Flower Essay

Application Research on Garden Flowers and Plants in Kunming Author: Wei Kaiyun and Luo Yanling Abstract: Flowers are the most beautiful gifts from nature to human beings. They can beautify the environment, cultivate temperament, purify the soul, improve health, and enrich people's spirit. Life provides people with the enjoyment, edification and enlightenment of beauty; especially for urban people living in forest-like hard buildings, the environment of flowers and green grass can make people feel clean, relaxed, happy and comfortable. This article discusses and studies the application of flower plants in urban gardens in Kunming. Keywords: Kunming area, garden flowers and plants, applied research 1. The meaning and classification of urban garden flowers and plants 1.1 The meaning of urban garden flowers and plants The definition of flowers includes two aspects: narrow sense and broad sense. In a narrow sense, flowers only refer to herbaceous plants whose flowers or leaves are ornamental. Broadly speaking, any plant that has certain ornamental value and is cultivated, managed and maintained according to certain techniques is called a flower. Including those for flowers (such as roses, peonies, etc.), foliage (such as ferns, spider plants, etc.), buds (such as the silver velvet buds of silver-bud willow), and stems (such as purple bamboo, spotted bamboo, and red rosewood). etc., those for fruit viewing (such as bergamot, ornamental zucchini, petunia, etc.), and those for root viewing (such as aerial roots of metasequoia, tube roots of kapok, etc.). Among them, there are both higher plants and lower plants; there are both aquatic plants, terrestrial plants, and aerial plants; there are both creeping and dwarf plants, and some upright and tall plants; There are many types of trees, shrubs, vines, etc. Urban garden flowers are the types of flowers that are mainly used for urban greening and beautification, and their scope is also expanding day and night. 1.2 Classification of urban garden flowers and plants There are many types of ornamental plants with different habits. Common classification methods include the following: climate classification, morphological classification, and practical classification. The climate classification method is to classify flowers based on the climatic characteristics of their place of origin, because the climatic conditions of the place of origin basically determine the ecological habits of flowers, which also affects the cultivation and management methods of flowers. This is the most common classification method. Usually divided into 4 categories. 1. Tropical flowers include tropical rainforest and monsoon forest flowers, tropical plateau flowers and tropical desert flowers. This type of flower has weak cold resistance and strong heat resistance due to the climatic conditions of its place of origin, which are high temperatures and no cold all year round. 2. Subtropical flowers. These flowers include 4 subtypes: (1) Mediterranean climate flowers, such as gerberas, gladiolus, sweet peas, etc., all require mild winters and cool summers, and they will appear and grow in hot areas in the beginning of summer. Slow or stop. (2) Subtropical monsoon climate flowers, such as aster, camellia, rhododendron, etc., are better able to adapt to the heat, but are not tolerant to severe cold. (3) Subtropical alpine flowers, such as primroses, gentians, alpine rhododendrons, etc., prefer cool summers and avoid high temperatures and humidity in summer. (4) Plateau flowers and subtropical desert flowers, such as aloe vera, cactus and other succulent plants, have outstanding characteristics of heat and drought resistance, but poor cold resistance. 3. Warm temperate flowers are divided into two sub-types: (1) European climate flowers, such as pansies, daisies, violets, etc., which like cool climates in summer and warm winters; (2) Chinese climate flowers, such as Peonies, chrysanthemums, a bunch of reds, etc. are more suitable for climates with cold winters and hot summers, and large annual temperature differences. 4. Cold temperate zone flowers include flowers native to the northeastern and northwestern alpine regions of my country and North American climate, as well as flowers native to Central Europe, Northern Europe, Eastern Europe and other places, such as lilies, yellow thorn roses, lilacs, etc. These flowers have strong cold resistance, but should avoid high temperatures. Humidity, especially lilies, does not grow well and bloom under high temperature and high humidity climate conditions, and they are very susceptible to diseases. Morphological classification herbaceous flowers: that is, flowers that have no main stem in appearance or have a main stem but the main stem is not lignified or only the base of the body is lignified. Such flowers are divided into perennial herbaceous flowers according to the length of their life cycle. and two types of herbaceous and biennial flowers. Woody flowers: refers to a type of flowers whose plant stems are highly lignified. According to their stem shape and ecological habits, they are divided into: trees, shrubs, and bamboos.

