Who has a detailed introduction of Tibetan leopards?

Tibet's towering mountains are covered with years of insoluble ice and snow. Nothing grows at an altitude of more than 4,000 years, and the average altitude in Qinghai-Tibet region is more than 3,000 years. The special geographical environment has caused the specific historical conditions of plateau hypoxia, that is, there is a great nation living in this land all the year round: Tibetans. They graze for a living all year round. Their ancestors' life gave birth to their own language and culture. They have strong bodies. In order to survive, they fought against the sky, the earth and wild animals day and night. God gave them strong bodies, vast grasslands and cattle and sheep. The Tibetan mastiff, the protector of herdsmen's lives and property, was also given. In the vast Tibet, due to national customs, hardworking and kind Tibetan herders never kill anything but dogs. Tibet is a paradise for dogs. They are loyal friends of mankind. Generation after generation, when there are no warm beds, midwives and nutritionists to adjust their lives, they wear thick body hair and patrol the vast plateau warily. The noble character of enduring hunger and thirst and fighting spirit cultivated by generations of life. Tibet has the largest number of dogs in the world. But Tibetan mastiff is one in a thousand in today's Qinghai-Tibet region. There are a large number of Tibetan leopards, wolves, foxes and lions living in the Qinghai-Tibet region. However, these dogs are by no means Tibetan mastiffs, and some are the offspring of Tibetan mastiffs crossing with several local dogs. These dogs look cool, like Tibetan mastiffs, but there are essential differences in personality. Some dogs have the style of Tibetan mastiff in character, but their bones have degenerated. These dogs are not qualified for difficult tests, let alone breeding. These dogs are of great use in pastoral areas, and herdsmen in pastoral areas cannot do without them. They wear long ornaments (mainly due to the local climate) and guard pastoral areas and rural homes day and night. They are indispensable helpers, friends and even family members in the eyes of herders.

Tibetan mastiff is also called Tibetan dog, Dojo, big dog and so on. Produced in Tibet (national second-class protected animal. World-class rare species). More than 2,000 years ago, Tibetan mastiffs were active in the Himalayas and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at an altitude of more than 3,000 meters. Standard purebred tibetan mastiff is common in pastoral areas, including Lion Head and Tiger Head, Amdo, Kangba and Qinghai-Tibet. Many countries and regions in the world have footprints of Tibetan mastiffs.

Primitive Tibetan mastiffs live in the frigid zone above 3000 meters above sea level on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Central Asia Plain, and traces of Tibetan mastiffs can be found in Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Nepal and even Xinjiang, Mongolia and Ningxia.

Tibetan mastiffs play a very important role in the improvement of many world famous dogs, such as St. Bernard dogs, which all have Tibetan mastiff blood. However, over the years, due to the special living environment of grassland and the weak consciousness of herdsmen's bloodline protection, the original Tibetan mastiff and local sheepdog have merged, making purebred tibetan mastiff less and less. Tibetan mastiff is the only dog that is not afraid of wild animals and is called the king of dogs. A Tibetan mastiff can protect 400 sheep in pastoral areas. An adult Tibetan mastiff can defeat three wolves at the same time. ) Tibetan mastiffs are very hostile to strangers, but they are loyal to their owners. As guard dogs, they are extremely affectionate and reliable. Are proud of owning a purebred tibetan mastiff. Tibetan mastiff is a symbol of security and wealth.

