In English, what do adverbials, slogans, linking verbs, modal verbs, etc. mean? Who can help me solve it?

(1) Adverbs and their basic usage

Adverbs are mainly used to modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs or other structures.

1. The position of adverbs:

1) Before the verb.

2) After the verb to be and the auxiliary verb.

3) When there are multiple auxiliary verbs, the adverb is usually placed after the first auxiliary verb.

Note:

a. Most adverbs are placed at the end of the sentence, but if the object is too long, the adverb can be brought forward to balance the sentence.

We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.

b. The adverbs of manner, well, bad, bad, hard, etc. are only placed at the end of the sentence.

He speaks English well.

2. The order of adverbs:

1) For adverbs of time and place, small units come first and large units come last. .

2) For adverbs of manner, the short ones come first and the long ones come last, and are connected with conjunctions such as and or but.

Please write slowly and carefully.

3) Multiple different adverb arrangements: degree + place + way + time adverbs

Note: The adverb very can modify adjectives , but cannot modify verbs.

Correction: (wrong) I very like English.

(Correct) I like English very much.

Note: The adverb "enough" should be placed in the adjective Later, the adjective enough can be placed before or after the noun.

I don't know him well enough.

There is enough food for everyone to eat.

There is food enough for everyone to eat.

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(2) Transitive verbs and intransitive verbs

In English, verbs can be divided into transitive verbs and transitive verbs according to whether they can be directly followed by an object.

1. Transitive verbs: Those marked with vt. after the word in the dictionary are transitive verbs. Transitive verbs must be followed by the object of action (i.e. object), and can be directly followed by the object. see see (vt.) + object I can see a boy.

2. Intransitive verb: In the dictionary, intransitive verbs are marked with vi. after the word. Intransitive verbs cannot be directly followed by the object of action (i.e. object). If you want to follow the object, you must first add a preposition after it, such as to, of, at, and then you can follow the object.

The specific preposition to add after each verb depends on memorizing the verb phrase, such as listen to, look at...

3. Object (object of the action): It is a noun or a pronoun, or a word or phrase equivalent to a noun (such as a gerund). Other words are not regarded as objects of action.

4. Example: "Look"

(1)see see (vt.) + object I can see a boy.

(2)look look (vi.) x object (that is, the object cannot be added directly). Look! She is singing.

Look carefully! (Note: carefully is an adverb, not a noun, so it is not used as an object)

< p>(3)look at Look at......+object Look at me carefully! (me is a pronoun, used as an object)

(3) Terminal verb

In English, Verbs can be divided into continuous verbs and terminating verbs according to the way their actions occur and the length of the action process.

Terminative verbs are also called non-continuous verbs, momentary verbs or transient verbs, which express an action that cannot be continued and ends immediately after it occurs. Such as open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy, etc.

Usage characteristics of terminal verbs

1. Terminative verbs can be used to express the completion of an action, so they can be used in the present perfect tense. Such as:

The train has arrived. The train has arrived.

Have you joined the computer group?Have you joined the computer group?

2. The action expressed by terminal verbs is extremely short and cannot be continued. Therefore, it cannot be used with adverbials expressing a period of time (affirmative only). Such as:

(1) He has been dead for three years.

Incorrect: He has died for three years.

Correct: He has been dead for three years.

Correct: He died three years ago.

Correct: He has been dead for three years. p>

Positive: It is three years since he died.

Positive: Three years has passed since he died.

(2) He has been here for five days.

Incorrect: He has come here for five days.

Correct: He has been here for five days.

Correct: He came here five days ago.

Positive: It is five days since he came here.

Positive: Five days has passed since he came here.

(1), (2) Die and come in the sentence are terminal verbs and cannot be used with adverbials expressing "a period of time". So, how to express it correctly? The following four methods can be used:

(1) Convert the terminal verb in the sentence into the corresponding continuous verb, such as the first correct expression in the two examples above. Here are a few examples: leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of , open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold.

(2) Change the adverbial that expresses "a period of time" in the sentence to an adverbial that expresses a certain time in the past, such as the second correct expression in the two examples below.

(3) Use the sentence pattern "It is + period of time + since..." to express the original meaning, such as the third correct expression in the two examples above.

(4) Use the sentence pattern "time+has passed+since..." to express the original meaning, such as the fourth correct expression in the two examples above.

