Blackboard material for the 60th anniversary of National Day

60th anniversary of National Day in 2009.

Information on 60th anniversary of National Day: Genetic Engineering

(1) 1965, China scientists successfully synthesized the bovine insulin gene after decoding it for the first time in the world. Tisliyus, chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee, commented: "What is more convincing than nuclear capability is insulin. Because people can learn to make atomic bombs from books, but they can't learn to make insulin from books ... "

(2)1998 On April 15, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully recombined human pancreatin by gene method.

(3)1On March 9th, 984, China young scholar B. Shorgan cooperated with Japanese scholars to cultivate the world's first "test-tube goat". 1989, the "test-tube goat" was successfully cultivated.

(4) Yuan Longping, known as the "father of hybrid rice" in the world, was the first indica hybrid rice bred in the world in 1973. Until the 1990s, the influence of hybrid rice continued.

(5) Since1980, Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics and Fudan University Institute of Genetics have made great breakthroughs in the research of transgenic sheep containing human coagulation factor IX in milk, which has made China's transgenic sheep technology at the international leading level.

(6) The Animal Husbandry Institute of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences has successfully bred a transgenic pig with low feed consumption, good meat quality and strong disease resistance. The total efficiency of gene introduction is 2. 1%, which is more than double that of foreign countries and exceeds the international advanced level.

(7) As for genetic drugs, 1988, China has successfully developed a genetic engineering vaccine for hepatitis B; 1992, a number of genetic engineering drugs, such as synthetic artificial interferon, have been successfully developed to treat hepatitis A and hepatitis C, and some of them have entered the market.

Information on 60th anniversary of National Day: Agricultural technology

(8) As early as 1956, farmers' breeding experts in Guangdong Province cultivated the first short indica rice variety widely popularized in China. Since then, with the breeding and popularization of a series of dwarf varieties, 1965, dwarf indica rice was basically realized in southern China, and the yield per mu increased from 200-250 kg to 300-350 kg.

(9) In 1990s, China agricultural scientists and technicians isolated and cloned the photosensitive genic male sterile gene by using modern biotechnology, and further developed a two-line hybrid rice technology using only male sterile lines and maintainer lines. It shows the characteristics of high yield, high quality and multi-resistance in large-scale trial planting in China, and the average yield per hectare can reach 1 1250 kg.

(10)1995165438+10. In October, the State Key Laboratory of Institute of Plant Protection of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Biology Department of Shandong University jointly cultivated the world's first transgenic wheat variety with barley dwarf virus resistance.

(1 1) 1997. In July this year, Huang Danian, a researcher at China Rice Research Institute, and his research collaborators successfully transferred herbicide-resistant genes into rice and applied them to hybrid rice after years of research.

(12) 1997 10 in June, Guo Sandui, the biotechnology center of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, successfully developed the first bivalent insect-resistant cotton in China.

(13) 1998.9 In September, Professor Gao from the Institute of Nuclear Agronomy of Zhejiang Agricultural University and others led the research team to successfully cultivate transgenic rice with stem borer resistance for the first time in the world by Agrobacterium-mediated method.

In addition, China has also made great achievements in advanced technology fields such as laser breeding, radiation mutation breeding and space breeding.

Information of 60th National Day: Communication Technology

(14) 1983 12. The Computer Research Institute of National University of Defense Technology has developed a large computer system named "Yinhe". Since then, China has stepped into the ranks of the world's development giants.

(15) 1993 10 In June, Shuguang-1 was successfully developed.

(16) Since 1965 successfully developed the first monolithic integrated circuit, several key research and production bases of integrated circuits have been established successively. Now it can produce 250 million circuits every year, an increase of 45%. At the end of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the mass production level of integrated circuits was 1- 1.5 micron, and the research level was 0.8 micron. The results were obtained in the pre-research of 0.5-0.6 micron process.

