When did Chinese Pinyin appear?

At that time, there were no pinyin letters in China, so we used the method of direct pronunciation or reverse tangency with pinyin Chinese characters.

Direct pronunciation means using homophones to express the pronunciation of Chinese characters.

Backcutting refers to annotating another Chinese character with two Chinese characters and annotating the pronunciation of one Chinese character with two Chinese characters. It is a traditional phonetic notation method and an analysis of the phonetic structure of ancient Chinese characters in China. The first word is a reversed upper word, indicating the initial consonant of the cut word; The second word is a backslash, which means vowel and pronunciation.

China people's own Pinyin movement began in the late Qing Dynasty.

After the Opium War, some patriotic intellectuals put forward the idea of saving the country through education. Liang Qichao, Shen Xue, Lu, Wang Zhao and others unanimously pointed out that the difficulty of Chinese characters was the reason why education could not be popularized, so a "phonetic notation movement" was set off.

The phonetic symbol schemes put forward in the phonetic symbol movement are varied and dazzling, which can be roughly summarized into three systems:

(1) Kana system: Imitate Japanese kana and use Chinese radical as phonetic symbol. "China New Phonetic Characters" proposed by Lu Taizhang in 1892 and "Mandarin Chorus Letters" written by Wang Zhao in 190 1 year all belong to pseudonyms.

(2) shorthand system: shorthand symbols are used as pinyin symbols. The schemes put forward in Cai Xiyong's Pronunciation Fast Characters, Shen Xue's Vowel in the Prosperous Age and Wang's Pinyin Zipu published from 1896 to 1897 all belong to the shorthand department.

③ Latin system: Latin letters are used as phonetic symbols. Zhu's Jiangsu New Alphabet 1906, Liu Mengyang's China Hanyu Pinyin Scheme 1908, Jiang's Tongzi and Huang's Latin Hypothesis 1909 all belong to Latin school.

19 13 February, a unified pronunciation conference was held in Beijing. The main tasks of the meeting are "reviewing and approving the national pronunciations of all words" and "selecting letters". The meeting lasted more than three months. At this meeting, the pronunciations of 6,500 Chinese characters were examined and approved, and the "standard national common pronunciations" were determined by voting of provincial representatives. A 39-character pinyin scheme has been worked out. This alphabet uses Chinese strokes, letters are selected from ancient Chinese characters, and syllables use a triple spelling system of initials, finals and tones. The reverse spelling of double spelling has been improved, and its purpose is only to mark the pronunciation of Chinese characters, not to be used as pinyin characters. This set of phonetic symbols was later reduced to 37 letters (initial 12, vowel 13, intermediary 3), which is almost half of the letters in the double spelling phonetic scheme.

After the phonetic symbol was passed, it was shelved for five years before it was officially announced by the Ministry of Education of Beiyang Government on 19 18. During the period of 1920, "Putonghua Workshop" and "Summer Putonghua Workshop" were set up all over the country to promote pinyin letters. Classical Chinese classes in primary schools all over the country have been changed to vernacular Chinese classes, and all primary school textbooks are annotated with pinyin letters. From 1920 to 1958, phonetic symbols have been used in China for nearly 40 years. This has played a great role in unifying the pronunciation of Chinese characters, popularizing Putonghua and popularizing pinyin knowledge. In 1930, some senior officials thought that the name of "phonetic symbol" was not good, and changed it to "phonetic symbol" to emphasize that it was not parallel to Chinese characters.

1949 after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the pinyin scheme developed immediately. 1949 10 A non-governmental organization "China Character Reform Association" was established, and the Association established a "Pinyin Scheme Research Committee" to discuss what letters to use in the Pinyin Scheme.

195510 June 15, the National Conference on Character Reform was held in Beijing. Ye Laishi said in his speech: "During the period from 1952 to 1954, the China Chinese Character Reform Research Committee mainly studied the stroke pinyin scheme of Chinese characters. After three years of exploration, several drafts have been drawn up and put in the first draft of "Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Chinese Character Stroke Pinyin Scheme)". At this meeting, six draft pinyin schemes were distributed to the delegates, four of which are Chinese strokes, one is Latin alphabet and the other is Slavic alphabet. After the meeting, Wu Xiangbao, then director of the Language and Character Reform Committee of China, reported that it was difficult to get a satisfactory design for the ethnic writing scheme after three years, and it was better to use Latin letters. Mao Zedong agreed to adopt the Latin alphabet, which was adopted at a central meeting.

1955 10, the State Council established the "Chinese Pinyin Scheme Examination Committee". After a year's work, the Revised Draft was put forward in 1957 10, and it was adopted as a new draft at the 60th plenary meeting in the State Council. On February 1958, 1 1 day, the fifth session of the first national people's congress officially approved the Chinese pinyin scheme. Since the autumn of 1958, the Chinese Pinyin Scheme has entered the primary school classroom in China as a compulsory course for primary school students. "Chinese Pinyin Scheme" is a set of pinyin letters and spelling methods to standardize the spelling of Putonghua, and it is the legal pinyin scheme in People's Republic of China (PRC).

In ancient times, there was no pinyin, so we used reverse tangent, that is, we used two words that we could read, took the initials of the first word and the finals of the second word, and then put them together.

In ancient times, the Hui brothers in China studied Arabic instead of Chinese characters, but they used Arabic letters to spell spoken Chinese, so it was the earliest pinyin in China.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolian rulers used changing Tibetan letters to spell Chinese and other languages, which was called Basiba characters. Although it is not specialized in spelling Chinese, it is also a kind of Chinese Pinyin.

In the Ming Dynasty, western missionaries spelled Chinese with Latin letters, which was the earliest Latin pinyin in China.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there appeared a phonetic way to express Chinese pronunciation with simple ancient characters. During the Republic of China, the government formulated "phonetic symbols", which is the concentrated embodiment of this system. Taiwan Province Province is still in use today. However, at the same time, there has also been a phonetic movement of Latin characters, which is closely related to the political movement of the left.

* * * After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the government immediately formulated the "Hanyu Pinyin Scheme", which is the scheme now in use. The United Nations also recognizes this.

Chinese pinyin scheme. 1955~ 1957 was studied and formulated by the Chinese Pinyin Scheme Committee of China Language and Character Reform Committee. It was approved and promulgated by the National People's Congress on February 1958+0, and was confirmed as an international standard for spelling Chinese by the International Organization for Standardization.

Analysis of Chinese Pinyin Scheme

(Adopted by the National People's Congress on February 6, 2005)

The Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress discussed Premier the State Council's proposal on the Draft Chinese Pinyin Scheme and Wu, director of the China Language and Character Reform Committee's report on the current language and character reform and Chinese Pinyin Scheme, and decided:

(1) Approve the scheme of Chinese Pinyin.

(2) Agree in principle with Director Wu's report on the current reform of Chinese characters and the scheme of Chinese Pinyin, and think that we should continue to simplify Chinese characters and actively promote Putonghua; As a tool to help learn Chinese characters and popularize Putonghua, the scheme of Chinese Pinyin should first be taught in normal schools, middle schools and primary schools to accumulate teaching experience, and at the same time it should be gradually implemented in publishing and further improved in practice.