3. Terminative verbs can be used in the negative form of the present perfect tense to become a state that can be continued, so they can be used with adverbials expressing a period of time.

For example:

He hasn't left here since 1986.

I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.

4. Terminative verb The negative form is used together with until/till to form the sentence pattern of "not+terminating verb+until/till...", which means "until...". Such as:

You can't leave here until I arrive. You can't leave here until I arrive.

I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.

5. Terminating verbs can be used in time adverbial clauses introduced by when, but they cannot be used in time adverbial clauses introduced by while. The time expressed by when is "point time" (the clause predicate verb uses a terminal verb), or it can be "a period of time" (the clause predicate verb uses a continuous verb). While while represents a longer time or process, the predicate verb of the clause uses a continuous verb. For example:

When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach is a terminating verb)

Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away It is a continuous verb phrase)

6. The perfect tense of the terminating verb cannot be used with how long (only in the affirmative form). For example:

Incorrect: How long have you come here?

Correct: How long have you been here?

Correct: When did you come here? < /p>

(4) Plural nouns

Nouns in English can be divided into countable nouns and uncountable nouns according to whether they are countable or not.

Countable nouns can be divided into two categories: singular nouns and plural nouns according to their number. (Note: Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form such as water.)

Singular nouns are mainly used to express the concept of "a" thing. Two or more should be described with plural nouns.

How to change a singular noun into a plural noun? The method is as follows:

1. Generally add -s to the end of the noun. For example: dog-dogs, house-houses, gram-grams.

2. For nouns ending in -o or -s, -sh, -ch and -x, add -es to form the plural form. For example: tomato-tomatoes, kiss-kisses, watch-watches, box-boxes, bush-bushes.

3. If some words end in -o and are foreign words or abbreviated nouns, add -s. For example: piano-pianos, dynamo-dynamos, photo-photos, kimono-kimonos.

4. For some nouns ending in -o, if there is a vowel before -o, add -s. For example: studio-studios, radio-radios.

For nouns ending in -oo, just add -s. Such as: zoo-zoos.

5. For nouns ending in -y, and there is a consonant before -y, remove -y and add -ies. For example: baby-babies, university-universities, fly-flies, impurity-impurities.

If there is a vowel before -y for a noun ending in -y, add -s directly.

For example: boy-boys, donkey-donkeys.

6. For nouns ending in -f or -fe, generally remove -f and -fe and add -ves. Such as: wife-wives, wolf-wolves, calf-calves.

Such nouns include: life, knife, self, shelf, leaf, thief, sheaf, half, etc.

The plural form of the noun scarf, wharf, hoof, handkerchief either adds -s or removes -f and adds -ves, that is, scarfs or scarves, wharfs or wharves, hoofs or hooves, handkerchiefs or handkerchieves.

There are also some nouns ending in -f or -fe that only add -s. Such as: cliff-cliffs, belief-beliefs, safe-safes, roof-roofs, chief-chiefs, etc.

7. Some nouns change their vowels to form their plural form. Such as: man-men, woman-women, goose-geese, foot-feet, mouse-mice, louse-lice, tooth-teeth, etc. The plural of child is children, and the plural of ox is oxen.

8. Some nouns that refer to living things have the same plural form as the singular form. Such as: fish-fish, sheep-sheep, deer-deer. Such nouns also include aircraft, means, etc.

(5) Usage of articles

1. Usage of indefinite articles

The article is a function word, itself It cannot be used alone and has no meaning. It is used in front of a noun to help indicate the meaning of the noun. There are three types of articles in English, one is the Definite Article, the other is the Indefinite Article, and the third is Zero Article.

The indefinite article a (an) has the same origin as the numeral one, meaning "one". a is used before a consonant phoneme and is generally pronounced [e], while an is used before a vowel phoneme and is generally pronounced [en].

1) It means "a", meaning one; it refers to someone or something, meaning a certain.

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

2) Represents a type of person or thing.

A knife is a tool for cutting with.

Mr. Smith is an engineer.

3) Phrases or idioms.

a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden

2. Usage of the definite article

The definite article the and demonstrative pronouns This, which has the same origin as that, has the meaning of "that (this)", but is weaker and can be used with a noun to express one or some specific people or things.