Tibetan mastiff is produced in China, Tibet and Qinghai. Its fur is long and thick, and it is cold-resistant and can sleep peacefully in the snow and ice. The character is resolute, strong and fierce, and the wildness still exists, which makes people daunting. Protect territory, protect food, be aggressive, have strong hostility to strangers, but be extremely affectionate to the host. He is a right-hand man, guarding the house, and herding sheep. It is as strong as an ox, growls like a lion, combines rigidity with softness, can graze cattle and sheep, understands the wishes of its owners, and drives away wolves, tigers and leopards. According to the introduction of Tibetan compatriots, an adult Tibetan mastiff can defeat three wolves, making leopards candidly admit defeat. Known as the "gutter" in Tibet. After westerners know the magic of Tibetan mastiff, they call it "Oriental God Dog". Tibetan mastiff has a big square head, wide forehead, black and yellow eyes, short and thick mouth, slightly heavier mouth, short kiss, wide nose, thick tongue and thick lips. The neck is stout and powerful, hanging down from the neck, with a strong figure, keen hearing and vision, sharp forelimbs with five toes, sharp hind limbs with four toes, extremely sharp canine teeth, small and drooping ears, able to listen to information from all directions, and a large and sideways-rolled tail. The coat is long and dense, with a body length of 10-40 cm and a tail length of 20-50 cm. The coat color is mostly black, followed by yellow, white, cyan and gray. Strong limbs, easy to run, moving like a leopard's tail, and fighting and assisting, making it difficult for the enemy to guard against. A purebred adult Tibetan mastiff weighs about 60 kilograms, is about 4 feet long and has a shoulder height of more than 2.5 feet. It is strong and fierce. Even if it is resting, its shape is humiliating, and ordinary people will never dare to go near it. The Tibetan mastiff is as powerful as a tiger, enough to defeat a leopard or three wolves, and its fierce fighting has earned it the reputation of a god dog. It is also the only dog in the world that dares to fight wild animals. At the age of 8 months, accessibility is mature. Bitches are in estrus 10- 12 in early winter every year, but in semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas with low altitude, the climate is warm and properly managed, so they can be in estrus in spring and autumn. There are 4-5 nests, mostly 7-8 nests. The service life is 10- 16 years. Tibetan mastiffs are cold-resistant and afraid of heat, and can still sleep peacefully in the ice and snow at MINUS 30 to 40 degrees Celsius. The character is resolute, strong and fierce, and the wildness still exists, which makes people daunting. Partial meat, strong disease resistance. Protect territory, protect food, be good at attacking, have strong hostility to strangers, but are extremely affectionate and hard-working to their owners, and are the right-hand man of herders.

Tibetan mastiffs have different appearances because they live in different areas. At present, the top grade Tibetan mastiff with the best appearance comes from Hequ area in Tibet. This Tibetan mastiff has the original characteristics of a typical Himalayan dog: thick mane like an African lion, broad chest, bright eyes, subtle and deep. The harsh environment in Himalayas endows Tibetan mastiff with rough, wild, beautiful and determined psychological endurance, and at the same time endows Tibetan mastiff with the temperament of king, noble, elegant, calm and brave. There is also a Tibetan mastiff from Qinghai. This Tibetan mastiff has almost no mane, short hair, but large body! But its character is not as fierce and calm as the maned Tibetan mastiff.

Overall appearance: strong and powerful, with a huge figure, developed bones and muscles, dignified and solemn, and calm expression.

Habit: companion dog, slow growing, mature when the female dog is 2-3 years old, and mature when the male dog is at least 4 years old.

Temperament: strong autonomy and territorial consciousness.

Head: the head and face are wide, the skull is wide, the occipital bone and forehead are clear, and the ratio of occipital bone to upper forehead and upper forehead to nasal tip is equal, but the length of nose can be shorter. The nasal tube is very wide.

Eyes: Eyes shining in the dark, medium size, different shades of brown.

Ears: The ears are large and triangular, drooping naturally and close to the front of the face. When you are alert, you naturally rise. Ears are covered with soft fluff shorter than body hair.

Mouth: The upper front teeth are flush with the lower front teeth, and the upper and lower teeth are in scissors bite (gear bite). The teeth rows are closely combined to make the lower jaw (lip) square and keep the cubic shape of the nasal tube. Flat teeth are also acceptable.

Neck: stout, muscular, slightly drooping, arched, covered with erect mane.

The front of the body: the shoulders are flat and the spine is muscular. The front legs are straight and thick, and lean slightly inward when standing upright.

Trunk: stout, straight and wide back, muscular, slightly squat overall. The chest sags below the upper elbow. The length of the trunk is slightly greater than the height.

Claw: the foot plate is large and symmetrical, with hair between the toes, similar to a cat's paw.

