What is an encyclopedia of Chinese grammar?

The Encyclopedia of Chinese Grammar includes:

Parts of speech, phrases, simple sentences, complex sentences, modified sick sentences, rhetoric.

Extended reading

The specific content of Encyclopedia of Chinese Grammar;

1. Part of speech: there are two categories: content words and function words. ?

(1) notional words: express the true meaning, which can be used as a component of a phrase or sentence, and can be independently made into a sentence. ?

Function words: Generally speaking, they do not express true meaning and are not used as components of phrases or sentences (except adverbs). Their basic purpose is to express grammatical relations. ?

A. nouns: words that indicate the names of people and things. Names of representatives, such as comrades and writers; Represents concrete things, rivers and mountains; Represents abstract things, such as politics and science; Represents the time name, morning and summer; Name of designated place: Shanghai, China; Grammatical features of nouns indicating orientation: ① Nouns indicating people can be followed by "people" to indicate the majority; (2) locative words often form locative phrases with other nouns to indicate places, ranges or times; Nouns are generally not modified by adverbs. ?

B. verbs: words that express actions, development and changes, psychological activities, etc. Express actions and behaviors: sit and listen; Stands for existence, disappearance or development: existence and occurrence; Expressing psychological activities: love and hate; Instructions: call and let; Express possibility and will (will verb): can and will; Express the trend (trend verb): come and go; Express judgment (judgment word): Yes. Grammatical features of verbs: ① Verbs are generally modified by adverb "bu". ② Verbs can be followed by "zhe, le and guo" to express dynamics. (3) Some verbs can overlap, indicating that time is short or trying. ④ The word "yes" mainly connects the subject and object of the sentence. ⑤ Can-wish verbs cannot be followed by nouns. Can-wish verbs can be used as predicate centers together with the following verbs, or they can be used as predicate centers alone. ⑥ Directional verbs can be used as predicate heads alone or as complements after the predicate heads. ?

C. adjectives: words that express the shape, nature and state of things. Represents the shape of things: height and height; Represents the essence of things: beautiful and strong; Express the state of things: fast and slow; Grammatical features of adjectives: ① Some adjectives can use overlapping forms to strengthen their semantics. ② Most adjectives can be modified by adverb "hen". ?

D. Numbers: words representing numbers. Table number (indicating fraction, integer, multiple); Table estimation: several, many; Table ordinal number: first and third; Grammatical features of numerals: ① The increase of numbers can be expressed by fractions or multiples; ② The reduction of numbers can only be expressed by fractions, not multiples. ?

E. Quantifiers: words that represent things, actions and behavioral units. Quantifiers that represent units of things are called quantifiers. Quantifiers representing actions and behavioral units are called momentum words. The unit that represents things: first, unique; Unit of action and behavior: times, times, and sometimes some nouns are borrowed, such as feet and years; Grammatical features of quantifiers: ① Quantifiers are often used with numerals to form quantitative phrases, also known as quantifiers. (2) Quantifiers indicating quantity are often used before nouns. (3) Quantifiers expressing momentum are often used after verbs. ?

F. Pronouns: words used as substitutes or indicators. Pronouns are divided into personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. Grammatical features of pronouns: ① The honorific title "you" in the second person is not plural, but "you several" and "you du" if plural is needed; ② The third person plural pronoun "they" can refer to both men and women, and "they" can refer to women; ③ Pay attention to the difference between "we" and "us". "We" refers to the speaker, sometimes including the listener; "We" must include the speaker and the listener. ④ The demonstrative pronoun "na" is used for the far finger and "this" is used for the near finger. ⑤ Improper use of pronouns and unclear references may cause ill sentences. ?

G. Adverbs: generally used before verbs and adjectives, indicating behavior, action or nature, degree, scope, time, frequency, situation, mood, etc. Expression range: all, all; Express your feelings: yes, but no; Denial: no, no; Express delivery time: just right; Degree of expression: very, very; Expression: It seems, gradually. Grammatical features of adverbs: ① Adverbs are mainly used to modify and restrict verbs or adjectives, and act as adverbials before verbs and adjectives. (2) Adverbs are sometimes used after adjectives as complements to complement the degree and result. ③ Adverbs cannot modify nouns and pronouns. ?

Conjunction: A word used to connect words, phrases or sentences. General conjunctions: and, and, and, or, and; Related words: mainly used to connect clauses in complex sentences or sentences in sentence groups. Not only that. And, though? But ... Grammatical features: ① The front and back parts of general conjunctions can be interchanged, while the basic meaning remains unchanged. ② Related words are mainly used in compound sentences. ?

1. Prepositions: Prepositions are often used in front of nouns and pronouns. Together with these words, they mean beginning and end, direction, place, time, object, way, reason, purpose, comparison, etc. Actions, behaviors and qualities. Common prepositions and their usage (jingle) from, from, to, when, as, according to, because, for, for, to and with, to, in addition, with, to, to, to, to, to, to ... ?

