The standard language of Tujia language

Any influential language must have its standardized written language. Throughout Europe and Asia, the birth of written language has a great relationship with writing. Written standard language is often based on spoken language, and gradually separated from spoken language after standardization, generalization and regularization. The real appearance of a language and literature can only be based on the formation of written language. Therefore, Biki already has a written plan. In order to really get Bijiwen out of trouble, we should not only use written plans to inherit spoken English, but also make Bijiwen culture truly take root in Bijiwen and occupy a certain position in the world languages, instead of just trying to create a group of people to use it like other endangered languages because they love their own nation. This use can't be really stable. The biggest difference between Bijika and most other endangered language users is that our population and region are equivalent to a medium-sized country, and our distribution is very concentrated. Bijika's written language and literature are qualified to become the common language in Wuling Mountain area. The urgent task is the soil where culture takes root, standardization and grammaticalization, and finally the coexistence of written language and spoken slang.

On the other hand, written language is not contradictory to spoken language and slang. When we write Chinese prose, it seems that words such as etc. are vaguely written. Will not appear in spoken language. Chinese grammar is too far away from Biki to be well demonstrated. What about French, which is a headache? The changes of grammar and verbs in French written language are very complicated, but sometimes there is no grammatical component in daily life. This is the difference between written language and spoken language, and it is also one of the reasons why spoken literature and slang literature can never replace written language. After all, a language without a written language is inferior. Learned written language, spoken language is a piece of cake, on the contrary, mastered spoken language, written language is just a process of drawing inferences from others. In ancient times, vernacular Chinese was considered vulgar and classical Chinese elegant, but vernacular Chinese never worried about its own demise. Tibetan retains the complicated grammar and pronunciation of the Middle Ages, which is far from the modern spoken Tibetan, but Tibetan has never thought of being changed into the modern spoken Tibetan. On the other hand, what if Germans destroyed ancient Rome? The Germanic Frankish Kingdom still had to use Roman Latin, and finally modern French became the descendant of ancient Latin.

I'll believe that when I see it. Let's compare the written languages of three sticky words more intuitively:

Written language based on pen:

Ku eats.

Daku (dining for two)

Dakuya (going to have dinner for two)

Dakuyabo (take it to dinner for two)

Dakuyabose (requires two people to eat)

Dakuyabosetai (two people are not required to eat)

Dakuyabosetane (two people are not required to eat)

Japanese written language:

eat

Kuwaseru (eat)

Kuwaserareru (asked to eat)

Kuwaserarenai (no food required)

Kuwaserarenakatta (never asks for food)

Kuwaserarenakattanda (never asked to eat)

Turkish written language:

Europe Avrupa.

Avrupa -l? Europeans

Avrupa -l? Los Angeles? Europeanize

Avrupa -l? Los Angeles? -t？ Europeanization of r

Avrupa -l? Los Angeles? -t？ R-ama cannot be Europeanized.

Avrupa -l? Los Angeles? -t？ r-ama-d？ We are not Europeanized.

Avrupa -l? Los Angeles? -t？ r-ama-d？ Carat-? m？ Z, we are not Europeanized people.

Avrupa -l? Los Angeles? -t？ r-ama-d？ Carat-? m？ Z-dan is one of us who has not been Europeanized.

In daily application, no matter what language users are, it is basically impossible for a verb to become such an incredible length. However, in official documents, lyricism and description in literature are very common. This is why today's written language has never worried about the endangered problem. All endangered languages are backward in their own culture. Without their own lyrical and beautiful literary works, people can't be proud of their splendid culture, so they will inevitably decline rapidly.

Here are some specific written grammar.

がぅつぁぃげけけど，にゅ )がぃほずJapanese.

こっちこぅこんなにこのときほぢほぃ.

ほうつぁい ほげ はん

ほはんなんにゅほぢほず Japanese そのそれそこ

そっちそぅそんなにそのときぁぢぁぁぁ.

ぁぅつぁぃぇぃげぁぃぁぃほず.

ぁっちぁぁんなにのときちゃ.

な ちゃ(し)

な(し) ごうつぁい げづ

けい ちゅ ちもにゅ

ちゃんにゅちづ Japanese どのなに

なん どこ どちら

どっちどぅどんなにぃつ Other doubts.

