Classification of pronouns in classical Chinese

1. Pronouns in classical Chinese can be divided into several types. I don't even give points for what I want to say in a class. It is suggested that the landlord buy a translation book of classical Chinese in senior high school, which he has read before. It's complete there.

First, personal pronouns

Such as I, I, Yu, Yu, I, lonely, widowed, minister, servant, concubine and so on. Are so-called first-person pronouns, used for people who speak or write articles. Among them, the word "I" is not only used in ancient Chinese, but also used today. The rest of modern Chinese is not used.

Er, ru, female, ruo, nai, er, zi, jun, gong, your Excellency, your majesty, your first step, etc. Both are second personal pronouns, which are equivalent to "you" and "you" in modern Chinese. Among them, "Your Excellency" and "Your Majesty" are still used in diplomatic terms.

"Zhi", "Qi" and "Bi" are the third person pronouns. Today, "he" or "it" can mean not only people, but also things.

"Or" is equivalent to "some people" and "sometimes" in modern Chinese.

"Mo", equivalent to "nobody", is a pronoun with no definite reference;

As a demonstrative pronoun, Xiang is equivalent to the other party, and can also refer to you, me and him. Similar to Xiang, there are the word "Jian" and many generations of "I", that is, the so-called "expressing others' behavior and one's own" in Ci Yuan.

Second, interrogative pronouns

In interrogative pronouns in classical Chinese, there are "who", "who" and "why" asking people; "He" also asks questions. There are also questions such as ",","Hu", "evil", "An" and "Yan".

Third, demonstrative pronouns

The common demonstrative pronouns in classical Chinese are Zhe, Shi, Si, Zi and Fu, while Zhi, Qi and Bi are often used as demonstrative pronouns besides personal pronouns.

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2. What are the types of pronouns? 1. The definition and classification of pronouns are words used to refer to nouns, adjectives and numerals. Pronouns can be used as subjects, objects, predicates or attributes in sentences. 2. Classification of Pronouns In English, pronouns can be divided into nine categories: personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, interactive pronouns, connecting pronouns, relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns. Its use can make sentences concise, but if it is not used properly, it will easily lead to misunderstanding. Third, personal pronouns mean "you, me, him (her, it)". The word "you, us, them (them, them)" is called personal pronoun. It has personal name, number and case changes. 1. The common usage of personal pronouns is 1). Personal pronouns are the subject (using the nominative case). I like English and math very much. I like English and math very much. She and I are both good at playing football. You, she and I are all good at playing football. 2) Personal pronouns are used as objects (in the objective case). Miss Millie teaches us to dance. Mr. Ma wants me to solve this problem. Teacher Ma wants me to solve this problem. Don't disturb them. They are. Reading in the library. Don't disturb them. They are reading in the library. #3) Personal pronouns as predicative (usually in the objective case)-who is there? Who is there? It's me. It's me. Who is crying in the room? Who is crying in the room? It's her. Note that prepositions can only be followed by the objective case of personal pronouns. The nominative case cannot be connected. For example, {There is a table between you and me. {This is a Christmas card for her. This is a Christmas card for her. She ... (plus) 2. Personal pronoun with special usage 1)it's special usage ① It stands for singular things or animals other than people, meaning "it". Where is my bag? Where is my schoolbag? Over there. Right there. Can you find a bird in the picture? Can you find a bird in the picture? Yes, it's in the tree. Yes, it's in the tree. ② It means how cold it was yesterday! It was really cold yesterday! How's the weather today? What is the weather like today? It is raining. It is raining. ③ indicates time. What time is it? What time is it now? It's seven o'clock. It's seven o'clock. (4) refers to the distance-how far is it from here? how far is it from here? Five minutes' walk. It takes five minutes to walk. As a formal subject, it is good to have enough exercise. It's better to be careful in everything. As a formal object, he found that. It is very interesting to be interested in Inter Milan. He found surfing the Internet interesting. I find it difficult to get along with her. I find it difficult to get along with her. She thinks it necessary to get up early in the morning. She thinks it necessary to get up early in the morning. She can refer to the country, the moon, the earth, ships and other natural things except women. For example, the moon is shining brightly. She looks like a disc. The moonlight is bright tonight. She is like a big disc. China is my mother, and I will love her forever. China is my motherland. I will love her forever. 3). The special usage of us, you and them sometimes doesn't mean a specific person. It snowed heavily yesterday. It snowed heavily yesterday. No crops are grown here. They speak Chinese in China. In China, people speak Chinese. 3. The order of personal pronouns in English, when the speaker (me or us) mentions himself and others, it is customary to put himself last to show modesty and courtesy. For example, you, she, and I all got in. When admitting mistakes or self-criticism, speakers sometimes put themselves before others. For example, both he and I are to blame. Both he and I were criticized. You and I are fixed structures, and even if we admit our mistakes, the word order will not change. For example, you and I are both to blame. You and I will be criticized. Third, possessive pronouns represent pronouns of all relationships. It can also be called pronoun possessive case. Possessive pronouns can be divided into descriptive possessive pronouns and nominal possessive pronouns. The changes of characters and numbers are shown in the following table. Number singular plural person first, second, third, first, second, third person personal adjective My Your His/Her Its Our Your/Their Owner pronoun Nominal Mine Your His/She Its Our Your/Their possessive pronoun, such as: I like his car. I like his car. Our school is here and theirs is there. Our school is here and theirs is there. Fourthly, demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that express concepts such as "that", "this", "these" and "those". Demonstrative pronouns include this and that. That's a good idea. 5. Pronouns expressing "self", "self", "self", "self", "self", "self" and "self" are called self pronouns. Also known as "reflexive pronoun". For example, she is talking to herself. Sixthly, pronouns expressing relationships are called reciprocal pronouns, and there are two types: mutual and mutual, but in use, there is no difference between these two groups of words. For example, they are in love. Seventh, a pronoun that does not replace any specific noun is called indefinite pronouns. Common indefinite pronouns are A 1 1, both, each, every and so on. , and synthetic pronouns containing some-, any-, no-, etc. Such as anyone, something, nobody. Most of these indefinite pronouns can replace nouns and adjectives as subject, object, predicative and attributive in sentences, while none and compound indefinite pronouns composed of some, any and no can only be used as subject, object or predicative; Every and no can only be attributes. For example:-Do you have a car? Do you have a car? -Yes, I have one. -Yes, I have one. -I don't know any of them. I don't know any of them.

