After the failure of the anti-Yuan struggle, what kind of anti-Yuan struggles did some different factions carry out?

Yuan Shikai’s reactionary rule aroused dissatisfaction and resistance among the people. In May and June 1913, workers at the Hanyang Arsenal went on strike to oppose the Yuan Shikai government's use of devalued banknotes to pay wages. In January 1914, Yuan Shikai promulgated the "Deed Verification Ordinance" and the "Deed Tax Ordinance", which stipulated that all old deeds must be submitted for inspection, and each deed should pay an inspection fee of one yuan and a registration fee of 10 cents, in order to increase tax revenue. In the same year, the "clearance of land" was implemented and the "clearance bureau" was set up to plunder and exploit farmers, which aroused resistance struggles among farmers across the country. After February of this year, "civil uprisings" or armed uprisings occurred in one or several counties in Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Anhui, Fengtian, Zhili, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Henan, Guizhou, Jiangsu and other provinces. In September, there was an armed uprising by the working people and the Taro Party members in Benxi County, Fengtian, claiming to be "challenging Yuan's army". They captured the county seat and imprisoned the county governor. In January 1915, hundreds of farmers from Xinmin County, Fengtian, armed with firearms, besieged the Qingzhang Bureau of the township. In May, a fight against tax deed inspection broke out in Luoning County, Henan Province. In August, a struggle against tax deed inspection also took place in Ningxian County, Gansu Province. In the same month, a large-scale anti-donation and anti-tax movement broke out in the Longdong area; people in Huanxian County uprising, killed the county governor, occupied the county seat, turned to Qingyang, and burned two churches. In November, people in Wanzai County, Jiangxi Province gathered together to destroy the government office. In December, farmers in Yushu, Wuchang, Shulan and other places in Jilin Province destroyed the Qingzhang Bureau and Taxation Bureau everywhere; in Fengtian, Hailong, Xi'an (now Liaoyuan), Gaiping (now Gaixian), Xunyan, Suizhong, and Dongfeng Many places responded. In the spring of 1916, thousands of farmers in Feicheng County, Shandong Province burned down the county office and the Sixiang Qingzhang Bureau, and farmers from neighboring counties came together to support them. At the same time, there was a large-scale anti-Qingzhang struggle organized by the "Shanbei Society" in central Hebei. During the entire period of Yuan Shikai's rule, the resistance struggle of the broad masses of the people continued unabated.

In the past few years, the largest and longest-lasting uprising was the Zilang Uprising.

After the failure of the "Second Revolution", Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan. In view of the lessons of previous failures, he believes that the most important thing in the revolutionary cause is to build a party. Only by taking the revolutionary party as the foundation can we hope to revive the spirit, save the revolution in times of crisis, and complete the important task of eradicating the people's thieves and returning peace to our country. . On September 27, 1913, Sun Yat-sen organized the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Tokyo, personally drew up an oath to join the party, and recruited the first batch of party members. Under Sun Yat-sen's inspiration and efforts, the number of people who completed the party membership procedures continued to increase, reaching four to five hundred in April 1914. On July 8 of that year, the Chinese Revolutionary Party held its founding conference in Tokyo, and Sun Yat-sen became Prime Minister. The "General Constitution of the Chinese Revolutionary Party" stipulates: "To implement the principles of civil rights and people's livelihood as the purpose" and "to eliminate autocratic politics and build a complete Republic of China as the purpose." In the "Establishment Announcement" issued later, it was clearly stated that "this time The method must be to get to the bottom of things: (1) Get rid of the bureaucracy! (2) Eliminate the pseudo-revolutionary party", strictly organize, and call on party members to "work together to achieve the third revolution until the revolution succeeds." It is positive that the Chinese Revolutionary Party, with its indomitable revolutionary spirit, adheres to the path of democratic revolution and once again raises the fighting banner of democracy under the dark autocratic rule of Yuan Shikai. However, its weaknesses and errors are also obvious. First, it believed that nationalism was complete and did not propose an anti-imperialist program. Secondly, organizationally emphasizing the party's centralization and unity has a certain positive effect on purifying the party's organization and changing organizational disorganization. However, it is stipulated that all those who join the party must swear absolute obedience to Sun Yat-sen personally and have their fingerprints taken. This practice is backward, and many old alliance members are unwilling to participate. The general chapter also mistakenly divides party members into three categories: "first-minded", "assistant" and "ordinary" according to the order of joining the party. They enjoy different rights, artificially creating a tight hierarchy within the party, thus deepening the estrangement between inside and outside the party, and breaking away from each other. the masses. Thirdly, the Chinese Revolutionary Party was right to insist on struggle, but it focused too much on military affairs and neglected mobilizing the masses.

Huang Xing and other key members of the Tongmenghui and Kuomintang did not join the Chinese Revolutionary Party. On the one hand, they did not agree to abide by the regulations on personal and party membership, and on the other hand, they had already had differences with Sun Yat-sen. Some former members of the Tongmenghui and the Kuomintang around Huang Xing planned to support Huang Xing as their leader, form a separate party, and split from the Sun Yat-sen faction. Huang Xing did not accept it and "in order to avoid intra-party disputes, he decided to travel to the United States." After the outbreak of World War I, some Kuomintang members who stayed in Japan and did not join the Chinese Revolutionary Party established the "European Affairs Research Association" in Tokyo in August 1914 in the name of discussing European affairs.

After the European Affairs Research Association was established in Japan, some people from the United States, Southeast Asia, Europe and domestic Shanghai joined one after another. There are more than 100 members in Japan, mainly the military backbone of the Kuomintang who follow Huang Xing and the moderate faction of the Kuomintang. The European Affairs Research Association adheres to the anti-Yuan political views, but in terms of struggle strategy, it opposes the "rapid advance" policy of the Sun Yat-sen faction

and advocates a "slow advance" policy. There is a negative factor of lack of confidence in another revolution. .

The Chinese Revolutionary Party founded the "Republic of China Magazine" in Tokyo to expose Yuan Shikai's dictatorship and traitorous crimes. It also ran some newspapers and periodicals in Shanghai and overseas, and sent people to the party and part of the army to instigate armed uprisings. However, due to the above-mentioned weaknesses and errors, its impact is far less than that of the Tongmenghui.

On New Year's Day in 1916, when Yuan Shikai was receiving congratulations from hundreds of officials at the Xinhua Palace, the Yunnan Military Government was established, issued an appeal against Yuan, and announced his 19th major crime. Cai E elected Tang Jiyao as the commander-in-chief. Cai E was appointed commander-in-chief of the First Army and marched into Sichuan. Li Liejun was appointed commander-in-chief of the Second Army and sent troops to Guangdong and Guangxi. Tang Jiyao was also the commander-in-chief of the Third Army and stayed behind. On January 27, 1916, Guizhou declared independence. The armed struggle against Yuan won the enthusiastic support of the people. The people of Kunming took the initiative to put up slogans "Support Mao Zedong and Long Live" and enthusiastically joined the army. "People rushed to pay donations. As soon as the door opened in the morning, they were crowded to pay, and they continued until late at night." Overseas Chinese also enthusiastically supported it. The overseas Chinese in Nanyang had already remitted more than 700,000 yuan. After learning that Yunnan was independent, "another one million yuan was wired, and there is still an endless stream of sources." "Overseas Chinese in America and Australia called to pledge donations, and I heard the number was around two million." The enthusiastic support of the masses determined the victory of the anti-Yuan war.