(17) At present, the intelligent robots that have been successfully developed in China mainly include: mobile robots for nuclear industry; Wall climbing robot; Mobile robots working in harsh outdoor environment: underwater1000m and 6000m cableless robots. ...

(18) After 10 years of research, China's research in X-ray, oxygen-iodine chemical laser, free electron laser, high-power solid titanium glass laser and excimer laser has reached or approached the international advanced level.

(19) In the 1980s, China successively built three high-energy physics research devices-Beijing Electron-Positron Collider, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Accelerator and Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Facility.

(20) Following the United States, Germany and several other countries, scientists in China developed microalloyed steel.

(2 1) China has been able to draw large-diameter silicon single crystals with a diameter of 300mm and a weight of 8 1kg. The actual information compilation is at the international leading level.

(22) The performance of materials such as energy, ceramics and superconductivity has reached the advanced level in the world.

Information on the 60th anniversary of National Day: Two Bombs and One Satellite and Space Technology

(23)1964 101610, China's first atomic bomb exploded successfully, which shocked the whole world; 1967, China's first hydrogen bomb exploded successfully. This is China's famous "two bombs".

1On April 24th, 970, China's first artificial satellite flew out of the earth and sang "Dongfanghong" into space. Since then, "two bombs and one satellite" has been written into the history of science and technology in new China.

(24) 1960, China successfully developed the first short-range surface-to-surface missile.

(25) China began to develop large-scale launch vehicle technology in the early 1960s. 1980 In May, the launch of a large launch vehicle into the Pacific Ocean was a complete success, which marked that China's launch vehicle technology reached a new level.

(26) According to the needs of space transportation, China has successfully developed four kinds of Long March rockets: Long March 1, Long March 2, Long March 3 and Long March 4. At present, China's Long March rocket family has developed into nine types of rocket series, which makes foreign countries realize the carrying capacity and level of China's space flight, and indicates that China's space technology has a solid foundation.

(27) 1970 on April 24th, China launched the first artificial earth satellite, and successfully put the first satellite into the scheduled orbit. 1on March 3, 972, China launched its second scientific and technological experimental satellite. 1975 165438+1October16 China's first recoverable remote sensing satellite was successfully launched.

(28)1999165438+10, the first unmanned test spacecraft flight of China's manned spaceflight project was a complete success. From 200/kloc-0 to 2002, Shenzhou 2 ~ 4 unmanned test spacecraft were developed and launched successively, and valuable test data were obtained. Shenzhou 5 spacecraft is the first manned spacecraft developed by China on the basis of unmanned spacecraft. It highly embodies the wisdom and spirit of the Chinese nation and is a new milestone in China's space industry in the new century.

60th Anniversary Message: Energy Technology

(29) 1966 10 China successfully conducted its first missile nuclear weapon experiment.

(30)1971August, the first nuclear submarine made in China was launched.

(31)1958 In June, with the help of the former Soviet Union, China built its first experimental atomic reactor. Qinshan Nuclear Power Station in Zhejiang Province is the first nuclear power station designed and built by China. The world's mature, safe and reliable PWR type is adopted, and the safety design standards that have been tested in practice are adopted. 1984 was started,19912 was completed, and it was connected to the grid for the first time. So far, China has two nuclear power plants, Qinshan and Guangdong Daya Bay, and the country plans to build four more nuclear power projects in the near future.

(32) In addition, China is still developing several other nuclear reactors: 1, and Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute has successfully developed a 5 MW nuclear heating reactor; 26,000 kW advanced PWR nuclear power plant AC600, currently developed by China Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute; 3. The development of 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor experimental reactor is currently under way in Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute; 4. The fast breeder reactor nuclear power plant is expected to be put into commercial operation around 2020; 5. Since 1958, fusion reactor nuclear power plant manufacturers have been included in the "863 Plan".

(33) MHD power generation has been studied since 1960s, and three research bases with a certain scale were established in 1980s. At present, the project has been included in the "863 Plan", and it is planned to build a 2 MW coal-fired MHD combined cycle experimental device by the end of this century.