3. What are the types of pronouns in classical Chinese (1)? Personal pronouns are pronouns that express personal differences to the speaker, the opponent of the speaker and the speaker, including the first personal pronoun, the second personal pronoun, the third personal pronoun and the plural of personal pronouns.

① The first person pronouns mainly include "I, nothing, Yu, Yu, I", which can generally be used as subject, object and attribute. For example, if you do your duty, you will say, "I'm dying."

The second person pronouns in A Record of Gentlemen mainly include "female (such as), son, ruo, son and nai", which can generally be used as subject, attribute and object. Such as; Your inner strength is impenetrable.

The third person pronouns in Yishan, Gong Yu mainly include "Zhi, Qi, Bi, Qu and Mou", which can generally be used as subject, object and attribute. For example, if I am tired and I have excess, I will overcome it.

Debate (4) The plural number of personal pronouns means that there is no single plural number of personal pronouns in classical Chinese, and the first personal pronoun and the second personal pronoun are often followed by plural numbers such as "friend, generation, genus and Cao", which can generally be inferred according to the context. For example, if you don't have it, if you belong to everything, you will be captured.

"The Hongmen Banquet" destroyed the name of Cao Er, and did not waste the rivers and mountains forever. "Play is a quatrain", so we are also storytellers, if we have money today.

"Liu Jingting's storytelling" (II) interrogative pronouns ① refer to people's interrogative pronouns, mainly "who, who and why". Who is more beautiful, Xu Gong or me? Zou Ji's interrogative pronouns in satirizing Qi Wang mainly include "He, Yi, Hu," and so on.

Evil, security, etc What is the king doing here? Red Gate Banquet ③ refers to interrogative pronouns of places, mainly including "An, Yan,, Evil, Evil (where), He" and so on.

Such as: and how to place earthwork? The demonstrative pronouns in Gong Yu Yishan (III) can be divided into modern words and distant pronouns, specific pronouns and general pronouns according to different uses. ① "Qi" is a special pronoun and can only be used as an attribute.

For example, if the husband's water is not thick, he can't afford a big ship. The word "zhi" and "zi" in Xiaoyao You "are general pronouns, which can be used as attributes or objects.

For example, your mother is here. The modern words in Ji Xiang Xuanzhi mainly include "this, yes, four, ran and zi", which can be translated as "this".

They can be used as subjects, attributes and objects, and "this, yes" can also be used as predicates. This son of heaven is also angry.

Wes, who are we going home with? The distant pronouns in Yueyang Tower mainly include "Bi and Fu", which can be translated as "Na". "Bi" has a strong reference and can be used as subject, attribute and object. "Fu" has a weak reference and is often used as an attribute.

