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What are the types of translation?
2. According to the expected function of translated works in the translated language and culture, it can be divided into tool translation and document translation.
3. According to the form and meaning of the language involved in translation. It is divided into semantic translation and communicative translation. Semantic translation reproduces the meaning of the original context as accurately as possible when the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language allows, while communicative translation pursues the effect produced by the target language readers as much as possible.
4. According to the translator's comparison and observation of the original text and the translated text, it can be divided into literary translation and linguistic translation. Literary translation seeks the equivalence between the literary functions of the translated text and the original text. His theory often argues that the translation can only be more beautiful and not inferior if the literary expression of the original text cannot be reproduced. The disadvantage is that it does not pay attention to the comparison and connection between language structures. Linguistic translation seeks the law of systematic transformation between the two, and advocates that the achievements of linguistic research should be used in translation to promote the development of linguistics through translation practice.
5. According to the relationship between translation purpose and source language in language form, it can be divided into literal translation and free translation.
6. According to translation media, it can be divided into interpretation, translation, visual translation and simultaneous interpretation.
Machine Translation 1947, American mathematician and engineer Warren Weaver and British physicist and engineer Andrew Booth put forward the idea of machine translation (hereinafter referred to as "machine translation"), and machine translation has since stepped onto the historical stage and experienced a tortuous and long road of development. In the next 65 years, this machine was translated into the battlefield of international academic, business and even military circles. Machine translation is a comprehensive subject involving linguistics, mathematics, computer science, artificial intelligence and other disciplines and technologies, and it is listed as one of the top ten scientific and technological problems in the world in 2 1 century. At the same time, machine translation technology also has a huge application demand.
Since the mid-1980s, with the extensive use of corpus-based and multi-engine machine translation methods, the performance and efficiency of machine translation systems have been significantly improved, and various translation softwares have sprung up. The wide application of the Internet has made online translation a highlight of today's machine translation. Machine translation can be divided into text machine translation and voice machine translation. In text machine translation, Google is currently in a leading position. In terms of voice machine translation, Google is also in a leading position. Machine translation eliminates the barriers between different languages and is a high-tech move that benefits mankind. But the quality of machine translation has always been a problem, especially the quality of translation, which is far from the ideal goal. Professor Zhou Haizhong, a mathematician and linguist in China, believes that machine translation cannot reach the level of "faithfulness and elegance" until human beings understand how the brain makes fuzzy recognition and logical judgment on language. I'm afraid this view just illustrates the bottleneck that restricts the quality of translation. Details >>
What's the difference between translation and interpretation? 1. Translation: Ideas expressed in one language are reproduced in another language through written form, that is, written language or written language.
2. Interpretation: ideas expressed in one language are reproduced in another language through oral form. Interpretation is a special means of oral communication. Its task is to serve as a bridge and link between speakers of different languages and cultures, so that both sides can freely exchange ideas without feeling language barriers.
Generally speaking, interpretation can be divided into two categories: continuous interpretation and simultaneous interpretation. After the speaker finishes a sentence, a paragraph or even a whole article, the interpreter immediately translates to the audience on the spot. This kind of translation is called impromptu translation, which is also called alternate translation or continuous translation. The speaking time varies from a few seconds (dozens of words) to a few minutes (hundreds or even thousands of words). Phonetics and translation alternate.
When it comes to the difficulty of interpretation and translation, we must first understand that their development backgrounds are different. Translation developed on the basis of interpretation, and later translation developed rapidly. Translation and interpretation have different standards and models, especially in recent years, which have enriched the standards of interpretation.
Different requirements In English, translators are called translators and interpreters are called interpreters. Both translation and interpretation use different languages to explain and reproduce the meaning of the original text.
Interpretation is stressful because it is on-site work. Interpreters understand the original words and obtain information by "listening". After listening to the speaker, the interpreter should express it in the target language immediately, even while listening, and there is almost no time for thinking. In most cases, it is impossible to look up a dictionary or reference book or ask others. The labor intensity of translators per unit time greatly exceeds that of translators. Therefore, the quality of interpretation should not be too high. The standard of interpretation can be summarized as "faithfulness, expressiveness and speed" (it can also be summarized as "accuracy, smoothness and speed").