(34) The development of solar power generation began with 1958. At present, there are about 38 domestic units and universities engaged in photovoltaic research and development. Since 1976 began the commercial production of ground solar cells, there are now 12 production lines or factories for ground solar cells.

(35) Wind power generation in the northern and southeast coastal areas and islands of the Three North Region has developed rapidly. 1986, three generator sets were introduced from Rongcheng city, Shandong province, to form the first wind power station in China. 199 1 year completed the construction of Zhejiang Shengsi wind power station with Germany, and the grid-connected power generation runs well.

(36) Biomass energy is a rural energy that our government has vigorously developed in recent years by adopting the policy of "adapting measures to local conditions, complementing each other with multiple functions, rationally utilizing and stressing efficiency", and has achieved remarkable results.

(37) In terms of geothermal energy, the Yangbajing geothermal power station has been built in Tibet, China, with a power generation capacity of 27,000 kilowatts.

(38) China has built several experimental tidal power stations in the southeast coastal areas with an installed capacity of 40-640 kW.

Information on 60th anniversary of National Day: scientific investigation

(39) Since the 1960s, China's scientific investigation activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have never stopped. Two scientific expeditions to Mount Qomolangma in 1960s and 1970s and a comprehensive scientific expedition to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China Academy of Sciences in 1970s made a comprehensive and systematic investigation to Xizang Autonomous Region, and published 46 books.

Since 1973, several generations of China scientists have visited the Grand Canyon for eight times, and gained a new understanding of its formation history, resources and environment, and the relationship with human beings and natural resources.

Information on the 60th anniversary of the National Day: Ocean and Polar Scientific Investigation

(40) 1970, the ship "Xiang Yanghong 5" made a comprehensive survey of a specific sea area in the Pacific Ocean for the first time, and obtained valuable data of marine gravity, magnetism, water depth, geology, hydrology and other disciplines. 1in may, 1980, the ship "Xiang Yanghong 5" went to the Pacific again to carry out its mission, which made contributions to the exploration of El Ni? o phenomenon, China's marine undertakings, national defense construction and international marine cooperation.

(41) In the mid-1980s, China began polar exploration. 19841984 on February 30th, China's first Antarctic expedition landed on George Island, and the Great Wall Station in China Antarctic was established, which was completed on February 20th. 1989 On September 26th, China Antarctic Zhongshan Station was completed on the Antarctic continent.

(42) On June 1999, China made his first expedition to the North Pole.

Information on the 60th anniversary of the National Day: investigation of paleontological fossils.

(43) 1984- 1995 China scientists discovered a large number of fauna fossils in Chengjiang, Yunnan Province, which revealed the suddenness of biological evolution and challenged the traditional Darwinian evolution theory represented by "gradualism", and was called one of the most amazing discoveries in the 20th century by the international scientific community.

During the period of (44) 1997, scientists from China investigated the Precambrian phosphorus-bearing stratum in Weng 'an, Guizhou Province, and found a large number of miniature multicellular animals and furuncle embryo fossils, which advanced the animal origin time by 50 million years, which was another major breakthrough in early animal research.

60th Anniversary of National Day: Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Dating Project

(45) The dating project of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is a large-scale project that combines natural science with social humanities to solve the dating problem of three generations. The project consists of 9 topics and 40 special topics. 170 scholars have made fruitful achievements in philology, astronomy, archaeology, ancient philology and other fields through joint investigation. These achievements will be a new starting point for the study of ancient civilization in China towards 2 1 century.