At that time, then. "Mencius? What does Fu Jin hate in Under the Ugliness of the Sun? (4) indefinite pronouns (4) (4) (4) (4) (9)

① "or" means "some people, some people, some (East and West)" or "one or some of them". May take pleasure as beauty.

"The Story of the Sick Plum Pavilion" or: "Are the six countries mourning for each other paying tribute to Qin Ye?" The Theory of Six Kingdoms (2) When several "or" are used together, they form a parallelism sentence instead of a choice sentence. For example, you either want to die or you want to die.

(5) Auxiliary pronouns Auxiliary pronouns mainly include "suo" and "zhe", which are attached to other words or phrases and have certain grammatical and referential functions, but they cannot act as secondary components of sentences alone. (1) "suo" is attached to the predicate verb, which forms a structure with it and refers to some actions and objects.

For example, women get nothing from their property. The word "zhe" in The Hongmen Banquet is attached to the word or phrase, and together with the structure of the word, it means "people and things".

Horse eaters don't know that they can eat thousands of miles. Ma Shuo.

4. The classification of pronouns Personal pronouns I he he they their master pronouns I he they their demonstrative pronouns this this that these reflexive pronouns myself he himself questioned pronouns who who who who who indefinite pronouns some many both; Two things related to the pronoun which…… ... who ... someone or something ... reciprocal pronoun are related to each other.

5. How are notional words and function words classified in classical Chinese? According to whether it has real meaning, it can be divided into two categories: content words and function words. Content words are words with real meaning, while function words are words that have no real meaning and only play a certain grammatical role in sentences. Ancient Chinese and modern Chinese have roughly the same classification of real words and function words, but they are slightly different in specific operations. In modern Chinese, content words include nouns and verbs (including "yes"), and function words include conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, auxiliary words, exclamations, onomatopoeia and so on. In ancient Chinese, pronouns generally belong to the category of function words, and the judgment word "Shi" belongs to the category of adverbs in function words. It stands to reason that the common meaning of "Shi" in classical Chinese is the demonstrative pronoun "zhe" and so on, which should be classified as pronouns. In addition, there is another one in classical Chinese.

6. Classification and basic usage of pronouns (1) Types of pronouns reciprocal pronoun, one means pronouns this, that, these, indefinite pronouns (pronouns that do not specify specific people or things) each, each, two, all, each, none, one, (a) several, (a) a little, some, any. The direct pronouns of Nothing, Everyone, Someone, Someone, Any, what, Nothing interrogative pronouns what, who, who, who can be used as connecting pronouns to guide object clauses.

Predicative clauses, etc. Relative pronouns who, who, who, that and which use leading attributive clauses.

(2) The usage of pronouns 1. Usage of personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, pronouns and demonstrative pronouns (1) Personal pronouns can be divided into nominative and objective cases, with nominative as the subject and objective case as the object of verbs or prepositions. She gave me a red apple: (she is the subject and I am the verb object) Kathy is next to him. Kathy is near him.

Possessive pronouns can be divided into adjective possessive pronouns and noun possessive pronouns. Adjective possessive pronouns are located before nouns: their school, his backpack ② Nominal possessive pronouns are equivalent nouns, which can be used as subjects, objects and so on. There is no noun to follow in this sentence.

This is not my pen. My pen is missing. I left my pen at home. You can use her (= her pen), (as an object) 3 "of+nominal subject pronoun" is a form of dual possessive case. One of her cats is one of her dogs, and one of your friends is one of your friends. Reflexive pronouns ① Reflexive pronouns can be used as appositive in sentences, which plays an emphasis role, and can also be used as the object of verbs or prepositions.

A few days later, I had to go to Paris myself. She bought herself a new schoolbag. He is not worried about him. (as a prepositional object) ② Common phrases with reflexive pronouns. Teach yourself to eat whatever you want … say to yourself.

Self-study, self-study, self-entertainment, let someone hurt themselves, hurt themselves, get dressed and get up. The reciprocal pronoun (1) indicates the relationship and can be used as the object of a verb or preposition, with little difference in usage. Over the years, the two sisters have taken care of each other.

The two sisters have been taking care of each other for years. We should learn from each other. We should learn from each other.

(2) All relationships can be represented by grids: mutual, mutual and mutual eg. They are looking at each other's pictures. They look at each other's photos. 5. demonstrative pronouns ① demonstrative pronouns can be divided into singular and plural, which can be used as both a reference and an introducer.