Practical classification method: Classify according to use and cultivation and management methods: 1. Open-field flowers; 2. Greenhouse flowers; 3. Cut flowers and cut leaf cultivated flowers; 4. Dried flower cultivated flowers. 2 Common garden flowers and plants in Kunming 2.1 First and second-year flowers Annual flowers: These flowers complete their entire life history in one growing season. Such as impatiens, cockscombs, cosmos, marigolds, petunias, etc. Biennial flowers: These flowers need to complete their entire life cycle within two growing seasons. Such as dianthus, kale, daisies, pansies, etc. 2.2 Perennial and bulbous flowers Perennial flowers: They are evergreen all year round or spend the winter or summer with underground fibrous roots. Such as chrysanthemum etc. Bulb flowers: The underground part becomes spherical to adapt to survival needs, and there is a hypertrophic terminal bud on the top. Such as cyclamen and gladiolus. 2.3 Woody flowers refer to a type of flowers whose branches and stems are highly lignified. Arbor: The plants have tall trunks. Such as camphor, osmanthus, Yunnan camellia, crabapple, plum blossom, crape myrtle, etc. Shrub: The plant has no obvious trunk, strong branching ability, and the plant grows relatively low. For example, evergreen shrubs such as azalea, milfoil, camellia, and gardenia, and deciduous shrubs such as rose, peony, and forsythia. 2.4 Aquatic flowers refer to perennial herbaceous ornamental plants that grow in water or swamps all year round. According to their ecological habits and relationship with water, they can be divided into: Emergent plants: roots grow in muddy water, and stems and leaves emerge from the water. Such as lotus, Qianqucai, etc. Floating plants: Roots grow in muddy water, and leaves float on or slightly above the water. Such as water lily and king lotus. Submerged plants: their roots grow in muddy water, and their stems and leaves are all submerged in the water, only occasionally emerging from the water when the water is shallow. Such as water shield and algae. Floating plants: roots extend in the water, leaves float on the water, float and flow with the water, and can take root in the mud in shallow water. Such as duckweed and water hyacinth. 2.5 Wild flowers The so-called wild flowers are herbaceous flowers that have not been artificially domesticated and cultivated. Yunnan is the kingdom of wild flowers, and the prospects for developing and utilizing wild flower and plant resources are very great. The height of wild flowers varies greatly, from creeping and low ones to as high as 1.5 meters. Such as primrose, gentian, etc. 3 Applications and Examples of Garden Flower Plants in Kunming 3.1 Application Types of Garden Flower Plants With the development of society and the increasing level of human civilization, urban green space landscape has gradually become an indicator of the degree of civilization, comprehensive quality, and gardening level of a city. Important signs. In urban construction, open spaces, woodlands, slopes, etc. outside of roads, buildings and necessary structures need to be decorated with trees, flowers and other ornamental plants to create bouquets of flowers, green grass and lotus-scented water. , fresh air landscape and artistic conception, in order to maximize the use of space to meet people's needs for cultural entertainment, sports activities, environmental protection and beautification of landscape art and other aspects of the garden. 3.1.1 Application of flowers in garden layout The most common way of using flowers in urban gardens is to use their rich colors and changing shapes to create different landscapes. The main forms include flower beds, flower borders, flower clusters, flower clusters, and flower stands. Some creeping herbaceous flowers can be used to decorate columns, corridors, fences, and scaffoldings. (1) Flower beds are generally located at the entrances and exits of squares and buildings and in the center, sides and surroundings of roads. Flower beds are required to always maintain bright colors and neat outlines, so flower types with low plants, neat production, relatively concentrated flowering periods, tight plants, and brightly colored flowers (or foliage) are often used for arrangement. First and second-year flowers are the main materials for arranging flower beds. There are many types of flower beds, which are divided into spring flower beds, summer flower beds, autumn flower beds and winter flower beds depending on the season. Depending on the flower materials used, it can be divided into: Shrub flower beds: mainly arranged with flowering or colored leaf shrubs. Grass and flower bed: composed of one- and two-year herbaceous flowers and perennial flowers. Mixed flower beds: mixed with flowering shrubs and herbaceous flowers.

