The development course of militia

Militia refers to mass armed organizations that are not divorced from production. It is usually a part of the armed forces of a country or political group, and it is the auxiliary and reserve force of the standing army. Others are combined with the reserve, which is not only an integral part of the armed forces, but also an organizational form of the reserve. China militia is a mass armed organization led by China * * * Production Party, an important part of China people's armed forces, a reserve force of China People's Liberation Army, an important force to consolidate grass-roots political power, safeguard national security and social stability, and the foundation of people's war under modern conditions.

China militia came into being during the first revolutionary civil war. With the development of China's revolution and construction, it has always been an important part of the "Trinity" armed forces led by our party. During the revolutionary war years, militia made great contributions to people's liberation, national independence and the establishment of new China. After the founding of New China, the militia played an important role in building and defending the motherland. China's national defense law stipulates: "The armed forces of People's Republic of China (PRC) are composed of the active and reserve forces of the China People's Liberation Army, the Chinese People's Armed Police Force and the militia." This legally established the strategic position of China militia in the armed forces system. In the new period, China's militia construction has made great achievements. The role of militia is mainly manifested in three aspects: participating in socialist modernization and taking the lead in completing production tasks; Undertake combat readiness service, defend the frontier and maintain social order; Be ready to join the army at any time, resist aggression and defend the motherland.

The militia in China adopts the organization and leadership system under the leadership of the State Council and the Central Military Commission (CMC). The national militia work is under the leadership of the State Council and the Central Military Commission, and the General Staff Department is responsible for it; The major military regions are responsible for the militia work in their own regions and cities according to the tasks entrusted by their superiors; Provincial military regions, military sub-regions and county (city) people's armed forces departments are the leading and commanding organs of local militia; Towns, some streets, enterprises and institutions have people's armed forces departments, which are responsible for militia and military service. Local people's governments at all levels exercise principled leadership over militia work, and organize and supervise militia work. China has a widespread militia system. The Military Service Law stipulates that "all male citizens aged 65,438+08 to 35 who meet the requirements for military service, except those who should conquer active service, shall be incorporated into militia organizations for reserve service." "According to the requirements of the universal militia system, all citizens with China nationality, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, religious belief, education level, property status and residence period, are obliged to join militia organizations as long as they meet the requirements of the militia. State organs, social organizations, enterprises and institutions are legally established social entities that enjoy national defense rights and undertake national defense obligations in their own names. These organizations have the obligation to support the establishment and development of militia organizations and participate in militia construction. As a basic military system, the widespread production of militia is the concrete embodiment of Mao Zedong's people's war thought in the national defense construction in the new period. Winning local wars with modern technology, especially high technology, still depends on the overall strength of the people's war. As the main organizational form of mobilizing and arming the masses, China militia can only be rooted in the profound power of the people's war if it maintains its extensiveness and mass. Implementing the universal militia system and retaining eligible citizens of school age in militia organizations to the maximum extent is conducive to adhering to the traditional militia system and enabling our party and army to inherit and develop this precious wealth; It is conducive to the formation of a strong reserve force mobilization foundation with China characteristics, and to meet the military needs of wars of various scales and forms; It is conducive to enhancing the national defense concept of the whole people through the influence of militia work.

Classification and grouping of militia. Militia is divided into backbone militia and ordinary militia. Soldiers who have retired from active service under the age of 28, soldiers who have received military training, and soldiers who choose to participate in military training are incorporated into the backbone militia. The rest 18~35-year-old male citizens who meet the requirements for military service are incorporated into ordinary militia organizations. Female militia only constitute the backbone militia, and the number is controlled within an appropriate proportion. The age of the backbone militia can be appropriately relaxed in units with special circumstances in land and sea frontiers, ethnic minority areas and cities. The formation of the militia is to organize citizens who meet the requirements of participating in the militia into the militia organization of their own units according to the number of people and the organizational sequence of classes, platoons, companies, battalions and regiments.