Tail: medium-long, not longer than ankle joint, in line with the back, naturally rolled up, with long and fluffy tail hair and flower-shaped when rolled up (commonly known as "chrysanthemum tail").

Gait: light, elastic, free and powerful, running along a straight line. I walk calmly.

Fur: thick (dense) and long hair, thicker in winter than in summer, longer in male dogs than in female dogs, and longer and thicker in neck and shoulders (and back). There are long hairs on the back of the front and rear calves.

Color: pure black, gold, brown, various forms of gold, various forms of gray, cream and chocolate. It is acceptable to have a star-shaped white chest and a slight white mark on your feet. There are "false eyes" on the upper eye, and the lower limbs and tail end can be light solid colors with different shades.

Humanistic knowledge related to Tibetan mastiff

Tibetan mastiff is one of the oldest rare dog breeds in the world. Some researchers believe that they are the ancestors of many other large mastiffs in the world, especially in continental Europe. Although there have been many documents about mastiffs since the middle of 1880, there are few detailed and complete materials. The earliest information about big dogs (Tibetan mastiffs) appeared in China in 1 100 BC. It is inferred that the big dog's skull appeared in the Stone Age and the Bronze Age. Today, it is generally believed that the ancestors of mastiffs followed Aryans, Persians, Greeks and Romans, and later went to Europe with Attila and Genghis Khan (the king of Mongolian Khan). At the same time, in these centuries, Tibetan mastiffs are still scattered in Himalayan valleys, and now they have developed into large animals highly praised by Tibetans. 1859, the first dog exhibition was held in Britain. 1873, the dog association and the first pedigree book were established, including 4027 dogs. According to the official classification of the British Dog Association, this big dog from Tibet was officially called Tibetan Mastiff for the first time. 1874, the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) brought two other Tibetan mastiffs to England and exhibited them at the court dog show in February 1875+. From that time to 1928, only sporadic mastiffs were imported to Britain and Europe. In 1982, the kennel association adopted the first official standard. FCI (International Canine Federation) also adopted this standard. The American Dog Owners Club (AKC) actively participates in the cultivation of Tibetan mastiff breeds. The standard document of Tibetan mastiff was completed in June 2004 and came into effect in June 2005. Today, in Tibet, Nepal and other Himalayan mountains, most of them are still used as guards for temples, courtyards and animals, which are very adapted to the harsh living conditions in mountainous areas. Some of them travel with Tibetan businessmen or sheep. The task of these dogs is to protect their owners' sheep and tents from wolves and snow leopards.

Tibetan mastiffs have different appearances because they live in different areas. At present, the top grade Tibetan mastiff with the best appearance comes from Hequ area in Tibet. This Tibetan mastiff has the original characteristics of a typical Himalayan dog: thick mane like an African lion, broad chest, bright eyes, subtle and deep. The harsh environment in Himalayas endows Tibetan mastiff with rough, wild, beautiful and determined psychological endurance, and at the same time endows Tibetan mastiff with the temperament of king, noble, elegant, calm and brave. There is also a Tibetan mastiff from Qinghai. This Tibetan mastiff has almost no mane, short hair, but large body! But its character is not as fierce and calm as the maned Tibetan mastiff.

Western Tibetan mastiff is recognized as the oldest and only rare dog breed in the world. In the ancient East, the magical legend of Tibetan mastiff was mythologized as the embodiment of heroic deeds to protect its owner. He is not only beautiful, majestic, powerful and domineering, which can make small fierce animals such as lions, leopards and wolves shudder, but also his loyal nature of protecting the Lord is not only the best protection dog for nomads, but also for kings and tribal leaders.