This is an apple tree and that is an orange tree. This is an apple tree and that is an orange tree. These are my friends and that is my sister. These are my friends and that is my sister.

Demonstrative pronouns can be used to refer to the things mentioned above: For example, Steve cold.This/That was very ill, which is why he didn't go to school yesterday. 2. indefinite pronouns's usage (1) each, every, both, all, that, every, no, none① Every "each" (emphasizing the individual) is used for both. Two girls, camel and I gave each other an apple. Two girls came and I gave each of them an apple.

Each of them has a beautiful ring. Each of them has a beautiful ring. ② Every "every/every" (emphasizing all) is used for more than two.

Every is often used as an adjective. Every day is very important to us. Every day is very important to us.

He has read every book on the subject. He has read all the books on this subject. ③both means "all" (emphasizing all).

Her parents are both doctors. Her parents are both doctors. They are both doctors. They are all doctors.

They both like potatoes. They like potatoes. ④ All "all/everyone/everything" is used for more than three, and can also be followed by uncountable nouns.

That's all for today. Let's call it a day. We are all from China. We are all from China.

All the food is delicious. All the food is delicious. ⑤ Both ",used for both (emphasizing individuals).

The coat is very cheap, so you can choose. Those two coats are not expensive. You can choose any one. ⑥ "None" is used to deny both.

Neither of those books is interesting. ⑦ No (= not any/not a) "No" can be used with countable nouns, simple plural nouns and uncountable nouns.

I have no brothers or sisters. I have no brothers or sisters. The clock has no mouth, but it can talk. The clock has no mouth, but it can talk.

There is no smoke without fire. Where there is fire, there is smoke. 8 none "no one/thing" is used to deny three or more countable nouns, for example, they have never been to Japan. None of them has been to Japan.

I like none of these books. I like none of these books. Inside and none represent complete negation; All, both, each and every (compound words including every) when used with not indicate partial negation.

I don't know you completely. I don't know you completely. Not everyone of us knows how to get there. Not everyone of us knows how to get there. (2) the usage of one, ones and no one is used to replace a thing or a person just mentioned before to avoid repetition. Plural numbers are used to replace some things or people mentioned above; No one just doesn't.

Would you please pass me that science book? Can you pass me that book about science? Which one? Which one? The one on my shelf. It's on my bookshelf.

7. The usage and classification of function words in classical Chinese (such as pronouns and adverbs), including the definition and usage of 1, can be divided into the following situations when used as pronouns: (1) can represent people, things and things.

Dai is the third person. Translated into "he" (they) and "it" (they).

Be an object or part-time language, not a subject. For example, writing Shi Shuo makes it.

("Shi Shuo" acts as an object. ) Let it happen.

("Encouraging learning" is a substitute for things and a part-time term. ) people are not born to know.

("Shi Shuo", on behalf of things, for things. ) Will you be born with sorrow? The first person, me, is the object in Snake Catcher.

It can be translated into "this" and is usually used as a plural attribute. For example, it is best to adopt the second policy.

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) What do you know about Erchong? ("Happy Travel") 2. Used as an auxiliary word, it can be divided into the following situations: (1) structural auxiliary word, the sign of attribute. Used between the attributive and the head word (noun), it can be translated into "de", and some cannot be translated.

For example, if we can compete with China with the masses in wuyue. (Battle of Red Cliffs) The existence of Tao is also the existence of teacher (Shi Shuo) (2) The sign of structural auxiliary words and complements.

Used between the head (verb, adjective) and the complement, it can be translated as "de". For example, the ancients' views on heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, vegetation and birds and beasts often gained something and sought the depth of thinking without exception.

(You Baochan) 3 Structural auxiliary words, the symbol of prepositional objects. Used after the advanced object and before the verb predicate or preposition, it should be omitted in translation.

What do you hate, Fujin? ("Candle Fires Back Teacher Qin", that is, "What Don't Like Gold" (4) Structural auxiliary words. When the subject-predicate phrase is used as the subject, object or clause in a sentence, the "zhi" is used between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence, and translation is not necessary.

Translation can also be omitted. Such as: the teacher's way has not been passed down for a long time! It's hard to be confused! (Mr. Shuo) Peng moved to Nanming, and the water hit three thousand Li ... (Xiaoyao Tour) The old minister thought that the love of the Empress Yan was wise to Chang Anjun.

("Touching the Dragon and Telling the Queen of Zhao") (5) Syllable auxiliary words. When used at the end of adjectives, adverbs or some verbs, or between three words, it becomes four words, which only plays the role of adjusting syllables and is meaningless, and should be omitted in translation.