J. auxiliary words: words that are attached to real words, phrases or sentences and play an auxiliary role. Auxiliary words can be divided into three categories: structural auxiliary words, dynamic auxiliary words and mood auxiliary words. Structural auxiliary words: de, de; Dynamic auxiliary words: zhe, le and Guo; Modal auxiliary words: de, le, mo, ba, you, etc. ?

K interjection: a word that expresses exclamation, call, response, etc. For example, ah, um and so on. Grammatical features: Generally, sentences are formed independently, separated by commas or exclamation points. ?

Onomatopoeic words: words that imitate the sound of people or things. Grammatical features: equivalent to an adjective in a sentence.

(2) Recognition of part of speech:?

① Distinguish nouns from non-nouns, and do not add "no" and "very" before nouns. ② Distinguish adjectives from verbs. Adjectives can be modified by "hen", but verbs can't be modified by "hen" (except verbs expressing psychological activities). ③ Distinguish adjectives from adverbs. Adjectives can modify nouns and can be preceded by "hen". Adverbs cannot modify nouns, nor can they be placed before "hen". ④ Distinguish conjunctions from prepositions. Conjunction can be interchanged before and after, and preposition cannot be interchanged before and after. ⑤ Distinguish verbs from prepositions. Only verbs can be used as predicate centers, and prepositions are used to modify and supplement verbs and adjectives. ⑥ Distinguish modal particles from interjections. Modal auxiliary words are generally used at the end of sentences, and exclamatory sentences are often independent sentences, usually at the beginning of sentences. ⑦ Distinguish prepositions from adverbs. Prepositions are followed by nouns and pronouns, and adverbs are followed by verbs or adjectives. ?

2. Phrase: a language unit consisting of words and words. ?

(1), coordinate phrase: a phrase composed of two or more nouns, verbs or adjectives in parallel. Its basic structure is noun+noun, noun+generation, generation+generation, verb+verb, form+form and quantity+quantity. Features: ① The coordinate phrases are consistent in parts of speech. (Except nouns and pronouns) ② There is a reciprocal relationship between the two parts of a coordinate phrase, and there is no modification or restriction. (3) The words in coordinate phrases are generally inverted and have the same meaning. ④ Words in coordinate phrases can be combined directly or with function words. ?

(2) Phrases: See the textbook for definitions. Basic structure: ① When the head language is a noun, the modifier is an attribute, which is indicated by (). It has the following structure: form+noun, quantity+noun, noun+noun, substitution+noun ② When the center word is a verb or adjective, the modifier is an adverbial, which is indicated by []. It has the following structure: form+verb, auxiliary+verb, quantity+verb, auxiliary+form. ?

(3) Verb-object phrase: A verb followed by a word dominated by the verb constitutes a phrase, which is called a verb-object phrase. Basic structure: verb+noun, verb+generation. Features: ① The verb in front of the verb-object phrase directly dominates the nouns and pronouns in the back, and the nouns and pronouns in the back are dominated by the verbs in the front, so there is a relationship between domination and domination. ② Nouns and pronouns dominated by verbs in verb-object phrases are objects. The object usually answers the questions of "who" and "what" after the verb. ④ When using verb phrases, we should pay attention to the collocation of verbs and objects, otherwise the verb-object will not be collocated. ?

(4) Supplementary phrases: including verb-complement phrases and form-complement phrases. Grammatical features: ① The components that complement and explain verbs and adjectives are complements, which are indicated by < >. (2) The head of this kind of phrase is in front, and the front and back parts are complementary to each other. (3) Complement after verb or adjective, indicating how, how long, how much, etc. ④ Some complements are usually preceded by the structural auxiliary word "de". ?

(5) Subject-predicate phrase: See the textbook for the definition. Basic structure: noun (generation)+verb, noun (generation)+form, noun (generation)+interrogative pronoun, special ones are: noun+noun, such as today's Monday; Name+quantity, such as three pieces of paper. Features: ① The word before the subject-predicate phrase means "who" or "what", and the word after it means "how", "what" or "what". The front and the back are stated and stated. The subject-predicate phrases with mood and punctuation used in writing are simple sentences with complete meaning. ?

(6) Object-object phrase: a phrase consisting of a preposition and its object. Basic structure: preposition+noun, preposition+pronoun. Grammatical features: ① Preposition phrases act as sentence components as a whole. (2) The prepositional phrase is used as an adverbial before the subject and as a complement after the predicate. (3) Preposition phrases are sometimes used as attributes and must be followed by "de". ?

(7) The word "de" is composed of verbs, adjectives, verb-object phrases and "de". Basic structure: verb+de, adjective+de, verb-object phrase+de. Features: ① The phrase "de" is equivalent to a noun in the sentence. ② The word "de" is usually used as the subject and object. ?

3. single sentence:?

(1), single sentence classification: divided into subject-predicate sentences and non-subject-predicate sentences according to sentence structure; According to the purpose or tone of a sentence, it can be divided into declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences. ?

(2) Components of simple sentences: subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement. ?