In the legendary ancient China, many military commanders, princes and princes, who returned from the frontier, once brought this kind of dog to Beijing for garden protection and even as a tribute. Tibetan mastiffs were famous for fighting fierce animals such as tigers, lions and leopards in ancient Europe. When Kyle Poirot first saw this big fierce dog in Sichuan, China, he commented that it was as big as a donkey and growled like a lion. Kyle Poirot was the first person to introduce this kind of dog to the west. Italy's "Newpoliton" these two European mastiffs, these two dogs are the dogs that westerners fought fierce beasts in ancient Rome (there are more than 400 kinds of dogs in the world. There are only three kinds of mastiffs. Westerners know that their ancestors were in the East and China after studying their history. In Tibet: He is the world famous dog: Tibetan Mastiff. In 1960s, some American dog lovers crossed the Himalayas from Nepal to Tibet to look for purebred tibetan mastiff in order to get Tibetan mastiffs from China. Excited to find a purebred dog, in 73, the United States established the American Tibetan Mastiff Protection Association to better understand and protect this endangered dog breed. The purpose is to protect and breed this endangered species in the world. In 1950s, a batch of western animal planting research entered the Qinghai-Tibet region of China to learn about this large and fierce dog. From a large number of records, we can see their description of this kind of dog: a big black dog with thick fur, and a dark brown one is a Tibetan mastiff. This kind of dog has a lion-like body and is as fierce as a lion. In recent years, a large number of economically developed countries from Southeast Asia and the West have come to China to search for this kind of dog breed in the Qinghai-Tibet region. Although people have worked hard for decades, for various reasons, the existing number of purebred tibetan mastiff is still small.

The legend of Tibetan mastiff

A long time ago, at the foot of Potala Palace, there was a flash flood one year. In winter, the earth is covered with ice and snow, and the plague rages. When people and animals were hungry and cold, they suddenly saw many living buddhas falling from the sky wearing robes and shaking Zen bells. The mount of the living Buddha is a Tibetan mastiff. The arrival of the living Buddha and Tibetan mastiff relieved people's illness, melted the ice and snow, and revived the earth. Therefore, whenever Tibetan mastiff is mentioned on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, people will admire it infinitely. They believe that Tibetan mastiff is the mount of living Buddha sent by heaven, a god dog and the protector of herders.

Purebred tibetan mastiff's appraisal standard

1. Overall appearance of Tibetan mastiff: According to the overall appearance of Tibetan mastiff, it can be divided into lion Tibetan mastiff and tiger Tibetan mastiff.

1. Lion Tibetan Mastiff: It can be divided into big lion head type and small lion head type.

⑴ Lion head style: The mane around the back of the head and neck stands upright, about 20 cm long, and looks as majestic as a lion.

⑵ Little lion head style: the mane around the head and neck is short, the head wind is slightly smaller, and the expression is calm. Looks like a lion.

2. Tiger-shaped Tibetan Mastiff: The dog's head is big, the mane at the top of the head and neck is not or too short, the mouth is wide, the nose is short, and it is shaped like a tiger.

Second, temperament: rich in territorial consciousness and strong autonomy.

Third, Tibetan mastiff coat color:

1, black: the whole body is pure black with no foreign hair, and there are several white stars on the chest.

2, reddish brown: the whole body is reddish brown, the chest can have white stars, and the ear margin and mouth tube are light black. There is a black spot in the middle of the tail broom.

3, iron-clad gold: also known as four eyes, black back and yellow legs, there are two copper coin-shaped yellow spots above the eyebrow frame (or black back and red legs, there are two brown-red hemp spots above the eyes)

4, pure white: the whole body is white, the nose mirror is pink, also known as snow mastiff.

5. Yellow Mastiff: The coat color is grass yellow, brown yellow, golden yellow and apricot yellow.

6, wolf cyan: that is, cyan. The whole body is the same color, the hair tips are darker and the hair roots are getting gray. The genes that determine coat color belong to fusion inheritance. Black dogs mate with yellow dogs, and their offspring appear wolf blue.

Fourth, the head of Tibetan mastiff: the head is wide and the skull is wide. The distance from the upper part of the dog's nose to the back of the head is large and long. It looks like a square head from a distance, but it is actually a dome. The nasal tube is wide, full and square.

5. Eyes of Tibetan mastiff: The eyeball is yellowish brown, mainly triangular, and part of the upper part of the eyeball is hidden under the upper eyelid, exposing the red flesh-colored fundus of the lower eyeball, which is called drooping eye.