For example, in an instant, smoke burns for a long time. (Battle of Red Cliffs) Teacher Mao's eloquent tongue is better than a million teachers.

("Mao Sui recommended himself") (6) Verb, as a predicate. The meaning of "want, want".

(lover) died in Dongguoling, and the worshippers begged for a break. (Qi people have wives and concubines) Its 1 is used as a pronoun in the following situations: (1) The third person pronoun.

It can replace people and things and be used as an attribute before nouns, which can be translated as "his" and "its" includes the plural). For example, if I followed his plan, the king was lucky enough to forgive me.

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (2) Third Person Pronouns. Generally speaking, when used before verbs or adjectives, as a small subject in a subject-predicate phrase (the whole subject-predicate phrase is used as a subject or object or modifier in a sentence), it should be translated into "he" and "it" without adding "de".

For example, his knowledge of Tao is also ahead of mine. (titled "Shi Shuo" and "Wen Qi Dao". )

The king of Qin was afraid that he would break the wall. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru "Its Broken Wall" as the object. )

(3) Flexible use of the first person. It can be used as an attribute or a small subject, and the sentence can be translated into "mine" or "I (myself)".

For example, I regret that I can't enjoy the trip with my husband. ("A trip to Baochan Mountain") 4 demonstrative pronouns, indicating far-reaching influence.

As an attribute, it can be translated as "that", "that", "those" and "there"; When the pointer is near, it can be translated as "this, these". Then I still blame the person who came up with it.

Today, I have been in Jingzhou, and I have a place to vote. (Battle of Red Cliffs) Lotus is lovely and has many things (such as "Lotus"). I think it is a soldier (this). (5) The demonstrative pronoun means "among them", followed by numerals.

For example, choose one or two rocks. (The Story of Shi Zhongshan) 2. Used as adverb.

Put it at the beginning of a sentence or in a sentence to express the tone of measurement, backchat, negotiation, expectation, command, etc. , often collocated with modal particles placed at the end of sentences, can be translated as "probably", "really", "possibly" or omitted. For example, is this all about it? ("Shi Shuo" is measured. )

Who can laugh at it? (A trip to Baochan Mountain is a rhetorical question. Don't be sad! ("Book with Wife" shows merchants. )

Your father's ambition is not to forget! (The Biography of Lingguan indicates the expected order. ) What are things like dirt and stones? "One Mountain in Gong Yu" emphasizes interrogative tone and does not translate. 3. Used as a conjunction.

When used as a conjunction, it is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence or indicates a hypothesis, which can be translated as "if"; Or table selection, which can be translated as "or". For example, if a person's career is not good, his morality is not good, and his nature is not humble, then his heart will not be dedicated to others, so why should others blame him? ("Introduction to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang" table hypothesis. )

Will Qin Wei save North Korea? Isn't it? (table selection) and 1, used as conjunctions. Connectives, phrases and clauses can express various relationships.

(a) said the coordinate relationship. Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you".

For example, a crab kneels six times and pinches twice. ("encourage learning") (2) indicates a progressive relationship.

It can be translated as "and" or "and". For example, a gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself by towering into the sky.

("encourage learning") (3) means to undertake the relationship. It can be translated into "Jiu" and "Then" or not.

For example, Yu Fang was eager to return, but loudly sent it on the water. (Shi Zhongshan Ji) (4) indicates a turning point.

It can be translated into "but" and "indeed". Such as: green, from blue, green is blue.

("encourage learning") (5) represents a hypothetical relationship. It can be translated into "if" and "if".

For example, those who are interested can look forward to the horse. ("Feng Wanzhen") (6) indicates a modified relationship, that is, a connecting adverbial.

There is no translation. For example, I've been thinking about it all day ... ("Persuasion") I'm embarrassed.

("Snake Catcher") (7) The relationship between the table and the item. It can be translated as "Lai".

Tigers look for various animals and eat them. 2. Used as a pronoun.

Used only as the second person, usually as an attribute, translated as "yours"; Occasionally, it is also used as the subject and translated into "you". For example, Weng will count his ears with you when he comes back! ("Promoting Weaving") 3. The disyllabic function word "just" is placed at the end of the sentence, which indicates the restrictive mood auxiliary word and is equivalent to "just".

For example: one person, one table, one chair, one fan and one foot. ("Stomatology") I have heard of Taoism, and there are specialties in the art, that's all.

(Teacher's Theory).