Translators understand the original text and obtain information through "reading". Translators can have enough time to think about it, consult dictionaries and various reference books, and consult others. Translation requires relatively high accuracy. Therefore, translation needs "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance", which complement each other and are indispensable. Therefore, interpretation and translation have different requirements for translators. Details >>
Registration conditions for the translation qualification examination Registration conditions for the first-level translation professional examination Anyone who abides by national laws, regulations and the relevant provisions of the translation industry, abides by professional ethics and meets one of the following conditions can sign up for the first-level translation examination.
1, passed the national unified examination and obtained the second-level translation certificate of the corresponding language and category;
2, in accordance with the unified provisions of the state evaluation and employment of translation professional positions.
Some subjects are exempted from the second-level translation examination. Postgraduates who take the Level-2 professional qualification (level) examination for interpretation or translation at school may be exempted from taking the comprehensive ability subject and only take the examination for interpretation practice or translation practice subject.
1. Anyone who meets the requirements of the Notice of Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security on Printing and Distributing the Measures for Evaluating the Professional Qualifications (Level) of Senior Translators and First-level Translators (Trial) (No.511issued by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security) can sign up for the First-level Translation and Interpretation Examination.
2. According to the Notice of the former Ministry of Personnel on Printing and Distributing the Interim Provisions on the Translation Professional Qualification (Level) Examination (No.2/KLOC-0 [2003] of the Ministry of Personnel) and the Notice of the former General Office of the Ministry of Personnel on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Measures for the Second and Third Level Translation Professional Qualification (Level) Examination (No.65438 [2003] of the Ministry of Personnel)
3. According to the relevant provisions of the translation professional qualification (level) examination, candidates who have obtained the second-level consecutive interpretation certificate are exempt from taking the comprehensive ability of interpretation when applying for simultaneous interpretation, and only take the interpretation practice (simultaneous interpretation) 1 subject.
4. According to the Notice of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security on Relevant Matters Concerning the Connection between Translation Master's Degree Education and Translation Professional Qualification (Level) Certificate (Degree [2008] No.28), when the translation master students in the school apply for the Level 2 Translation and Interpretation Examination, they are exempted from the "Interpretation Comprehensive Ability Subject" with the "Translation Master's Certificate" issued by the school (stamped with the official seal of the school).
The CET-3 requires that anyone who abides by the Constitution and laws of People's Republic of China (PRC), abides by professional ethics and has a certain level of foreign language can sign up for the corresponding language and level examination. Details >>
Translation Qualification Examination Time Translation Qualification Certificate can only be obtained by passing the translation qualification examination, the national foreign language translation certificate examination and the national non-academic certificate examination for all citizens. At present, there is only one English language translation test in the national foreign language translation certificate examination, which contains six certificates, which are divided into two categories: translation and interpretation, and each category contains three grades, namely: primary translation certificate, intermediate translation certificate and advanced translation certificate; Primary interpretation certificate, intermediate interpretation certificate and advanced interpretation certificate.
The national foreign language translation certificate examination is conducted twice a year for junior and intermediate interpreters and translators, and once a year for senior interpreters and translators. The registration time is generally in March and September each year, and the examination time is generally in April-May and September-10. Candidates are required to provide relevant information and pay the registration fee according to the regulations when applying for the exam with their valid identity documents. Details >>
What are the most worthwhile translation certificates? National Translation Professional Qualification Examination (CATTI)CATTI is the most authoritative translation professional qualification (level) certification in China. It is the recognition of the bilingual translation ability and level of interpreters or translators.
The English Translation Certificate Examination is sponsored by the National Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, and the difficulty is divided into Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3. The exam is divided into seven languages, namely English, Japanese, French, Arabic, Russian, German and Spanish.
Four grades, namely: advanced translation; First-level interpretation, translation and translation; Secondary interpretation, translation and translation; Three-level interpretation, translation translation. Among them, senior translators are obtained through evaluation, first-level interpreters and translators are obtained through examination and evaluation, and second-and third-level interpreters and translators are obtained through examination.
It is divided into two categories: translation and interpretation, and interpretation is divided into two professional categories: consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation.
The National Foreign Language Translation Qualification Examination (NAETI), formerly known as Beijing Foreign Language Translation Qualification Examination Certificate (CETI), is jointly organized by the Examination Center of the Ministry of Education and Beijing Foreign Studies University. The national foreign language translation certificate examination consists of the first, second and third level translation and interpretation examinations. There is also a CET-4 translation and interpretation test in English. Evaluation languages: English and Japanese.