Militia training. In principle, the training of militia cadres and backbone militia shall be organized and implemented by the People's Armed Forces Department of the county (city, district). According to the requirements of the training program, the training time for cadres is 30 days, which is generally completed within one year; The militia training time is 15 days, which is completed at one time. Through training, make cadres have corresponding military skills and organization and command ability, and improve their ability to carry out their own work; Militia learn to use weapons and equipment and master basic military skills; The detachment can undertake general combat tasks. Militia cadres mainly carry out command and teaching training at the same level, and backbone militia mainly carry out basic technical and tactical training. The training time of professional and technical soldiers is appropriately extended according to the needs, which is generally longer than that of infantry. In order to meet the needs of training and development, many county-level militia training bases have been built all over the country, most of which implement centralized training. According to the needs, some professional and technical training centers have also been established. These bases and centers have met the requirements of food, shelter and training. In terms of training methods, audio-visual teaching and simulation training are vigorously promoted, and visual teaching is implemented, which greatly improves the training quality. Focus on training, and further strengthen the training of militia cadres, emergency detachments and professional and technical detachments. In the new century and new stage, it is a new task entrusted by the times to actively promote the military reform with China characteristics and improve the overall quality of militia construction. Quality is the core and soul of militia construction, and improving quality is the fundamental purpose of deepening militia reform. In recent years, China's militia construction insists on seeking quality through reform and development through innovation, and has created many successful experiences. In particular, a series of documents issued by the CPC Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission have scientifically revealed the basic laws of militia quality construction under the new situation, systematically put forward countermeasures for deepening militia work reform in the new century and new stage, and solved a series of deep-seated problems in militia construction and development. We should accurately grasp the spirit of the document, expand the thinking of militia construction, intensify reform, accelerate the pace of development, and strive to improve the overall quality of militia construction.

Article 36 of the Military Service Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that the militia is a mass armed organization that is not divorced from production and is the assistant and reserve force of the China People's Liberation Army. The tasks of the militia are:

(a) actively participate in socialist modernization and take the lead in completing production and various tasks;

(two) to undertake combat readiness service, defend the frontier and maintain social order;

(3) Be ready to join the army at any time, resist aggression and defend the motherland.

In slave society, all men from freemen are obliged to perform military service, plow fields at ordinary times and go out in wartime, which is called "civilian military system" in later generations. After the standing army became the main body of the armed forces, many countries organized mass armed forces in various forms and names as the auxiliary force of the standing army.

China used the word "militia" in the Northern Dynasties. According to Volume 51 of Shu Wei, in the second year of Xing 'an, Wen Chengdi, Northern Wei Dynasty (453), Pibaozi, the king of Huaiyang, once went to the table: "I don't have many people, only envy the militia and rely on defense." During the Northern Song Dynasty, the militia (also known as rural soldiers) gradually became a part of the national armed forces. In the third year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1070), Wang Anshi, a politician, promoted Jiabao and advocated training the militia. Xining five years, the militia under the Ministry of War. After Zhezong succeeded to the throne (1086), the militia was abolished. In Yuan Shundi, militia organizations have been established, and militia (also known as militia) have been organized in various places to build forts for self-defense. The Ming dynasty also organized militia (such as the people's Republic of China and local soldiers). ) defend the frontier, protect the city and maintain public order. In the Qing dynasty, rural soldiers (also known as township groups or strong people) spread all over the provinces. Although the above militia played a role in resisting foreign aggression, most of them were used by the landlord class to maintain their rule. The people's armed forces that really organized to resist foreign aggression and aggression included the volunteers in the anti-Japanese struggle of the people in the southeast coast during Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, and the mass armed forces in the anti-British struggle of the people in Sanyuanli, Guangzhou in the 21st year of Qing Daoguang (184 1).

Among other countries in the world, Britain was one of the first countries to organize large-scale armed forces in the name of "militia". From 16 to 18 century, Britain basically adopted the militia system. 1588, the British militia was the main armed force to resist the Spanish invasion. American militia played a great role in the war of independence from 1775 to 1783. 1792, the us congress passed the militia act, which listed the militia system as a national military system. 1903, the United States replaced the militia with the National Guard. During the French Revolution from 1789 to 1794, in order to overthrow the rule of Bourbon, the bourgeoisie organized workers' self-guards and farmers' self-guards in urban and rural areas, collectively known as garde nationale. 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War, the National Guards participated in the defence of Paris. 187 1 year, the French proletariat, relying on the national guard armed by Paris workers, successfully held the Paris commune uprising and established the first proletarian dictatorship in history (see color map). 1905 ~ 1907, Russia established the Red Guards composed of workers, led by the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party. During the period of 19 17, Red Guards spread all over major cities and industrial centers and became an important armed force for the proletariat to win the Soviet regime. After the "October Revolution", the Eighth Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) proposed the establishment of proletarian militia organizations. 1923 to 1939 implement the system of combining regular troops with militia. In World War II, the mass armed forces of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Romania, North Korea and other countries all played an important role in the anti-fascist struggle. At present, most third world countries have established militia organizations to oppose imperialism, hegemonism and colonialism, strive for and safeguard national independence and safeguard national security.

The militia led by the China * * * Production Party is a new type of people's armed organization gradually developed in the long revolutionary war.