Information on 60th anniversary of National Day: Agricultural development

Among agricultural scientific and technological achievements, some major scientific and technological achievements have reached the international advanced level and leading level; The research, development, popularization and application of a large number of breakthrough scientific and technological achievements such as super rice, hybrid corn, transgenic insect-resistant cotton, hybrid rape and plastic film mulching technology have made the coverage rate of improved varieties of major crops reach over 95%, greatly improving the production capacity of major crops such as grain, cotton and oil, and the total grain output has jumped from 600 billion Jin to 1 trillion Jin. The improvement of livestock and poultry varieties and large-scale breeding, the prevention and control of major animal diseases, and the technological progress of famous and excellent new aquaculture have made the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress of animal husbandry and aquaculture in China reach more than 50%, and the total output of meat, eggs and aquatic products ranks first in the world; The progress and application of agricultural mechanization technology, the rise of factory farming and facility agriculture have greatly improved agricultural labor productivity and land output rate, and the degree of comprehensive agricultural mechanization has reached 38%. The great progress of agricultural science and technology in the past 30 years has made the overall level of agricultural science and technology in China jump to the forefront of developing countries, and made important contributions to solving the shortage of agricultural products in China, ensuring national food security, promoting agricultural structure adjustment, and realizing the sustained and stable development of agriculture and rural economy.

Information on 60th anniversary of National Day: Economic development

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the export of mechanical and electrical products in China has been in a backward state of slow development for a long time. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the export volume has developed, but it is still at a low level on the whole. From 65438 to 0985, the leaders of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council were far-sighted. From the strategic height of revitalizing the mechanical and electrical industry and promoting the development of foreign trade, they have taken effective measures to continuously promote the system reform, the establishment of export production system and the promotion of market development, thus ending the long-term low-level export of mechanical and electrical products and forming a new situation of sustained, stable and rapid development. From 65438 to 0999, the state began to implement the strategy of rejuvenating trade through science and technology. Through joint efforts, China's exports of mechanical and electrical products and high-tech products have made breakthrough progress and made great achievements, becoming an important part and driving force of China's foreign trade.

First, the scale of import and export has been expanding, and its proportion in foreign trade has been increasing. Since 1995, the export of mechanical and electrical products in China has been the largest export commodity in China for 13 years. In 2007, the export of mechanical and electrical products increased from $654.38+659 million in 0978 to $701654.38+700 million, an increase of 1063 times, with an average annual growth rate of 27.2%. The proportion of China's foreign trade exports rose from 6.8% in 1978 to 57.6%. Imports of mechanical and electrical products increased from $5.65 billion in 1980 to $499 billion, an increase of 87 times, with an average annual growth rate of18.0%; The proportion of China's foreign trade imports rose from 28.2% in 1980 to 52.2%.

Second, the structure of export commodities has been continuously optimized. With the rapid growth of import and export, the transformation of export commodity structure to capital-intensive and technology-intensive products has been accelerated, the processing depth, added value and technical content of export products have been further improved, and the import and export commodity structure has been optimized. The export of mechanical equipment, transportation machinery and instruments is always higher than the average annual growth rate of mechanical and electrical products, and the export of mechanical and electrical products and equipment accounts for more than 93%. The export growth of energy, materials and labor-intensive products is relatively slow, which is lower than the national average growth rate of mechanical and electrical products exports. Over the past 30 years, China has exported a large number of complete sets of equipment and large-scale equipment to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa and other countries and regions, including ships, airplanes, railways, smelting equipment, communication equipment, power generation equipment, power transmission and transformation equipment and so on.

Third, the international competitiveness of key industries has improved significantly. Over the years, through active participation in international competition, it has effectively promoted the technological progress of enterprises and promoted the improvement of the international competitiveness of a number of key industries.

-China's manufacturing technology of 300,000 kW and 600,000 kW large coal-fired generator sets has entered the international advanced ranks. At present, the total capacity of foreign installed and under construction generating sets with a capacity of over 300,000 kilowatts exceeds170,000 kilowatts.

-In 2004, the Xinzhou 60 aircraft independently developed and manufactured by China was successfully sold to Zimbabwe. Up to now, we have ordered 137 aircraft, including 87 overseas aircraft, and delivered and put into operation 15 aircraft.