Regrettably, however, according to online news, the National Foreign Language Translation Certificate Examination (NAETI) has been officially suspended by the Examination Center of the Ministry of Education. Since April 16, 1 day, the national foreign language translation certificate examination has been officially suspended, and the online processing of achievement certificates will last until February 3 16, 18.
Shanghai Certificate Examination for Foreign Language Interpretation (SIA) is jointly organized by the Organization Department of Shanghai Municipal Committee, the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Education. The test center is Shanghai, and the corresponding level is divided into English-Chinese and Japanese interpretation. Advanced English, CET-6 or equivalent; Intermediate English, CET-4 or equivalent; Japanese interpretation is equivalent to Level 2 of Japanese Proficiency Test.
Among the translation certificates, CATTI (Translation Professional Qualification Examination) of Personnel Bureau has the highest gold content, followed by the qualification examination of Shanghai interpreters and translators, which is suitable for white-collar workers in the workplace.
The National Business English Translation Qualification Certificate (ETTBL) is sponsored by China Business Federation, and is open to junior college students and undergraduates majoring in business English (including international economy and trade, foreign trade, finance, international finance, marketing, international marketing, international business, tourism management, e-commerce and business administration).
The mastery level of business English is divided into five levels, namely, primary, intermediate, advanced, translation and advanced translation.
The National International Business English Test (CNBECT) was officially launched in 2006, and was organized by China Institute of International Trade, Ministry of Commerce of People's Republic of China (PRC). The first examination is scheduled to be held in April 2007, and has been certified by the Ministry of Commerce of China.
This exam covers both language and business. Language tests English listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating ability in international business environment; Business involves general business in international business and highlights international trade.
This exam is divided into three levels. Organize the National International Business English Level 1 Examination on the second Saturday and Sunday of May every year. This test is divided into two parts (listening, reading, translation and writing) and oral test, with five items in total.
The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the United Nations language talent training system (UNLPP), was established in accordance with United Nations General Assembly resolution1963 65438+211934 (X).
At present, it is the only international language professional training certification system in the Asia-Pacific region that has been certified by CIFAL Center of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research. UNLPP training and certification examination will be carried out step by step by specialty, language and level at home and abroad, and it consists of two parts: training and certification. Details >>
Employment analysis of translation major The employment prospect of translation major is very good. The translation service market in China is expanding rapidly, and the existing translation team cannot meet the huge market demand. There are five types of translation in the domestic market, namely, scientific interpretation, conference interpretation, court interpretation, business interpretation, contact escort interpretation and document translation. Simultaneous interpretation, in particular, is huge in both domestic and international markets. Translation and simultaneous interpretation are rare talents in the world and difficult to cultivate.
Employment Orientation of Translation Majors After graduation, translation majors can engage in foreign affairs reception, business and tourism in government departments and enterprises, and engage in foreign language translation teaching, translation-related research and management in scientific research institutes and other institutions.
English translation, Japanese translation, Korean translation, translation, foreign trade salesman, assistant to the president, assistant to the general manager, English translation, Russian translation, French translation, foreign trade Commissioner, secretary to the general manager, etc.
Urban Employment Index of Translation Major Shanghai is a region with more jobs in translation major. The area with high wages is Hefei.
Cities with more jobs are: Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Chaoyang, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Nanjing and Tianjin.
Cities with relatively high employment salaries include Hefei, Daqing, Beijing, Huzhou, Shanghai, Dalian, Nanchang, Zhoushan, Nanjing, Baoding and Shenzhen.
Translation majors rank high among similar majors. Translation majors belong to foreign languages and literature in literature, including 55 foreign languages and literature majors. Translation major ranks second in foreign languages and literature, and eighth in the whole literature.
Among foreign language and literature majors, English, translation, Japanese, business English, Korean, Russian, German, French and Spanish have good employment prospects. Details >>
Methods and skills of English translation Literal translation is to translate words directly according to their literal meaning. For example, the Chinese word "paper tiger" is literally translated as "paper tiger", which is not only understandable by foreigners, but also vivid, so it has become the official national language of Britain and the United States. In addition, what we call "losing face" is literally translated as "losing face" and "runningdog". The transliteration of "Kung Fu", which is popular among foreigners because of China fever, is also a kind of literal translation.
Synonymous idiom borrowing method Some synonymous idioms in the two languages are consistent in content, form and color. They not only have the same meaning or implied meaning, but also have the same or very similar images or metaphors. If you encounter such a situation in translation, you may wish to borrow it directly from the other party. For example, there is an idiom called "wallshaveers" in Chinese, but there is "wallshaveers" in English. These two sentences are impeccable in wording and meaning. We say "adding fuel to the fire" and the British say "toaddfueltotheflame", which are exactly the same.
