How to reduce the loss of geological disasters in Qinba Mountain?

the prevention and control of geological disasters is a social system engineering. To implement the goal of prevention and control of geological disasters, governments at all levels should attach great importance to it and give full play to the role of functional departments, mobilize all positive factors and adopt practical and effective measures. The measures for prevention and control of geological disasters mainly include administrative measures, planning and management measures, rules and regulations measures, popular science education measures, monitoring and forecasting measures, evacuation measures, emergency rescue and disaster relief measures, engineering management measures, greening vegetation measures and funding guarantee measures.

I. Administrative measures

According to the municipal government's "three decisions" plan and the "Measures for the Supervision and Management of Geological Environment in Zhenjiang City", the municipal administrative department of geology and mineral resources exercises the government functions of geological environment management and prevention of geological disasters, and is specifically responsible for formulating plans and measures for the protection of geological environment in this city, and supervising and inspecting the geological environment protection work of relevant departments and units; Participate in the site selection of industrial economic development zones and major projects, and be responsible for the demonstration and examination and approval of the geological environment of industrial and civil buildings on slopes, slopes and rivers; Organize the acceptance of geological environment exploration and evaluation results; Be responsible for forecasting all kinds of geological disasters; Organize the demonstration and validation of geological environment and disaster control schemes in conjunction with relevant departments; To manage the qualifications of exploration, design, construction and supervision units of geological environment and geological disasters; Participate in the remediation of geological disasters.

relevant departments of urban construction, planning, land, public security, etc. actively cooperate with the municipal administrative department of geology and mineral resources to do a good job in the supervision and management of geological environment according to their respective responsibilities.

II. Planning and management measures

Geological disasters in Zhenjiang are widely distributed and the disaster situation is serious. The prevention and control of geological disasters involves many aspects, and the whole society must be mobilized to carry out this work. It is an important content to work out the prevention and control plan of geological disasters. In 1996, the municipal government incorporated the urban geological disaster planning into the overall planning of urban construction. The municipal administrative department of geology and mineral resources should supervise and inspect the implementation of the disaster prevention plan and revise the disaster prevention plan in time with the change of geological environment.

with the rapid development of Zhenjiang's urban construction, in order to effectively avoid geological disasters, it is necessary to carry out geological environment exploration and evaluation, find out geological environment conditions and hidden dangers, and formulate measures to utilize and protect the geological environment when conducting regional land consolidation and selecting major industrial economic projects, and determining industrial economic development zones, nature reserves and geological and geomorphological tourist areas.

when building industrial and civil buildings or scenic spots in areas prone to environmental geological disasters, such as hillsides, foothills and both sides of rivers, the municipal administrative department of geology and mineral resources must strictly check and verify that there are no hidden dangers or adopt effective measures before agreeing to go to the planning department for planning and construction procedures.

Urban mountain forest is the symbol of Zhenjiang. We should emphasize the principle of urban mountain forest protection, and prohibit any form of digging mountains to build houses and dig mountains to protect the mountains from being eroded. It is necessary to formulate a series of policies to gradually return the house to the mountain and return it to green, improve people's living environment, improve people's quality of life, and promote Zhenjiang's social and economic sustainable development.

III. Rules and regulations measures

Strict rules and regulations are the key to the prevention and control of slope geological disasters. In recent years, the central government and governments at all levels have attached great importance to the prevention and control of geological disasters on slopes. In 1999, the Ministry of Land and Resources promulgated the Administrative Measures for the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters in Jiangsu Province, and since May 1999, Governor Decree No.154 has promulgated the Administrative Measures for the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters in Jiangsu Province. In July 1992, Zhenjiang issued the first administrative measure of geological environment management in prefecture-level cities in China, the Interim Measures for the Supervision and Management of Geological Environment in Zhenjiang City. In 1996, Zhenjiang further incorporated the prevention and control of geological disasters into the overall planning of urban construction, and formulated the Prevention and Control Plan of Geological Disasters on Urban Slopes in Zhenjiang City. In December 1998, the municipal government issued the Opinions on Prohibiting the Construction and Expansion of Industrial and Civil Buildings on Urban Hills. In April 1999, a new "Measures for Supervision and Management of Geological Environment in Zhenjiang City" was issued. At the end of August, 2, the municipal government further forwarded the Administrative Measures for the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters in Jiangsu Province. These laws and regulations are the basis for the prevention and control of slope geological disasters. City Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources is the administrative department in charge of geological environment and geological disasters. It should closely cooperate with relevant departments, conscientiously implement the laws and policies for the prevention and control of geological disasters, strengthen management, strictly enforce the law, constantly sum up and improve, and create a new situation for the prevention and control of geological disasters and the protection of geological environment in our city.

