or other hand-washing products. After touching dirty things or visiting public places, be sure to clean your hands with running water and soap.

Is the longer you wash your hands, the better? The World Health Organization points out that each handwashing should last no less than 20 seconds to complete each handwashing step and truly clean your hands. However, some patients with mysophobia often wash their hands for too long or repeatedly, which can easily cause excessive loss of lipid components on the skin surface, thereby destroying the epidermal barrier and causing rough, chapped, even eczema and other skin problems. Therefore, although the time for washing hands should be sufficient, longer is not always better. After washing your hands, apply skin care products containing oily ingredients to replenish excessive loss of sebum.

How many times do you need to wash your hands to make them clean? A study shows that when washing hands, there is no significant difference in the germ removal rate between taking soap once and washing hands three times under running water. Therefore, taking soap once Washing your hands with soap is enough to remove excess bacteria on your hands. It is convenient, saves water and soap, and causes less damage to the epidermis of your hands.

Paying attention to hand hygiene is not only caring for your own health, but also a civilized behavior of caring for the health of others. After reading this short article, you who are eating snacks with your hands, writing with your hands, or preparing to eat, should you wash your hands and protect yourself and those around you perfectly?

22. This article mainly explains the main contents of three aspects and completes the summary of key points below. (2 points)

①Hands are also a carrier of germs and one of the links in the spread of influenza.

　② ③

　23. From the perspective of the language accuracy of the expository text, choose any sentence to analyze and add some words in the following sentences. (3 points)

①In daily life, we can hardly do anything without our hands.

② Research shows that washing hands with soap is one of the most effective measures to prevent diarrhea and respiratory infections

24. Point out how to explain the underlined sentences in the article. (2 points)

①According to a research team from the University of Colorado Boulder, the United States found that each person carries more than 150 kinds of bacteria on each hand, and you can open a supermarket selling bacteria. !( )

② Washing hands can also effectively prevent diseases that are transmitted through hands, such as diarrhea, influenza, hand, foot and mouth disease, pneumonia, trachoma, ascariasis, etc. ( )

25. Try to briefly analyze the order of explanation used in the selected text. (3 points)

26. By reading this article, you will definitely pay more attention to the hygiene of your hands. Please write a concise and literary slogan to promote hand hygiene. (3 points)

Answer:

22. ② The most basic hygiene method to prevent infectious diseases is hand washing. ③Correct hand washing method. (2 points)

23. ① ?Almost? means close, emphasizing the universality of doing things with hands in life, but does not exclude the possibility of sometimes doing things without using hands. ?Almost reflects the accuracy of expository language. ②One of the two means that handwashing with soap is one of the most effective measures to prevent diarrhea and respiratory infections, but not the only method. ?One? reflects the accuracy of expository language. (3 points)

24. ① List numbers ② Give examples (2 points)

25. The article first points out that hands are the carrier of spreading bacteria, and then explains that hand washing is the best way to prevent diseases. Basic hygiene methods, ending with instructions on how to wash your hands properly, in a typically logical sequence. (Just make sense, 3 points.)

26. Example: Pay attention to hand hygiene and care for your health. A healthy life starts with washing hands. (3 points)