Although the reference frame of がせとんがぃぉぃくつぅくららis is not irregular, it is basically impossible to infer the other party. Auxiliary verbs indicate that they are connected with each other.

Set the shape

Push conjoined body

Termination command shape ぅぅぅぃぅるぃるねぇやるるる12 Use ぅ.

Compare and explain the termination table and cancel the deduction.

Eliminate will, terminate form, eliminate push form, accept push form and demand push form.

Respect, promotion, measurement, shape, will, shape and auxiliary verbs generally only need to follow the above rules, but several combinations need to be changed:

Possibility+past: acceptance+past: completion+cancellation: possibility+cancellation: possibility+cancellation: past: possibility+cancellation. The grammatical meaning of simple perfect future tense+existing future tense+perfect tense generally refers to the future tense of action+deducing future tense+existing future tense+the completion of action that is about to happen or be completed, that is, the initial future tense+hypothetical future tense+deduction \ completion tense+deduction of action that is about to happen or be completed+deduction of assumed shape+deduction of existence.

The perfect tense means "start". The present tense has not changed, and the ongoing or completed action has been completed. Past tense past+past+past actions that occurred or completed. In addition to indicating the initial complete state, the combination itself also indicates strong hints.

Adjectives as predicates generally only have simple present tense, simple future tense, present perfect tense and past perfect tense. Many place names in Wuling Mountain area are named after Tujia language. The local Tujia language has disappeared, but Tujia place names still exist, such as Geleche, Taotie, Niecheping, Chedonghe, Cheba, Cheluba, Cheluodong, Shemi Lake, Maohuchong, Tanghehu, Mahuba, Heishan, Heiwan, Heicao, Heishiya, Heishi, and Heishi Cave, etc. "Che" means "river". "Lake" means the flat land on the hillside in Tujia language. "Black" means water leakage in Tujia language. "Li" means tiger in Tujia language, which refers to the place where tigers appear or hide in large numbers. "Ink" refers to the sky, and there is Moda Mountain in the north of Xuanen County. "The History of the Qing Dynasty" records: "Moda Shan Zhi North, the natives call it Tianmo, and Yunshan is high." Place names also have quantifiers, such as Sobya. "Sobu" means three words in aristocratic language, that is, there are three places there.

Although Tujia areas in western Hunan accepted China culture earlier and more widely than Miao areas, they still kept many Tujia names. A few years ago, Mr. Chen Jiaju of Baojing County investigated and classified the names of 685 natural villages in 14 townships in the county, and there are still 178 natural villages named after Tujia language. According to the statistical classification of gazetteers compiled in the early 1980s, there are still 73 Tujia language names and 2 bilingual names in Liangcha, Zejia and sanxiang town 185 natural villages where Tujia people live in the first car in Yongshun County, accounting for 40% of the total number of natural villages. Among the 45 natural villages in Taluo, Pojiao and Yinfang Township/kloc-0 in Longshan County, there are 37 Tujia language names and 9 Tujia Chinese bilingual names, accounting for more than one third of the total number of natural villages. According to Ye Deshu and Mr. Xi Qin's textual research, the names of Tujia languages in Tasha, Yinfang, Pojiao, Yuxi and Maoer in Longshan County are all above 50%. In Yongshun County, there are nearly 52 villages with Tujia place names, and 46 towns in the county have Tujia place names, accounting for 8 1.2% of the total number of towns. A large number of Tujia place names are still preserved in Xiangxi, which is an extremely valuable "living fossil" for understanding the original meaning of place names, exploring the place name culture in Tujia areas and studying Tujia language. However, Tujia people, like Miao people, have a language but no writing, so they have to rely on the translation of Chinese characters in their communication with foreigners and written language. Because most of the translators are Han and white people, it is difficult to correctly express the true meaning of Tujia place names in both free translation and transliteration. Coupled with social changes and the influence of China culture, fewer and fewer people know Tujia language, which leads to the misunderstanding of Tujia language names in today's villages. In order to trace back to the source, Mr. Ye Deshu of Jilin University and Mr. Xiang Xiqin, a member of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, made textual research on Tujia place names, and wrote and published the book Textual Research on Tujia Place Names in China. This is a main basis for understanding the semantics of place names in Tujia areas. Because most Tujia place names are recorded in Chinese by Han people. If you don't explain it according to the Chinese meaning, it will be a thousand miles away.