Six, Tibetan mastiff ears: triangular, naturally drooping, big ears, close to the front of the face.

7. Tibetan mastiff's mouth: the upper front teeth are closely combined with the lower front teeth, and the lower lip is square. It can be divided into flat mouth, hanging mouth and wrapping mouth.

1, flat mouth: that is, the upper mouth hangs down from the lower mouth and belongs to a flat mouth.

2. Mouth hanging: When the mouth is closed, the upper mouth hangs about 5 cm below the mouth, and the middle and rear parts of the skin of the lower mouth are folded and drooped.

3. Wrap the mouth: When the mouth is closed, wrap it up and down.

Eight, Tibetan mastiff back: the chest should be wide and the waist should be long and wide.

Paws of Tibetan mastiff: The soles of the feet are large and symmetrical, with hair from the upper part of the paws to the rear and upper parts of the dog's legs, and the paws are tightly wrapped like Tiger Claw.

Ten, the tail of Tibetan mastiff (commonly known as chrysanthemum tail): medium length, the length can not exceed the ankle joint, naturally rolled up, can be divided into oblique chrysanthemum and peaceful chrysanthemum.

1. Oblique chrysanthemum: The tail hair is long, tightly rolled and obliquely rolled on the dog's back.

2, flat chrysanthemum: the tail hair is long, the tail root is tightly rolled, and the flat roll is placed above the back, which looks like a big chrysanthemum.

Shoulder height of Tibetan mastiff: the shoulder height of male dog is not less than 66 cm, and the shoulder height of female dog is higher than 62 cm, which meets the requirements of Tibetan mastiff as a standard western Tibetan mastiff in all aspects; The shoulder height of male Tibetan mastiff is less than 65 cm and that of female Tibetan mastiff is less than 60 cm, which meets the requirements of Tibetan mastiff in all aspects.

Feed commonly used in Tibetan mastiff breeding

First of all, energy supply

Cereals, by-products bran, starch, tubers, melons and fruits of plants belong to energy feed. It is characterized by high digestibility and much heat energy. Corn is commonly used in Tibetan mastiffs, which is rich in nitrogen-free extracts, but protein is the lowest, and the content of essential amino acids is insufficient, especially lysine and alanine (0. 3%~0.69% and 0. 16% ~0 .23%), and the calcium content is lower than 0. 1%, and the phosphorus content is as high as 0. Therefore, when preparing diet, we should avoid its shortcomings and supplement its nutritional deficiency .36000.000000000005

The energy feeds that Tibetan mastiffs often use are corn, wheat bran, broken rice, rice, third-class flour, sorghum, sweet potatoes and potatoes.

Second, green and juicy feed.

This feed contains 75% ~ 90% water, rich in protein, low in crude fiber, moderate in calcium and phosphorus, and rich in vitamins, especially carotene. At the same time, green and juicy feed is a kind of feed with relatively balanced nutrition. However, its dry matter digestibility is low, and it is only used as supplementary feed for Tibetan mastiff. Vegetables and non-starch tubers are dry, green and juicy materials, such as Chinese cabbage, cabbage, spinach, tomatoes and carrots.

Third, protein feed.

Egg autotrophic feed can be divided into animal protein feed, plant egg autotrophic feed and others.

1. Animal protein feed

Fish meal, meat and bone meal, shrimp meal, milk powder, blood meal, etc. Usually used for Tibetan mastiffs, scraps from slaughterhouses, such as lungs, liver and other internal organs, are often used as supplementary feed for Tibetan protein. Animal protein feed is high in protein, lysine and ash, especially calcium and phosphorus. Fish meal contains 5.44% calcium and 3.44% phosphorus, and the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is appropriate. It can be used as a supplement for protein or some calcium and phosphorus deficiency. Animal protein feed contains high levels of vitamin B, especially vitamin B2 and vitamin B 12, which can promote the utilization of nutrients by Tibetan mastiffs.