Specialized flower beds: flower beds that use a wide variety of flowers of the same type, such as peony flower beds, rose flower beds, chrysanthemum flower beds, etc. See Appendix 6 for details. (2) Flower border Flower border is a form that draws on the natural landscape of wild flowers growing naturally on the edge of the forest in the natural landscape, refines it artistically, and applies it to garden landscape layout. That is, a strip-shaped natural flower arrangement with groves, groups of trees, hedges, low walls or buildings as the background. Different types of flowers are mixed and planted in natural patches. The edges can be natural and smooth curves or straight lines. Varies depending on the environment. The flower border should be arranged to highlight its natural characteristics and resistance to extensive management. Therefore, the best flower materials should be perennial and bulb flowers. See Appendix 7 for details. (3) Flowers and flower groups. Flowers and flower groups are borrowed from the natural landscape of wild flowers scattered on lawns and hillsides into garden landscaping. They are usually arranged around open lawns to make the forest edges, groves, and trees more attractive. It plays a connecting and transitional role between the group and the lawn; it can also be used to arrange the turning points of natural curved roads, giving people the feeling of changing scenery as they move; it can also be embellished in small courtyards and paved areas (including small garden roads, steps, etc. ) among. One- and two-year-old flowers, bulbs, and perennial flowers are more commonly used. See Appendix 8 for details. Flower stands and flower ponds Flower stands are flowers planted on a pedestal that is higher than the ground. Flower ponds are generally flat with the ground or slightly higher than the ground, but are often surrounded by bricks and stones to form a pool-shaped closed space, similar to a flower bed but Smaller area. It is usually placed in the center of the courtyard or at the corners on both sides, at the wall base of the building, under the window, next to the door or at the entrance. Fences and trellises In landscape configurations, floral materials are often used to embellish and cover fences, door lintels, window panes, railings, and small scaffoldings. Rock Gardens and Wall Gardens Rock gardens and wall gardens are a type of garden landscape designed mainly for reference to the unique scenery displayed by the wild flowers scattered among the mountain cliffs, rock crevices, and crevices in nature. Flower-decorated lawns: In ornamental lawns and recreational lawns, some herbaceous flowers with low plants, small flowers and leaves, strong adaptability, and the ability to self-sow and reproduce are mixed in an appropriate amount to decorate and embellish them to form a flower-decorated lawn. It is more commonly used to plant mixed wild flowers, with mainly perennial flowers and occasional herbaceous flowers. In gardens, in addition to pools, lakes, etc. that need to be decorated with scenery, a special area is often set up to create water features such as streams, fountains, falls, waterfalls, etc., which merge into ponds and lakes, and plant a variety of aquatic flowers to form a waterscape garden or Swamp Garden. Commonly used aquatic flowers (including aquatic plants) in the scenery include lotus, water lily, duckweed, reed, aquatic plant, etc. 3.1.2 Flower decoration Flowers are the main body of urban garden landscaping. In addition to being used for open-air landscape decoration, they are also often used to beautify indoors and near buildings to create a beautiful and comfortable working, living and resting environment; or use flowers specifically for various gatherings. , exhibition venues, etc. should be beautified and arranged to highlight the theme and set off or harmonize the atmosphere. Flower decoration in public places, such as stations, docks, squares, theaters, gymnasiums, museums, hospitals, nursing homes, shopping malls and other public places that have extensive contact with people, generally have an appropriate amount of flowers (including ornamental plants) Arrangement may be for people to appreciate and criticize, or it may beautify the environment in order to cover it appropriately, or it may enhance the atmosphere, or it may serve as a symbol, distracting sight and attention. At the entrance of the square and around the building, there are usually garden landscapes arranged, while flower decorations are only used temporarily before and after festivals or when welcoming guests. Therefore, we must first ensure that traffic, sight lines, lighting, etc. are not affected, and focus on the overall effect and long-distance effect when decorating. Neat and tall potted trees or potted flowers can be arranged symmetrically, colorful flowers and plants can be arranged in rows, or flowers can be used to arrange temporary flower beds, flower ribbons, etc. There are generally signs and instructions in the foyer, aisles, etc., and the flower arrangement should be coordinated with it. Potted flowers with strong ornamental value can be arranged in groups of three or five, or scattered, or set up brackets to hang, etc., so as not to affect traffic and also Don’t occupy too much space, and the viewing effect is good. Lounges, etc. are required to decorate exquisite potted flowers, flower baskets, bonsais, etc., preferably with fragrance, which can not only be enjoyed by people, but also relieve people's fatigue and relax people's mood.