-In 2007, China's shipbuilding industry ranked first, second and third in terms of new orders, hand-held orders and shipbuilding completion respectively.

Automobile is one of the export commodities with the greatest growth potential of our own brand. At present, China has become the largest potential market, the second largest consumer market and the third largest producer in the world. In 2007, China produced 8.883 million vehicles and exported 665.438 million vehicles.

-China telecom equipment with independent intellectual property rights provides equipment and services to more than 500 telecom operators in more than 0 countries around the world. Huawei's program-controlled switches have accounted for 32% of the global market share of program-controlled switches, ranking first in the world for three consecutive years.

-China has become the best production base and exporter of international household appliances. In 2007, the export value of China's household appliances industry reached US$ 31400 million, and the output and export volume of China's refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, color TVs, CD players, microwave ovens and other products all ranked first in the world.

4. Significant progress has been made in the implementation of all-round, diversified, key markets and key breakthroughs, and the development capacity of offshore markets has been significantly enhanced. While consolidating the development of traditional markets, exports to key markets such as North America and Western Europe have grown rapidly. The market structure is further diversified. In 2007, the export of mechanical and electrical products in China has covered 224 countries and regions, and there are 194 importing countries and regions. The total import and export of former 10 trading partners was101465438+300 million USD, accounting for 84.5% of the total trade of mechanical and electrical products. In addition to the rapid growth of major export markets, it has also made gratifying achievements in emerging markets such as Africa and Latin America, the Middle East, India and Russia. From the perspective of import market, imports from independent trading partners are dominant, imports from major trading partners such as Japan, the European Union, Taiwan Province Province and the United States are dominant, and imports from other trading partners have also increased to varying degrees.

5. Significant changes have taken place in the organizational structure of export enterprises. The export of state-owned enterprises and private enterprises has grown rapidly, and the main structure of diversified business has basically taken shape. Mechanical and electrical production enterprises have become the backbone of expanding exports. By 2007, the import and export of mechanical and electrical products of foreign-invested enterprises had maintained steady growth, accounting for nearly 3/4. After nearly 10 years of rapid development, private enterprises export products involving electronics, household appliances, electricians, automobiles, motorcycles, construction machinery, communications and other industries, and their position in the import and export of mechanical and electrical products is rising, accounting for 12%. The growth rate of import and export is 20% higher than that of foreign-invested enterprises, showing strong development potential. According to statistics, in 1985, there were less than 10 manufacturing enterprises whose national exports exceeded 5 million dollars. In 2007, there were 849 enterprises whose export volume exceeded US$ 654.38 billion, including 75 enterprises whose annual export volume exceeded US$ 654.38 billion and 3 enterprises whose annual export volume exceeded US$ 654.38 billion. Production enterprises have become the main force to explore the international market, and gradually formed a number of export enterprise groups, showing technical and management advantages and export stamina.

6. The contribution rate of import and export of mechanical and electrical products to economic growth has increased, which has become an important driving force for foreign trade and economic development. Since 2002, the total import and export volume of mechanical and electrical products has exceeded 50% of the total national import and export volume. In 2003, the export of mechanical and electrical products also exceeded 50%, accounting for 68% of the total national export. In 2007, the export of mechanical and electrical products accounted for 57.6% of the country's total export. Expanding the import and export of mechanical and electrical products has played an important role in optimizing the structure of import and export commodities, upgrading industrial technology, promoting the upgrading of industrial structure, improving international competitiveness and promoting the development of national economy. At the same time, it has also made positive contributions to increasing employment and maintaining social stability.

Information on the 60th anniversary of National Day: People's Life

1. The monthly deduction standard 1500 yuan can basically ensure that the basic living standard of urban residents is not affected by taxes. Due to the different national conditions and individual income tax systems in different countries, the deduction methods and standards are also quite different, but one thing is the same, but the expenses allowed to be deducted are only to ensure the basic living expenses of taxpayers and their dependents, including the basic living needs of taxpayers themselves, the basic living expenses of their dependents and medical insurance premiums, as well as the education expenses of their children.