2. Plant protein feed

It includes cakes, beans and some processing byproducts. Tibetan mastiffs often use bean cake (cake) and bean powder as the main supplementary feed for protein. Generally, the protein content of cake feed is above 40%, and the digestibility is also high, and the nitrogen-free extract is lower than that of grain feed. However, anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin and urease often exist in this kind of feed, which can be removed after heating treatment.

Single cell protein: Yeast belongs to single cell protein, and the content of protein is as high as 30%~70%. Rich in vitamins and minerals, it is a white supplement. It can also be used as a supplement for protein.

Fourthly, mineral feed.

Tibetan mastiffs are generally kept in houses. Although animal and plant feed contains a certain amount of essential minerals for animals, it still cannot meet the needs of its growth, development and reproduction. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement the required mineral feed. Commonly used mineral feeds include salt, shell powder, bone powder and some trace elements.

Verb (short for verb) others

In addition to the above feeds, vitamin feed should be supplemented according to the different physiological characteristics of Tibetan mastiff, such as vitamin A for male dogs and vitamin D for female dogs and puppies, so as to promote the metabolism and absorption of calcium and phosphorus. During transportation or stress, vitamin C should be supplemented to alleviate the adverse effects of stress reaction.

Matters needing attention in mating process of Tibetan mastiff

After the female mastiff shows signs of estrus, it is necessary to choose an excellent male mastiff as a spouse. The quality of male mastiff will directly affect the quality of the next generation of mastiff. It is necessary to choose a male mastiff with invariance, stable nerve type, strong physique, rapid growth and development, strong disease resistance and reproductive ability.

The best time for breeding should be within 12- 13 days after female mastiff's pudendal bleeding. At this point, the female mastiff begins to ovulate and the reproductive tract is ready to mate. Female mastiffs also showed signs of mating willingness, such as complete swelling or eversion of vulva, decreased vaginal discharge and gradual change of blood sample mucus from light color or no blood at first. If the female mastiff presses her waist or grabs her tail with her hand, she will stand still, her tail will be lifted to one side, and the vulva will be opened and closed frequently. If they meet male mastiffs, they will urinate frequently, which shows that they are willing to approach male mastiffs, let male mastiffs smell their genitals, accept male mastiffs to climb over, and some even climb over male mastiffs, showing an increasingly strong sexual desire. After seeing these signs, let them mate as soon as possible. Be sure to mate when the female mastiff has the strongest mating desire and the most obvious signs of estrus.

It is best to mate twice, that is, primary mating and compound mating. The interval between two times should be 24-48 hours, so as not to affect the development of the fetus. It is best to mate in the place where the female mastiff lives, so as not to be surrounded by many people, so as not to be frightened during mating and affect mating. When mating, natural methods are the main methods, supplemented by artificial help methods. During mating, the penis begins to ejaculate a few seconds after being inserted into the vagina, and then the cavernous body completely expands into an embolism. At this time, the female mastiff will twist her body and try to throw the male mastiff off her back, or the male mastiff will automatically come down and the male mastiff and the female mastiff will pose in pairs. This embolic state lasts 10-25 minutes, sometimes longer. At this time, the penis of the male mastiff will rotate 180 degrees in the vagina of the female mastiff and ejaculate again. Therefore, forced separation is not allowed at this time, otherwise the reproductive organs will be seriously damaged.

After the male mastiff and the female mastiff are scattered, they will lick their genitals separately and cannot pull at once. Trunk, especially male mastiff, often appears waist depression after mating, commonly known as "falling waist", so it must not be allowed to exercise vigorously. Don't let them drink water immediately after mating. Have a rest and let them drink water after the activity. The mating time is best in the early morning or evening in summer and at noon in winter. It is best not to feed or overfeed before mating to avoid vomiting caused by mating immediately after eating.

Tibetan mastiff is produced in China, Tibet and Qinghai. Its fur is long and thick, and it is cold-resistant and can sleep peacefully in the snow and ice. The character is resolute, strong and fierce, and the wildness still exists, which makes people daunting. Protect territory, protect food, be aggressive, have strong hostility to strangers, but be extremely affectionate to the host. He is a right-hand man, guarding the house, and herding sheep. It is as strong as an ox, growls like a lion, combines rigidity with softness, can graze cattle and sheep, understands the wishes of its owners, and drives away wolves, tigers and leopards. According to the introduction of Tibetan compatriots, an adult Tibetan mastiff can defeat three wolves, making leopards candidly admit defeat. Known as "Tiangou" in Tibet, westerners call it "Oriental God Dog" after understanding the magic of Tibetan mastiff. Tibetan mastiff is a large hunting dog originated in Tibet, and its image is fierce, also known as: Chinese god dog.