IV. Measures for popular science education

Popular science education includes corrections:

(1) The municipal department of geology and mineral resources and the municipal slope geological disaster prevention and control headquarters regularly provide professional and technical training to relevant personnel of the four-level slope geological disaster monitoring and forecasting network every year.

(2) publicize the knowledge of slope geological disasters and the relevant laws and regulations of the state on geology and mineral resources to the whole people in the form of TV talk, special reports, newspaper advertisements, slogans and banners, and distributing publicity materials.

(3) during the annual "4.22" Earth Day, the knowledge of geological environmental protection and prevention and control of geological disasters will be intensively publicized.

(4) Open up landslide control model sites such as No.2 Middle School, the northwest slope of Yuntai Mountain and the back hill of Jiangzhaoan, and organize the majority of primary and secondary school students and citizens' representatives to visit and explain on the spot.

all effective means and methods should be adopted to intensify publicity, so that everyone knows, understands and abides by the law, so that the whole society is concerned about geological prevention and control, and a good geological environment protection atmosphere is formed.

V. Monitoring and forecasting measures

(1) Monitoring

Monitoring can be divided into two types: macro monitoring and micro monitoring. The former is to collect deformation and displacement or abnormal phenomena of deformed and damaged bodies directly through human sensory system, while the latter is to monitor all kinds of information that is difficult to capture by means of instrument sensory system. Macro-monitoring can adopt simple methods to assign special personnel to regularly measure the horizontal and vertical displacement of deformation and failure, observe the rolling stones, falling blocks, subsidence, groundwater outcrops (springs), quantitative change of surface inflammation, color change, ground motion, ground sound and displacement of buildings or plants on the surface. Macro-monitoring has the characteristics of economy, simplicity, intuition, easy application and reliable information. As long as the precursor information is analyzed in time, the impending landslide can be predicted and the geological disasters can be reduced to a minimum.

Generally, microscopic monitoring should be carried out at the disaster sites with serious hazards and large scale. Commonly used methods include geodetic deformation measurement, automatic slope monitoring system, or a single disaster strain gauge, voice controller, etc. With the help of instruments, the deformation, strain, groundwater level and other changes of deformed and damaged bodies can be obtained. The information obtained by this method is accurate, continuous and quantitative, but it is highly technical and costly.

the geological disasters in Zhenjiang are serious, involving a wide range, and macro monitoring, group prevention and group measurement, and the combination of special groups should be the main measures, supplemented by micro monitoring.

(II) Forecast

According to the monitoring data, the municipal department of geology and mineral resources issued the long-term, short-term and impending landslide forecast to the relevant units. Major landslide forecast must be approved by the municipal government before release.

VI. Emergency rescue and disaster relief measures

When landslide danger occurs, the municipal slope geological disaster prevention and control headquarters should take the following disaster prevention measures:

1. Hold a meeting in flood season to inform the leaders of various departments of the danger, arrange special personnel to be on duty, and make emergency preparations for emergency rescue and disaster relief;

2. Immediately after the landslide occurs, convene a meeting of all members of the headquarters to decide the emergency evacuation plan, clarify the responsible persons and tasks of each department, and assign special personnel to be on duty day and night;

3. The municipal department of geology and mineral resources determines the scope of landslide danger zone, evacuation area and temporary emergency measures;