(3), analysis steps: the first step, understand the meaning of the sentence is divided into subject and predicate, first split the sentence into two, divided into subject and predicate, the general subject is in front, the predicate is behind; The second step is to find the object, some sentences have it and some don't, and the object dominated by verbs is the object; The third step is to compress the sentence to find the head language, which is the main component that modifies, supplements or dominates the object; The fourth step is to find definite, form and complement. Find the attributive before the subject and object. Adverbial is in front of the predicate head and complement is behind the predicate head. There are common symbols in the textbook to analyze the components of single sentences. ?

(4) Sentence stem: the part left after the specified words, adverbials and complements are compressed, which consists of the center of the subject, the center of the predicate and the center of the object. When extracting the sentence trunk, the sentences with negative words (no, no, no) before the predicate head should be placed in the trunk; When the head word is a coordinate phrase, the whole coordinate structure should be selected. ?

4. Complex sentence: A complex sentence is a sentence composed of two or more single sentence forms that are related in meaning but not included in structure. ?

(1), how to distinguish between a simple sentence and a complex sentence: ① The clauses of a complex sentence do not constitute each other, which is the most important point to distinguish between a simple sentence and a complex sentence. The clauses of complex sentences do not contain each other in structure, that is, they do not constitute sentence components, and there is no structural relationship between sentence components. This is the essential feature of complex sentences and the most fundamental difference between complex sentences and simple sentences. You can't judge that a subject is not a complex sentence just by looking at it. (3) Where a subject is in charge of several verbs, as long as a comma or semicolon is used to indicate a pause in the middle, and they do not constitute each other, it is a complex sentence. ④ Some related words can be used in different clauses of complex sentences or simple sentences. Only those who love work can love life. (single sentence)?

(2) Types of complex sentences: there are mainly types such as juxtaposition, progression, choice, turning point, causality, hypothesis and condition. It is very important to judge the relationship between complex sentences. There is a jingle that puts the difficult and confusing together. Please remember it.

"No" and "But" are juxtaposed, "No" and "Yes" are choices,

"Return" and "Geng" are progressive, while "though" and "return" are turning points.

"Since" and "Jiu" are causal, "Lian" and "Ye" are hypotheses.

It doesn't matter, unless it doesn't matter, just mention the conditions. ?

(3) Double complex sentences: there are two levels of complex sentences in structure. There are three main situations: single sentence+complex sentence, complex sentence+single sentence, complex sentence+complex sentence. Division steps: first look at the number of clauses, the key is to look at the number of subject-predicate structures; Find the first layer of the sentence (the way to find it: ① find the related words that command the whole sentence. Look at the scope of related words, look at the scope covered by related words. From the tightness between clauses, looseness is the first layer. The place where semicolons are used in complex sentences is often the first layer. In short, we should analyze until all clauses are single sentences. ?

5, modify the sick sentence:?

(1), incomplete sentence components: the sentence lacks necessary components, which affects the expression of meaning and becomes a poorly structured sentence. Common component defects usually include theme defects and attribute header defects. ?

(2) Incorrect collocation of sentence components: the collocation of subject and predicate should pay attention to whether the predicate can correctly state the subject; When collocating verbs with objects, we should pay attention to whether the actions indicated by verbs can dominate the things indicated by objects. When modifiers are collocated with head words, we should pay attention to the appropriateness of modifying the head words. ?

(3) Unreasonable word order: The word order of Chinese sentence components is relatively fixed, such as subject before predicate, object and complement after verb and adjective, attribute and adverbial before head, and several incremental attributes and adverbials also have a certain word order. ?

(4) Mixed sentence patterns: Different sentence patterns can express the same meaning, but only one sentence pattern can be used at a time. Mixing two kinds of statements with two kinds of sentence patterns often leads to structural confusion. ?

(5) Inconsistent expression: unreasonable, inconsistent or inconsistent expression can easily lead to ill sentences, which can be roughly divided into two types; One is that words are inconsistent, and two words with opposite meanings are used in the same sentence. The other is the expression of the situation before and after, which is contradictory. ?

(6) Other situations: unclear reference, misuse of parts of speech, repetition, abuse of negative words and improper use of words. ?

6. Rhetoric:

(1), commonly used rhetorical methods: metaphor (simile, metaphor, metonymy), personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question (asking questions without doubt, asking yourself and answering yourself), rhetorical question?

(2) Transformation and selection of sentence patterns:?

Sentences can be divided into declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences according to their uses. A declarative sentence is to tell others one thing; A question is to ask someone something; Imperative sentences are sentences used to ask others to do or not do something; An exclamatory sentence is a sentence used to express some strong feelings. ?

(2) Sentence pattern transformation: the transformation of active sentences and passive sentences, and the transformation of affirmative sentences and negative sentences. Problems that should be paid attention to in sentence transformation: a, sentence transformation only changes a sentence and a sentence pattern, but does not change the original intention of the sentence;

B, a positive sentence becomes a negative sentence. One way is to find the antonym and add "no", or it can be changed into a double negative.