Feeding knowledge

Day 65438 +0:

1. After the puppy landed from the mother, the bitch bit off the umbilical cord, sucked the puppy clean, then picked up the puppy and dried it with gauze, tied the umbilical cord with white thread for one centimeter, then cut it off and disinfected it with iodine.

2. If the fetus is breathing weakly or not, it should lower its head, swing from side to side or suck the puppy's nose with its mouth to spit out its moisture, then give artificial respiration, massage the chest and pat it.

3. Add 0.5 ml of 5% glucose or vitamin ADEC solution to the puppy's mouth to enhance vitality.

4. The puppy sucks before putting the bitch's nipple (if the puppy can't suck. Open the puppy's mouth with your hand and suck slowly with your nipple in your mouth.

5. It is very important to seal the first milk (breast milk from day 1 day to day 17) for the young, so that the young can absorb the breast milk to enhance their immunity by more than 75%, so as to resist the plague of plague fever.

Day 3: Umbilical cord falls off.

Day 7: Remove the wolf's toes.

Day 14: Keep your eyes open.

Day 65438: Learn to stand and walk.

Day 2 1 day: deworming (for 3 consecutive days).

Day 25: Eyes can see and ears can hear. Add milk powder, high protein, vitamins and calcium powder.

Day 30: Prepare for weaning.

Day 35: deciduous teeth begin to grow, which can defecate by themselves, and the testicles of male dogs slide into the vagina.

Day 42: Inject DA2L vaccine. Day 50: Insect repellent.

Day 63: CPV vaccine injection.

Day 70: Strengthen PV vaccine injection.

Day 90: Inject DA2L and PV vaccine again.

August ~ 10: The first estrus (bitch) dog will be vaccinated with DA2L and PV vaccine for one year.

Dogs over four months old are given rabies vaccine.

Second, the novel "Tibetan Mastiff"

Brief introduction to novels

The background of this book is along the double line between a dog named Gangrishenger and the protagonist "I". I have witnessed the romance and mystery of various plateau snow areas in the original ecology of Tibetan grassland, and there is also the legendary career of the most magnificent dog Tibetan mastiff in the world. It's really interesting.

The theme of this book is relatively simple. In order to get the recognition and love of Jessie's ancient grassland mastiff, Gang Risenger had to challenge the current mastiff king with his own strength. The protagonist "I" must also challenge the cultural differences between China and Tibet, so as to gain love and gain the recognition of Jesse. Gunrishenger and I became friends because we both had to challenge seemingly powerful and seemingly invincible authority. Mutual appreciation and mutual protection are really amazing.

Due to the reality and marketization, people's material enjoyment in today's society is getting better and better. The spirit is in a relatively lonely and lonely state. So whether it is the "I" in Wolf Totem or the "I" in Tibetan Mastiff, although they live in different times. But just like I am in reality, I seem to be in a "wasteland" of reality or spirit, enjoying a kind of loneliness and escaping from it. This kind of escape and enjoyment was done by Xiao Wolf and me in Wolf, and by Gangrishenge and me in Mastiff. In reality, I admire and admire. Another feature of these two books is that Hard Life urges us to examine the lives of people in poverty-stricken areas intuitively. The children depicted in A Mastiff are naked. Barefoot, even on the snowy mountains, or running around on the rocky wasteland. The expression in Wolf is more profound. Most Mongolian women are short-lived. It is the harsh living environment in the grassland that makes them overdraw their lives for their families. There are mosquitoes in summer, white disasters in winter, and wolves in spring and autumn. We must fight, not lose. As far as our life of incubating air conditioners in summer, taking supplements in winter and hiking or traveling in spring and autumn is concerned. We are so happy that we even lack a sense of responsibility because we have nothing to do all day. No matter which of these two books, no matter the protagonist's situation or danger, or ease. However, they always shoulder their own responsibilities and never easily make themselves go with the flow.