With the rise of the workers' and peasants' revolutionary movement, the first workers' picket came into being during the seamen's strike in Hong Kong in June. 1922. 1in August, 924, the first peasant self-defense force in Guangdong was established. During the Northern Expedition, workers' pickets and peasant self-defense forces developed greatly. 1925 1, the fourth congress of China * * * Production Party proposed that farmers' associations should be generally organized and farmers' self-defense forces should be developed. Peng Pai, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and so on. Workshops on peasant movements were held in Guangzhou and Wuhan, which trained a large number of backbones for developing peasant movements and establishing peasant self-defense forces. The Guangdong Farmers' Association promulgated the earliest Outline of the Organization of Peasant Self-Defense Forces. The development of Guangdong Peasant Self-Defense Forces has promoted the establishment and development of the National Peasant Self-Defense Forces. The spear team of Hunan peasant association is even more powerful. 1927 March 2 1 day, under the leadership of Zhou Enlai and others, the third armed uprising of Shanghai workers was successfully held, which liberated the whole of Shanghai at one time. The rapid development of workers' pickets and peasant self-defense forces in southern provinces and cities dealt a heavy blow to the forces of imperialism and feudal warlords and strongly supported the Northern Expedition.

During the geo-revolutionary war, the China * * * Production Party regarded the establishment of people's armed forces as one of the important conditions for the creation, consolidation and development of revolutionary base areas. Mao Zedong led the establishment of the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base and the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army, and at the same time extensively established mass armed forces. 193 1 and 1933, the Chinese Soviet Union and the provisional central government successively promulgated the Organic Law of the Red Guards in the Soviet Area and the Regulations on the Organization of the Young Pioneers in the Soviet Area, which stipulated the nature, tasks and organizations of the Red Guards and the Young Pioneers, and unified the mass armed forces in the revolutionary base areas into Red Guards (teams) and Young Pioneers. The Red Guards are attended by young adults aged 23 ~ 40, and the Young Pioneers are attended by teenagers aged 65, 438+06 ~ 23. They are responsible for defending the local area, cooperating with the Red Army of workers and peasants, and selecting some strong and brave members to form a model camp, which will be used as the backbone team to defend the revolutionary base areas and join the Red Army at any time. There are as many as 2.5 million Red Guards and Young Pioneers in the revolutionary base areas, and they have cooperated with the Red Army to smash the enemy's "encirclement and suppression" many times.

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the people's armed organizations in the anti-Japanese democratic base areas developed from Red Guards (teams) and Young Pioneers into militia and self-defense forces. 194 1 year, the central revolutionary military commission stipulated that the people's armed forces include three parts: the main force, the local army and the people's armed forces (that is, the militia and the self-defense forces). Militia and self-defense forces are armed self-defense organizations for the broad masses to defend their hometowns and anti-Japanese base areas, and militia is the backbone. According to the policy of China Producers' Party on organizing people's armed forces in general, all towns and villages in the anti-Japanese base areas have established militia and self-defense forces. 1945, the militia grew to more than 2.68 million people, and the self-defense forces 10 million people. The militia and self-defense forces cooperated with the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army to carry out guerrilla warfare (see photo), implemented anti-nibbling, anti-blockade and anti-mopping, smashed the enemy's "three light" policies (burning, killing and looting), and consolidated and developed the anti-Japanese base areas, which played a great role.

During the War of Liberation, according to the instructions of the Central Committee on "rapidly expanding militia organizations", the liberated areas reorganized militia organizations and strengthened military and political training of militia. With the continuous expansion of the scale of the war, there are 5.5 million militia and tens of millions of self-defense forces. In the process of crushing the Kuomintang army, carrying out a strategic counterattack and marching into the whole country, the militia not only constantly supplemented the China People's Liberation Army, but also joined the former army in batches to join the army and participate in the war, making great contributions to the liberation of the whole mainland.

1949 in September, the same program of China People's Political Consultative Conference stipulated: "People's Republic of China (PRC) will implement the militia system, safeguard local order, and establish a national mobilization foundation ...". 1952 promulgated the Provisional Regulations on the Organization of Soldiers of the People and the State of China. The militia system is legally a national military system. 65438+1May 3, 9841day, the new Military Service Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) was promulgated, and the system of combining militia and reserve service was implemented. The militia is not only a part of the national armed forces, but also the basic organizational form of the reserve. Its tasks are: ① actively participate in socialist modernization and take the lead in completing production and various tasks. (two) to undertake combat readiness service, defend the frontier and maintain social order. Be ready to join the army at any time, resist aggression and defend the motherland. Militia is divided into backbone militia and ordinary militia. The backbone militia is the first kind of reserve, and the ordinary militia is the second kind of reserve. Veterans under the age of 28 and citizens who have received basic military training before serving in the army are incorporated into the backbone militia and become the backbone of the militia ready to join the army and perform emergency tasks. The remaining male citizens 18 ~ 35 years old who were not incorporated into the backbone militia were incorporated into the ordinary militia. Female citizens join the backbone militia as needed. Militia organizations are divided into classes, platoons, companies, battalions and regiments. The backbone militia consists of anti-aircraft artillery, ground artillery, communications, reconnaissance, chemical defense and other professional detachments.