1) Specifically refers to people or things that both parties understand:

Take the medicine. Take the medicine.

2) The person or thing mentioned above:

He bought a house. I've been to the house.

He bought a house. house. I've been to that house.

3) Refers to two unique things in the world:

the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth

4) Singular nouns used together to express one kind of things, such as: the dollar;

the fox; or used with adjectives or participles to express a kind of people: the rich; the living.

5) Used in the superlative form of ordinal numbers and adjectives, and in front of adjectives only, very, same, etc.:

Where do you live? I live on the second floor. You live where? I live on the second floor.

That's the very thing I've been looking for.

6) Used with plural nouns to refer to the entire group:

They are the teachers of this school. refers to all teachers)

They are teachers of this school . (referring to some teachers)

7) It means everything, equivalent to a possessive pronoun, used before nouns indicating body parts:

She caught me by the arm.. She caught me Caught my arm.

8) Used before some proper nouns such as country names, institutions, groups, classes, etc. that are composed of common nouns:

the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of China country

the United States

9) Used before nouns indicating musical instruments: She plays the piano. She can play the piano.

10) Used before the plural noun of a surname to indicate a family:

the Greens The Greens (or Mr. and Mrs. Green)

11) Used idiomatically In the language:

in the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday, the next morning,

in the sky (water, field, country)

in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,

in the middle (of), in the end,

on the whole, by the way, go to the theater

3. Usage of zero article

1) The definite article is usually not used before the name of a country or a person: England , Mary;

2) A plural noun that refers to a category of people or things without a definite article;

They are teachers. They are teachers.

3) When abstract nouns express general concepts, they usually do not add an article;

Failure is the mother of success. Failure is the mother of success.

4) When material nouns express general concepts, they usually do not add an article. When they express a specific meaning, they need to add a definite article;

Man cannot live without water. Just can't survive.

5) Do not add an article before nouns indicating time such as seasons, months, festivals, holidays, dates, weeks, etc.;

We go to school from Monday to Friday. Classes are held Monday to Friday.

6) Do not add an article before nouns that refer to official titles or positions;

The guards took the American to General Lee.

The soldiers took this Americans sent to General Lee.

7) Do not add an article before the names of meals, ball games and recreational sports, such as: have breakfast, play chess

8) When two or more nouns When used together, the article is often omitted;

I can't write without pen or pencil. Without pen and pencil, I can't write.

9) When by is used with trains and other means of transportation to express a way, there is no article in the middle; by bus, by train;

10) Some individual nouns do not use articles ;For example:

Individual nouns such as school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, table, class, town, church, court, etc. are placed directly after the preposition to express the deep meaning of the noun;

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go to hospital Go to the hospital to see a doctor

go to the hospital Go to the hospital (not to see a doctor, but for other purposes)

11) Ordinal numbers without articles word;

a. Ordinal numbers are preceded by possessive pronouns

b. Ordinal numbers are used as adverbs He came first in the race.

c. In fixed phrases in (the) first, first of all, from first to last

4. Article and adjective + noun structure

1) Both adjectives have articles, indicating two something different.

He raises a black and a white cat.

The black and the white cats are hers. The black and the white cats are his.

2) If the latter adjective has no article, it refers to one thing.

He raises a black and white cat.

5. Article position

1) Indefinite article position

The indefinite article is often placed before a noun or a noun modifier. Note:

a. after the following adjectives: such, what, many, half,

I have never seen such an animal.

Many a man is fit for the job.

b. When the adjective before the noun is modified by the adverb as, so, too, how, however, enough, the indefinite article should be placed after the adjective:

It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.

So short a time.

Too long a distance.

c. quite, rather Singular nouns are used together with the article after them.

But when there are adjectives before rather or quite, the indefinite article can be placed before or after them.

For example: quite a lot

d. In the concession adverbial clause introduced by as, though, when the slogan is a noun modified by an adjective, the indefinite article is placed after the adjective:

Brave a Man though he is, he trembles at the sight of snakes.

When a noun is modified by a comparative adjective, the indefinite article is usually placed after the comparative adjective.

2) Definite article position

The definite article is usually placed before the noun or noun modifier, but after words such as all, both, double, half, twice, three times, etc. , before the noun.

All the students in the class went out. All the students in the class went out.