In today's life, we just lack this spirit. So I can only sigh in the lonely spiritual wasteland, and my life is boring. Then you should find your own responsibility for yourself.

"Tibetan Mastiff" is affectionate and righteous in the Jianghu.

A seven-year-old child kept a small Tibetan mastiff at home for a short time because of his father. 14 years later, when he went deep into the grassland as a reporter, this huge black Tibetan mastiff instantly recognized him. This story between Tibetans and Tibetan mastiffs can only be regarded as commonplace, but it is still fresh in the memory of Yang Zhijun, a middle-aged writer. In 2005, when he finished a novel called Tibetan Mastiff and published it as the headline of the fifth issue of Dangdai this year, he left the following words at the beginning of the postscript: "Everything comes from nostalgia-for my father and for Tibetan Mastiff."

My father used to be a Tibetan aid cadre who went deep into the grassland. He has worked on the grassland for 20 years, run a school and served as a leader. The story of him and the Tibetan mastiff is still circulating on the grassland, but his father has passed away, and the Tibetan mastiff on the grassland has gradually become an active asset in the hands of modern people. Yang Zhijun used his Tibetan Mastiff to recall the last group of Tibetan Mastiffs who were brave and good at fighting on the grassland, and at the same time supplemented a history of tribal disputes and integration in the grassland in the early days of liberation. The story is set in the grasslands of Tibetan areas in the 1950s. Tribal strife formed from generation to generation still exists, and mysterious worship of faith is still playing a role. A number of cadres who entered Tibet, such as "Father", Director Bai and Political Commissar Wang, were stationed on the grassland. They must learn to make friends with grassland herders and reconcile the conflicts between tribes. The "father" in the book inadvertently brought seven little boys on Ama grassland and a Tibetan mastiff on the snowy mountain to Jessie ancient grassland with a bag of paradise fruit (peanuts), which triggered a deep hatred between the two tribes. Seven little boys became the revenge targets of the ancient grassland people in Jesse, and the two sides of the struggle were Tibetan mastiffs who protected their owners. Behind the Tibetan mastiff, there are all kinds of animal characters on the grassland: Tibetan dog, wolf and leopard ... they restrict each other and form a dangerous biological chain. The role of Tibetan mastiffs is particularly complicated: in the conflict between humans and wolves, they have to protect human safety; In the conflict between people, they have to defend their tribe; The lamas in the temple need special respect and their own mastiffs ... As natural enemies of wolves, they despise abacus and tricks, but they must have superhuman wisdom and strategy. Only the Tibetan mastiff who has beaten invincible hands all over the world can become the mastiff king of the territory. "The World of Tibetan Mastiff" was written by Yang Zhijun as a martial arts Jianghu, in which there was a contest between heroes and rivals, and there were repeated moves by masters. The two contests at the end of the novel still seemed to attract attention: the Tibetan Mastiff in Shangjiamama grassland had to compete with the Mastiff King in Xijie ancient grassland to prove that he was the legendary snow mountain lion; He must defeat Luo Cha, a blood-drinking Tangut raised by a ghost messenger with hatred, in order to maintain the security of the territory ... And it was not the power of mastiffs that finally conquered Luo Cha, a blood-drinking Tangut, but the father's love in the book.

Humanity and mastiff in the novel are two lines that blend together, spreading and infiltrating. In my father's words, I said, "I was a mastiff in my last life." This is obviously a novel that appeals to human nature through mastiff sex. The loyalty, responsibility, sacrifice and rules it advocates are just the opposite of the wolf nature in last year's Wolf Totem. Editor Zhou Changyi thinks that this novel was born this year, which has more literary significance. This may mean that 2005, which has passed three quarters of the time, is no longer dominated by familiar faces, such as Jia Pingwa's Shaanxi opera, Alai's empty mountain and Yu Hua's brother.