The principle of adapting to landscape conditions. In addition to considering natural conditions such as climate, geography, and phenology when planting flowers and trees, the human needs of the landscape and human factors such as the purpose and efficacy of the landscaping should also be taken into consideration. Whether it is simple or mixed, solitary planting, cluster planting, patch planting, pair planting, row planting, or hedge planting, all must be selected according to the needs of the landscape theme. Generally, solitary plants should be planted in important locations or concentrated points of sight, and attention should be paid to the strong contrast with the surrounding landscape to achieve the effect of "a little red in the midst of greenery". The concentrated planting of certain characteristic flowers and trees, or the planting from few to many, can create a rich and intense landscape atmosphere. Opposite planting is usually suitable for both sides of garden gates, halls, bridges, etc. Generally, flowers and trees with beautiful crowns and regular and symmetrical shapes are selected, such as pittosporum, cypress, boxwood, etc. Row planting is generally used on both sides of garden roads and around buildings. You can choose flowers and trees with tall trunks, neat crowns, dense and shaded branches, such as cypress, ginkgo, camphor, palm, and magnolia. Garden borders, tree beds, flower beds, lawns, and road edges are usually densely planted with boxwood, gardenia, hibiscus, rhododendron, privet, etc. to form hedges to divide the space and have a protective function. The principle of appropriate quality. When planting flowers and trees for landscaping, it is also necessary to consider the texture and texture differences of flowers and plants. The texture and texture of the flower materials selected should be consistent with the environment and the purpose and intention of the landscaping. For example, the weeping willow Yiyi gives people a feeling of gentleness and elegance; the leaves of oaks and oaks are rough and wide, giving people a feeling of simplicity and roughness; the narcissus is pure and pure, the peony is gorgeous and rich, the pine tree is elegant and vigorous, and the cedar is noble. Compared with Qingli, these are all due to their different shapes and qualities. When applying and arranging, we must fully consider the texture differences of flower materials, and be "people-oriented", selecting materials according to needs and scenery. The scenery is suitable and the characters are suitable. The Principle of Cherishing Ancient and Valuable Trees Aging ancient and valuable trees, with their unique aesthetic forms, can give people a unique artistic enjoyment. Therefore, when arranging urban landscapes, we must cherish and protect ancient and famous trees. We can configure unique flower landscapes according to their shape and situation to set off and modify them, making people nostalgic for the scenery and appreciate the vicissitudes of time. The wonder of creation and the greatness of nature. 3.2.2 The significance of flower landscaping and trends at home and abroad. With the progress and development of society, plant landscaping has not only entered wealthy and well-off modern families, but has also gradually become one of the main contents of the construction of hotels, shopping malls, office buildings, etc. The indoor landscape composed of shade-tolerant ornamental plants, soilless cultivated seasonal flowers, simulated wall flowers, lawns, etc. makes people feel as if they are in the embrace of beautiful nature while living in the room, which can eliminate people's fatigue and Restore strong energy and physical strength. Some developed countries in the West value nature very much. They mostly draw on natural landscape features in their garden layouts to bring people into the embrace of nature. They attach great importance to the diversity of landscaping plants and the stability of their communities. While protecting, cultivating, propagating, and innovating breeding, many countries also continue to collect and introduce a large number of ornamental plants from abroad. Plant landscapes can not only create a beautiful environment, but also improve the ecological environment on which human beings depend for survival. Both domestic and foreign countries have reached a consensus on this. However, there is a phenomenon in China that emphasizes garden buildings, rockeries, sculptures, fountains, squares, etc., while despising plants. There are even more extreme people who believe that Chinese classical gardens are freehand natural landscape gardens. The landscape is the skeleton of the garden. It is natural to dig lakes and build mountains, while the plants are just hair and foil. Nowadays, the population is dense, the economic construction is changing with each passing day, and the urban environment is harsh. The nature that people living there yearn for and pursue is far from that of the ancients. Therefore, when constructing the urban landscape, we should also put people first, integrate the city with nature, use plant materials as the main body of the landscape, and at the same time learn from and absorb the essence of classical gardening art. We should take nature as our guide, aim to improve visibility and improve the ecological environment, while at the same time meeting the viewing needs of tourists and minimizing the pollution caused by the use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemical agents.

References Chen Junyu. "Garden Flowers" first edition. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1980 Chen Haozi. "Flower Land" second edition. Beijing: Agricultural Press, 1997 Yunnan Horticultural Expo Bureau. "World Horticultural Expo Garden Plants" Directory" first edition. Kunming: Yunnan Science and Technology Press, 1999 Chen Shaofeng. "Garden Palette" first edition. Jiangxi: Jiangxi Science and Technology Press, 2001 Wang Xiangchun. "Urban Landscape Flowers" first edition. Beijing: China Forestry Press, 2001 Wu Dixin. "Flower Application and Design" First Edition. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 1994