4. The district (county) people's government is responsible for the evacuation and resettlement;

5 patrol teams composed of public security departments and armed police soldiers, on the one hand, check the evacuation situation from house to house, urge residents to evacuate quickly, on the other hand, set up vigilance to prohibit idle personnel from entering the landslide danger zone;

6, transportation, water supply and power supply, post and telecommunications, fire and health departments according to their respective responsibilities to do a good job in emergency rescue and disaster relief;

7. After the danger is eliminated at the end of the flood season, the evacuees will return to their places of residence in an orderly manner under the unified command of the headquarters, and do a good job in checking and registering the aftermath;

8. When geological disasters inevitably occur, organize to protect the site and strive to minimize the losses. The aftermath should assess the disaster losses caused by geological disasters.

9. The slope geological disaster institutions at the district, street and neighborhood committees should closely cooperate with the municipal slope geological disaster prevention and control headquarters to do a good job in disaster prevention, resilience and relief, and its main task is to be responsible for monitoring and forecasting, relocation and evacuation.

VII. Engineering control measures

At present, China has accumulated some experience in the control of geological disasters, and the commonly used methods are: avoiding (that is, avoiding, bypassing and relocating); Cutting (load reduction, slope cutting and clearing); Drainage (drilling drainage, surface drainage, blasting to remove dangerous rocks, ground seepage control, adit drainage, shaft drainage, blanket seepage control); Protection (wall protection, slope protection, riprap back pressure); Various engineering treatment methods such as retaining wall, anchor rod, cable chain, anti-slide pile and open tunnel. One or more of these methods can be used at the same time. In order to ensure the quality of the project, we should strictly control the survey, design and construction, let qualified units carry out the construction, and the project must implement the quality supervision system.

VIII. Vegetation greening measures

Hillside greening is of great significance to slope stability and sand conservation. Therefore, unremitting efforts to do a good job in hillside greening will help prevent geological disasters on the one hand and beautify the environment on the other.

every year, the municipal administrative department of geology and mineral resources shall, according to the actual situation of the slope geological disaster control scheme, formulate greening measures and plans to protect the hillside mountain, and report them to the greening management department for deliberation and filing. Through the comprehensive management and protection of urban mountains, it will take a short time to gradually save the mountains in the suburbs of urban areas and make Zhenjiang a veritable "urban mountain forest".

IX. Measures to ensure funds

The funds for the exploration and prevention of geological disasters should be included in the finance at all levels, and special management and earmarking should be implemented. The fund plan for geological disaster exploration and prevention shall be compiled by the municipal geological disaster prevention and control headquarters and reported to the municipal leaders for examination and approval, and then reported to the municipal finance for balance and then included in the next annual budget. At the same time, the funds for the control of geological disasters should be raised through multiple channels, and should be based on the principle of who induces, who contributes, who benefits, who contributes, who governs and who contributes, so as to broaden the financing channels and effectively solve the problem of control funds.

countermeasures for prevention and control of various geological disasters in the third quarter

I. countermeasures for prevention and control of soil landslides

soil landslides refer to the landslides produced by Quaternary residual slope deposits and weathered bedrock under the action of internal and external forces, which is the most important type of landslides in Zhenjiang. The formation of soil landslide is closely related to water. Because water acts on the slope soil, it softens the soil and reduces the values of C and Ф, therefore, when preventing soil landslides, the first thing to consider is drainage: drainage can be divided into the exclusion of surface water and groundwater. To remove surface water, a drainage ditch can be built at the catchment area of the sliding body, an annular intercepting ditch can be built at the rear edge and both sides of the landslide, a "∧"-shaped drainage ditch can be built on the sliding body, or a drainage ditch can be built along the slope. To eliminate underground diving, drilling can be used for drainage, vertical holes, oblique holes and horizontal holes can be drilled, and adits can be drilled and filter layers can be covered. Its purpose is to remove the surface water and groundwater on the sliding body, keep the slope soil dry, increase the sliding resistance and reduce the sliding force.