Free translation method Some idioms can't be directly translated and synonyms can't be borrowed, so we have to use free translation method. For example, the Chinese word "out of the water" is used to express the meaning of being defeated, which is translated into English as "tobeshatteredtopieces" and "smog" describes the chaotic situation and can be expressed by "chaos".
There is a case of omitting Chinese, that is, there are some pairs of ambiguous words in idioms, and the meanings are repeated before and after. In this case, we can use ellipsis to avoid the feeling of gilding the lily. For example, it is enough to translate "wallofbronze" into "wallofcopperandiron", but it is really unnecessary to say "iron wall". "streetgossip" is also repetitive in meaning, so it can be translated into "street talk".
In order to express the original intention more clearly, it is sometimes necessary to add some explanations to the translation according to the needs of the context. For example, "from one tree to another" can be translated as "once it falls, the monster sonitwillfeehelter-skelter", where "helter-skelter" means additional ingredients. Although the original text has no meaning, it is added to make the image stand out and colorful.
Reduction method Some idioms are derived from foreign languages and can be reduced in translation. For example, "with tail" should be written as "with tail"; "warmonger" is the Chinese translation of English "war-monger"; "Blueprint" is "Blueprint" and so on. Details >>
The charging standards of translation companies mainly include translation, simultaneous interpretation, localization, interpretation and translation according to the types of translation projects, and the charging standards of different translation projects are naturally different.
According to the duration of the translation project, this duration is not the duration, but mostly refers to the duration of the project: simultaneous interpretation, conference translation, business negotiation, bilingual hosting, interpretation, accompanying translation and exhibition translation. Of course, the amount of time calculated according to the length of video translation and recording translation and the type of meeting are important influencing factors, and the translation time determines the translation price.
According to the number of words in translation projects, the number of words in translation projects is one of the important factors that affect the charge. The number of words in translation projects is mainly for translation, such as document translation, book translation, material translation, picture album translation, etc. The number of words in these documents determines the translation price and translation fee standard of the project.
According to the translation items, such as English, Japanese and Korean, the translation cost of small languages, such as Arabic, Greek and Indonesian, is different. We know that "scarcity is precious", so the translation quotation of small languages will definitely be higher than that of mainstream languages.
According to the difficulty of translation projects, the translation fee standard of translation companies depends largely on the difficulty of translation, and different industries have different terms and difficulties; Translation is a mental work. Translators should have excellent professional knowledge, and they can't do translation without certain strength, otherwise the translated things are neither fish nor fowl. Professional translation companies will evaluate their translation teams according to their translation level, professional knowledge and translation experience, and high-level translators will naturally charge more; Professional translation companies classify the difficulty and use of clients' manuscripts into different types. Such as comprehensive translation, precise translation and publishing level. The quotation of different types of translation is different, and the industry field of the manuscript, the difficulty of the materials and the type of translation chosen are all factors that determine the charging standard of the translation company. Details >>
How to choose a professional translation agency to determine the comprehensive service quality? Choosing a translation agency needs to know whether there are more professional service advantages, comprehensive service quality and comprehensive consideration. Naturally, it can be determined whether the translation agency is trustworthy and should reach a better standard in professional services to avoid unnecessary influence and loss. For all kinds of translation companies, 5 1 Dong Shibian Xiao suggested that comprehensive judgment, especially from a practical point of view, is naturally possible.
To understand the situation of translation companies, we can know the basic information such as the registration time and capital of the company through other authoritative departments such as the Industrial and Commercial Bureau, and mainly check whether the company's business scope includes translation services, so as to judge whether the company is a formal translation company. You can also go to some third-party platforms to check whether the company has some risk information, such as administrative penalties, disputes and other information. If conditions permit, you can know the size of the company through on-site inspection.
Understand the word-of-mouth evaluation of the industry, understand the word-of-mouth evaluation of translation institutions in the whole industry, and determine whether their service quality and charging standards meet better industry standards. Only in this way can we determine which translation agency has better service advantages, make a comprehensive and rational comparison, especially determine the word-of-mouth and evaluation recommendations of other customers, and naturally make targeted judgments, choose the appropriate translation agency for cooperation according to our own needs, and make the quality of translation work reach a better standard. Details >>
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