According to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2004, the average wage of urban workers nationwide was 16024 yuan (monthly 1336 yuan), and the annual per capita consumption expenditure after deducting savings was 7 182 yuan. According to the support coefficient 1.9, the average monthly consumption expenditure of urban workers is 165438+.

Considering that the expenditure on housing, medical care and education is about 2 10 yuan, the monthly per capita consumption expenditure of cities and towns in China is about 1350 yuan. The monthly expense deduction 1500 yuan proposed in the new scheme is obviously higher than the average monthly salary level of employees and the average monthly basic consumption expenditure level of employees. If the deduction of working spouse 1500 yuan is added, a family's tax-free income of 3,000 yuan can guarantee the basic needs of individuals and families, and this expense deduction standard also has certain forward-looking space. It should be pointed out that according to the current progressive taxation method for wage income, the government does not collect all the monthly income of taxpayers that exceeds the 1500 yuan exemption, and the tax to be paid is only a very small proportion, so as to ensure that most of the income that exceeds 1500 yuan is reserved for taxpayers to improve their lives.

Second, the monthly deduction standard 1.500 yuan is basically suitable for China's current national conditions and financial affordability. China is still a developing country, and its financial resources are not abundant. The development between urban and rural areas and between regions is very uneven. Whether it is economic construction, the development of public utilities or poverty alleviation, the government will spend a lot of money, and the contradiction in the distribution of financial resources in all aspects is still very prominent. The basic principles of dealing with the contradiction of financial distribution are: "First, we must eat, second, we must build and third, we must develop scientifically". At present, personal income tax has become an important source of national, especially local, fiscal revenue. After the new scheme raises the monthly deduction standard to 1.500 yuan, the national fiscal revenue will be reduced by about 20 billion yuan every year. Government taxes are taken from the people and used by the people. If the deduction standard of wage income is further raised to a greater extent, it will probably exceed the financial capacity of our country and weaken the ability of governments at all levels to guarantee the transfer payment of compulsory education, public medical care, agricultural farmers, laid-off workers and other socially disadvantaged groups to a certain extent.

Thirdly, the monthly deduction standard 1500 yuan can appropriately adjust the higher income of some regions, industries and individual residents. With the development of economy, the income gap between China residents is getting bigger and bigger. In order to adjust the income distribution, the government should not only standardize the initial distribution, further increase the financial transfer payment, but also give full play to the role of personal income tax. In the new scheme, the monthly wage income deduction standard of 1.500 yuan will be uniformly implemented nationwide regardless of industries, developed areas and underdeveloped areas, so that on the one hand, the broad masses of low-income classes can be excluded from the scope of taxation; On the other hand, we can also adjust the tax rate structure, strengthen tax collection and management, appropriately increase the tax burden of high-income groups, and reflect the fairness and rationality of taxation.

Fourthly, the monthly deduction standard 1500 yuan is conducive to popularizing citizens' tax obligations and gradually improving the tax structure to meet the needs of future economic development. Personal income tax is not a wealth tax, nor is it a rich tax. It not only has the function of adjusting income distribution, but also is an important means for modern countries to obtain fiscal revenue. Judging from the situation of most countries in the world, paying individual income tax has become a universal obligation of a country's residents. 10 years ago, China set the expense deduction standard as a monthly 800 yuan, and the policy focus was mainly on adjusting high income; Today, after 10 years, people's income level and quality of life have been greatly improved. The purpose of personal income tax legislation should also keep pace with the times, from a single function of regulating distribution to a track of regulating distribution, expanding tax sources and popularizing tax obligations.

It should be pointed out that with the further development of China's economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the scope of individual income tax collection will be wider and wider, and the proportion of income will be greatly increased. On the premise of ensuring the basic needs of taxpayers, it is not only the inevitable result of economic development, but also the great progress of social development, and it is also the obligation of every citizen to the country.