(2) Slope protection by cutting slope and reducing load: For those soil landslides with gravity unloading due to steep slope angle, this method can be used to cut off the soil at the rear edge of the sliding body, so that the slope angle becomes slow and the upper weight is reduced, and if necessary, the slope protection is assisted with the center to ensure the stability of the slope.

(3) retaining wall: for some small-scale landslides caused by cutting the front edge of the slope, the method of building retaining wall can be adopted, and the drainage ditch is built on the slope, and the slope protection treatment can be carried out at first. (see the table below)

(4) Anti-slide piles: For some large-scale soil landslides, when retaining walls are difficult, piles can be set at the front edge of the landslide or other appropriate parts, or the combination of piles and walls can achieve the ideal effect of retaining soil.

(5) restrict or control the construction of industrial and civil projects on the sliding body.

(6) Relocation: For some landslide sites that are uneconomical to treat or cannot be treated for other reasons, relocation can be carried out to resettle residents in different places.

in short, there are various prevention and control measures for soil quality. When dealing with landslides, the above-mentioned engineering treatment methods are usually used at the same time to achieve the purpose of stabilizing landslides. If the treatment is difficult and the treatment cost is high, it is difficult to control for a while, so monitoring and forecasting should be strengthened, and once there is danger, it should be quickly moved and evacuated.

soil landslide treatment engineering measures table

anti-slide engineering

slide reduction engineering

other

excluding underground engineering

excluding surface water engineering

cutting square to reduce weight

retaining vertical

soil sliding

wall pile

intercepting groundwater engineering

. > surface ditch

seepage control project

roasting electroosmosis reinforcement

greening and tree planting

long

water

flat drilling

water collecting well

exhaust project

drainage culvert

main drainage project

culvert

and

culvert. In bedding landslide, retaining wall can be built at the steep bank of artificial slope cutting, anchor piles can be drilled at the front and middle of landslide, and drainage can be carried out on the sliding body. Piling of retaining wall shall be investigated in detail and tested. After detailed calculation and evaluation, the depth of retaining wall footing, wall thickness and slope angle, the number, group, pile diameter, buried depth and reinforcement of piles shall be determined. For the monitoring of rock landslide, it mainly monitors the displacement, horizontal and vertical displacement, displacement direction and displacement speed of cracks on the sliding surface. At the same time, we should also monitor the water level, water temperature, water quality and water quantity of the well, and monitor the changes in many aspects, such as whether the front rock mass bulge increases and whether the ground inclines. Seriously analyze the deformation development trend of landslide, predict whether it will slide, and make timely prediction to prevent accidents.

III. Prevention and control measures of mountain cracking and dangerous rocks

Due to long-term weathering and denudation of the mountains in Zhenjiang city and the fragmentation of the rocks themselves under the influence of tectonic movement, there are many dangerous rocks, most of which are distributed in the northern slope of Yuntai Mountain, Jinshan Mountain, Jiao Shan Mountain and Beigushan Mountain. Monitoring and forecasting should be the main way to deal with such geological disasters. The monitoring contents include the development of cracks, the width, depth, length and deformation speed of cracks. Monitoring points are set up by simple methods, and fixed scales are set up on both sides of cracks to observe the vertical displacement of dangerous rocks regularly, and a certain point can be used for comparative observation. In rainy season, observation should be intensified, and for some small-scale disaster points, dangerous rocks can be removed by manual blasting or manual removal. Some dangerous rocks can be supported by retaining wall or slope protection, or reinforced by bolt fixation, drilling and grouting, etc. In case of large-scale dangerous rock caving, residents in the dangerous area can consider moving and evacuating.

IV. Countermeasures for prevention and control of collapse

Collapse is generally karst collapse and mining collapse. So far, there has been no karst collapse in Zhenjiang, while mining collapse occurs from time to time, such as underground mining mines such as Weigang Iron Mine and Coal Mine in our city. The first way to prevent and control mining collapse is to choose safe mining methods and mining depth as far as possible; The second is to backfill the mined-out area and scientifically deal with the safety column; Third, strengthen the monitoring of land subsidence in mining areas; The fourth is local.