Bubu Village, Bamao Township, Baojing County, Bubu River at the village boundary, Bubu Lake in Miaocheng, Longshan County and Bubu River in Shuishun County. Among them, the word "supplement" is not the supplement of subsidies, and "supplement" is not the villagers' "food cannot be self-sufficient, so they have to find another food to satisfy their hunger". In Tujia language, "complement" means "boat" and "foot" means "out" or "making". "bian" village means a place to ship or build a ship. According to the structure of China, it is the place where ships are built or set sail. The word "lake" in "Lake Weaving" is a small valley connected with "Shipbuilding Valley". Road patch soil is a transliteration of blue patch soil or old patch soil, where blue or old patch soil means a moment and soil means a support, because this place used to be a ferry in ancient times. Buxi in Yangfeng Township, in which "Bu" is the homonym of "Bu" and also means boat, and "xi" means "La" and "Buxi" in Tujia language, which means "leading a boat" or "tugboat" because it is also the ferry of a small river.

There is a stockade called "Evil Capture" in Tasha Township, Longshan County. People who don't know Tujia want words to be meaningful, so they invented a lining to bring a rhinoceros. Everyone fought a fierce battle and got the name of the village. In Tujia language, the hunting god (Meishan God) is called "catching evil spirits". You should worship Meishan God in advance when hunting, and you should also worship (thank) Meishan God when you return to the village after winning the prey. This place to worship Meishan God is also called "evil hunting place" in Tujia language, which is connected with the Tujia language areas of Longshan, Shuishun, Baojing and Guwen County. Jiashi City, Longshan County also has a hut called "Evil Climbing". Today, people also hope that literature is meaningful, but it does not mean that "the village is located on the mountain and needs to climb a big slope to enter the village". "Evil Climbing" is a mistake in Tujia language "Evil Ba", which is the abbreviation of "Evil Begba" or "Evil Tieba", and its meaning refers to "Great Evil Snake", because the village is located in the deep forest and used to be a place full of snakes.

In Meihua Township, Baojing County, there is a stockade called "Afraid of being forced out of the cave". It is surrounded by mountains and has a basin in the middle. When it rains and the water rises, it relies on a cave in the village to drain the accumulated water. If the cave leaks, the land of the house will be flooded. Seeing this kind of terrain, some people don't have a Chinese explanation, thinking that the village name comes from here, so it is also called "Bo Closed Cave". In fact, "Guanbo Cave" and "Fear of Forcing Cave" are both Tujia place names. In Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, even in Tujia areas, many Han and Miao people live in harmony and live in their own villages. Tujia language calls the place where Han people live "excellent stuffing", or "Boka" and "Qiangbo", so this "Zhi Bo Cave" is the place where Tujia people call Han people live.

"Bo" of "Afraid of Old Village" in Guzhang County also refers to the Han nationality. "Old" is a Han nationality, and being connected with "Afraid of Old" means that there was only one Han nationality living here. The "Pahu" village in Xihu Township, Longshan County is also a place where Tujia and Han people live together. "Fear" in Tujia language is a homonym of "fear", which refers to the Han nationality or Hakka people. In Chinese, it is called "Pasha", "sand" is "life" and "lake" is a canyon. "Pahu" refers to "the deep valley of Chinese-speaking Hakkas", or "Hakka ravine" for short. "Rock Climbing" in Duanlongshan Township of Guzhang County, "Boyou" in Pojiao Township of Longshan County and "Bozike" in Wangcun Town of Yongshun County are all places where Tujia people call Han or Hakka people live. Tujia people call Miao village a "white tour" and Miao people a "white card". The place names of "Bai You" and "Bai Ka" all refer to stockaded villages where Miao people live in compact communities.

There is a stockade of "Swiss division" in Taro Township, Longshan County, and "Switzerland" cannot be associated with "Switzerland" in Western Europe. It is a place name in Tujia language, just like other names in Yongshun County and Longshan County, such as "Shuxike", "Shuxike", "Shuxibao" and "Suqike", which are all Chinese phonetic symbols of chestnut in Tujia language, which means that these places are rich in chestnut. The name of "Shuqike" village in Chengguan Township, Guwen County is not stated in the local chronicles: "In the past, there were dense forests here, and birds often lived in the forests, hence the name", which is also the pronunciation of "Susie" in Tujia language.